Analog Communications

Lecture 2
DSB Detection
X(f)=0.5M(f) + M(f-2f
c
) + M(f+2fc)
AM
s
c
(t) = [A + m(t)] cos 2 tf
c
t
=Acos 2 tf
c
t + m(t) cos 2 tf
c
t
=carrier + DSB
= A[1 + m(t)] cos 2 tf
c
t
S
c
(f) = A[ o(f-fc) + o(f+fc)]
+ [M(f-fc) + M(f+fc)]
AM Spectrum
Modulation Index
Defined as
A
t m
m
) ( min
=
Remarks
The envelope of the modulated signals
has the same shape as m(t) when m < 1.
When m >1, the carrier signal is said to be
overmodulated and the envelope is
distorted.
The percentage efficiency q of a normal
AM signal is defined as
Single tone AM Example
m(t)=acos2tf
m
t
S
c
(t)=[A + acos2tf
m
t] cos2tf
c
t
=A[1 + cos2tf
m
t] cos2tf
c
t, where =a/A
S
c
(t)=A cos2tf
c
t +(A/2) cos2t(f
c
+f
m
)t
+(A/2) cos2t(f
c
-f
m
)t
Carrier power =A
2
/2
Sidebands power= 2(A/2)
2
/2=A
2

2
/4
2
2
2
+
=

q
Max of 1/3
Generation of AM Signals
DSB
Modulator Circuit
Analysis
Demodulation of AM Signals
Envelope Detection
Demodulation of AM Signals
During the positive half-cycle peaks of the
modulated signal, the diode is forward
biased,and the capacitor charges up to the peak
value of the modulated signal.
As the modulated signal falls from its maximum,
the diode turns off and