TYPES OF FLOW

1. 2. 3. 4.

Dry Weather Flow Domestic waste water Industrial waste water Waste water from public facilities Ground water infiltration Storm Water Flow

Factors Affecting Dry Weather Flow

Rate of water supply Population growth

(Design period) Type of area served Infiltration of ground water.

Factors affecting infiltration of subsoil water into sewer lines

Depth of sewer below ground water level Size of sewer Length of sewer through infiltration prone zone Nature and type of soil through which the sewer is

laid Type of joints, workmanship etc. Sewer material

Storm water flow

The storm water flow depends upon the following factors Catchment area Ground slope Permeability of ground Extent of impervious area Extent of vegetation growth Rainfall intensity

Method for estimating storm water flow

Rational method

Q=K*A*I*R Here Q= runoff or storm water flow K= constant A= catchment area in hectares R= intensity of rainfall in mm per hour I= impermeability factor.

Hydraulic Design Of Sewers

1) Chezys Formula:

V=C(RS)^0.5 where, C = Chezys coefficient (depends upon shape, size, roughness of sewer, etc)

2. Mannings formula: V=1/n*R^(2/3)*S^(1/2). where, n = mannings coefficient (the Value of mannings coefficient n varies from 0.01 to 0.05 depending upon material of sewer line) By comparing Chezys & Manning formula C=1/n*(R^1/6)

3) HazenWilliams formula : V=0.85*H*(R^0.63)*(S^0.50). where, H is Hazen- Williams coefficient (the value of H varies from 100 to 150 depending upon sewer lines material)

Minimum Velocity of flow

Minimum or self cleansing velocity is the minimum

velocity required to prevent deposition & clogging of sediments.

It depends upon the shape, size & specific gravity of

particles.
Required at least once in a day.

Maximum velocity of flow

The maximum velocity
Material of sewer
Earth channels Ordinary brick-lined sewers

at which no scouring action or abrasion takes place is known as non scouring velocity
Such a velocity depends

Non scouring velocity(cm/sec)

60-120 150-250

Cement concrete sewers 250-300 Cast iron sewer pipes 350-450

upon the material used for the construction of sewers

Vitrified tile and glazed 450-500 bricks

Forms of sewer
1. Circular Sewers 2. Non Circular Sewers :
Rectangular Horse-shoe

U-shape

Parabolic

Significance of Circular Sewers

I. II. III. IV.

Circular section has least perimeter & max R for given area so it is most efficient. It requires minimum quantity of materials, making it economical too. Having uniform curvature, it prevents the possibility of deposition. They are easily manufactured

Crown Corrosion
Air H2S Cement concrete pipes H2SO4 Drops

Wastewater

Measures to overcome Crown Corrosion

1. Ventilating the sewers 2. Operating sewers to full run 3. Pretreatment to reduce sulphate 4. Prohibit entry of sulphides 5. Lining the concrete pipes by vitrified clay blocks. 6. Neutralization of sulphides by chemicals.