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AESK Specific
Leelanand Pilanawithana
Construction
Outer casing
consists of
Front section HP Made of cast steel. Rear section LP and Exhaust Fabricated (exhaust) Bolted to front section.
Horizontally split
Top part rest on front bearing pedestal. Bottom part is bolted to the top part.
4
Emergency Stop valve. Main shout off device between steam supply system and turbine. Control valves (2 No) Connecting lines were pre-stressed during installation to compensate for thermal stresses at operating temperature
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Bed Plate/Pedestal.
Rigidly attached to turbine foundation. Lower part of the bearing housing and the front paw of the upper part of the outer casings are rested on bearing pedestal independently. Out casing and bearing housing are allowed to slide on pedestal with thermal expansion This arrangement avoid any tilting of bearing housing as a result of thermal movement of outer casing. Aligned to the turbine axis and there is a free movement along axial direction. When thermal expansion occurs, the bearing housing follows the movement of outer casing. Sliding surfaces are coated with special graphite substance.
Bearing Housing.
Pump shaft
Rotor shaft
Tooth coupling
7
8 8
4 Nozzle groups
Labyrinth seal
15A. Labyrinth seal 17A. Inner Balancing Piston (Area covered by dotted line)
9 9
Steam Flow
The flow of steam is indicated by arrows. First steam flow through control valve, interconnection piping and inlet insert to the middle of the turbine to the Inner Casing (Slide 18). Four nozzle groups direct the steam to first wheel which is an Impulse Wheel. (together calls impulse turbine) Steam escaped from the impulse stage inters into the Wheel Chamber from there steam enters to the reaction turbine stages.
(Wheel chamber pressure is a useful monitoring point for the turbine. By monitoring this pressure some important information such as blade fouling, inlet strainer (slide # 26) blocking and governor valve failure could be diagnosed.)
10
Steam Flow
After steam emerges from reaction turbine and inner casing, its flow is reversed by the Ddummy Piston (slide # 9 & 12) and its Labyrinth Seal and passes through in between inner and outer casing toward to next expansion stages. Steam has now lower temperature than inlet, cools the inner wall of casing admission section. While cooling, it absorb extra heat energy from the process. Then steam flows to the middle section and then to the exhaust section.
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12
13
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15
16
17
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10. 11.
12. 13.
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Labyrinth seal.
Rotating member Circumferential groove Face for mounting Lugs for carrying adjusting Slims 21
Rotor
Air
Packing Gland
Design
At casing ends on the periphery of the inner surface fixed in sealing strips together with the corresponding sealing strips on rotor shaft are forming a seal without mechanical contact. Inside these sealing strips potential energy (pressure) of steam is converted to kinetic energy (velocity), subsequently dissipating kinetic energy by forming steam eddies between strips. Two passages are incorporated.
Passage #1 for supply of gland sealing steam (for negative pressure use) or to collect leaking high pressure steam (for positive pressure use) Passage # 2 for to collect leak off steam by the gland steam condenser. 23
Use
Sealing against Positive pressure for high pressure steam Sealing against negative pressure (vacuum) for exhaust. Has to block penetration of air into the casing.
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Steam In
Steam Out
25
26
Control Valve
27
Turbine Rotor
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Turbine Rotor
Forged from single blank, from thrust bearing collar (5) to the rear coupling flang(15). It is supported by two pressure lubricated Journal bearings Pos(6 and 17). Jacking Oil
Journal bearings accommodate rotor shaft lift oil system, (Jacking oil system). Which enables rotor to be raised form contact with the bearing while rotor at slow rolling. Minimizes wear at start-up, warming-up and cool-down with a shutting down.
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Turbine Rotor
Thrust Collar (Pos 5)
Rotor is located axially by a thrust bearing collar Relative to the casing (front). Absorb any residual steam thrust from rotor bladings. It also forms the fix point of the rotor in the front bearing housing. When the temperature of the turbine casing rises, rotor is carried forward by forward bearing housing. Since the rotor temperature rises at the same time, rotor expand toward rear bearing of the turbine. The overall rotor movement, with respect to the rear coupling flange of the rotor is negligible and could be tolerated.
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Suction
Feather Key
Rotor Shaft
Bearing Housing
Sealing Ring Lube oil Drain
Pump Discharge
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Lube Oil In
Turbine Blades
Type of Blade Used Impulse for control stage Reaction type for drum blading Tapered and Twisted blade for low-pressure condensing turbine
Converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. Efficiency of the turbine depends on the blading. All fixed and moving reaction blades has same profile and same angle of incident. Made out of rust resistance steel.
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Moving blade
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Shroud - An extended metal rim enclosing the ends of the tips of blades
Reverted Shrouding
Blade Pitch could be adjusted at installation time using spacers which are screwed and also braced.
Blade Foot
Spacer
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Twisted form is to accommodate the substantial circumferential velocity difference between at the hub and at the blade tip.
This allows uniform distribution of steam across the blade. At this stage possibility to form water droplets are very high, twisted form prevents this action. Due to the twisted form water droplets if any, travel toward the tip of the blade and tends to atomize due the high circumferential velocity. Twisted form ensure the steam enters at the correct angel.
Tapered form is to accommodate the centrifugal force, that could be produce by the water drop lets.
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Blade Shroud Blade tip seal Rotor Blade Rotor Blade Tip sealing arrangement for moving blade Note; -Similar arrangement with fix blade and rotor 39
Journal Bearings
1 8 3
7
2 9
10
4
11
5
12 8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
5 Bearing Shell Upper half Oil Pockets for bearing oil. Tapered Dowel Pin used to secure the two half relative positions. Bearing Shell Lower half. Jacking Oil passage for rotor lifting. Reduces dry friction. Oil Pocket for Jacking oil
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Bearings - Journal
7. 8. 9. Fillister head screw Assembles the two half together. Annular Channel Pressure oil flows intothis form external pipe connection. Bearing Oil Passage (A hole drilled through the bearing up to the annal oil channel) Lube oil flows through this to the bearing oil pockets and to the rotor and the bearing babbit contact surface. It receives lobe oil from Annular Channel (Pos # 9). Bearing Babbit Surface. Rotor and bearing contact ` area on the bearing surface, where the bearing metal is coated.
10.
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5. To prevent this, in front bearing two jacking oil ports are provided at equivdistance from the vertical center line in either side of the bearing. 5. For jacking oil, to adjust the pressure a variable orifice is provided.
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Pivot Edge
15
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12.Thermometer
Discharge oil temperature measurement. There are thermocouple embedded in the thrust pads to monitor metal temperature of the thrust pads.
15.Pivoting Edge.
Provides required tilt depend on load.
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Oil Gland
Oil Drain
5A
Fig 4 Fig 3
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Protective Equipments
Trip Bolt Emergency Governor (Primary)
Auto stop the turbine immediately in the event of rotor speed is being exceeded by 10 to 12%. Over speed primary trip.
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Trip Bolt.
1. Socket-Head Cap Screw Lock in position Threaded Cap # 4 to the shaft. 2. Socket-Head Cap Screw Lock in position Screw Plug # 3 3. Screw Plug with a drilled hole in the center Hole gives access to the Adjusting Screw # 7. for Over speed trip setting 4. Threaded Cap Plugs the opening of radial bore in the shaft 5. Guide Ring Guide the movement Eccentric Bolt # 6 and Compression Spring # 8. 6. Eccentric Bolt A bolt under the strong influence of the compression spring # 8 which can move few millimeters outward direction of the rotor shaft. 51
Trip Bolt
7. Adjusting Screw Sets over speed trip setting. Sets the Eccentric bolt position in such a way that its center of gravity is shifted off from the center of the turbine shaft by an amount which ensures that up to the rated speed the eccentric bolt will remain in it normal position inside the shaft. Above the rated speed bolt protrudes from the shaft surface. At set speed it will hit the emergency governor lever and deactivates the governor trip oil system tripping the turbine. 8. Compression Spring Tries to keep the eccentric bolt in position by counteracting the centrifugal force produce by the bolt. 9. Tight Fitting Bolt Assembled into this and fixed to the turbine shaft by Threaded Cap Note:- There is a facility to test this system while turbine on load without affecting the operation.
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1 2 3 4 5
Monitoring Device
Speed Monitoring
Feed Back for turbine operation. Secondary over speed trip Electrical. Consists of Steel disk which carries in it periphery equally space axial identical holes. Electromagnetic pickups screwed into the cover in front of the rotating disk. When disk holes move in front of the pickups, the produce a AC voltage, frequency of which is proportionate to the rotor speed.
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Speed Monitoring
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1.Scale Venire scale attached to bedplate. 2.Slider Attached to bearing pedestal. 3.Bedplate
2 1
This device should be observed all the time especially, during load changes, startup and shutdown.
This and rotor position indicator permits conclusions to be made 56 with regard to the axial position of the rotor.
3.
4. 5.
Conductive Measuring Surface An eddy current is produce on the measuring surface. Strength of the eddy current is depend on the distance of the gap between the transducer and the measuring surface. This eddy current in tern reduce the HF signal strength. Gap Rotor 57
Vibration Measurement
Vibration originates from the rotor. Transmits to external bearing housing surface through the bearing oil film which has the damping effect and reduce the magnitude of the actual rotor vibration. Bearing Housing Surface vibration (Secondary vibration)
Gives general indication vibration behavior of the turbine. Uses for vibration alarms and tripping of turbine at an abnormality.
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Vibration Measurement
Vibration Sensor
Proximity Sensor
900
450 450
Gaps
Rotor Shaft
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Monitoring Device
Outer Casing Differential Temperature
This measurement help avoiding distortion to outer casing. Separate limits of outer casing differential temperature are specified for startup and steady state operation. A hole is drilled up to the 50% of the body of the outer casing on each half of casing. Thermocouples are installed in this holes. These thermocouples are pressed down against the bottom of the holes by a compression spring. These thermocouples measure metal temperature of the each half and direct Differential Temperature measurement is obtained.
Arrangement
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End
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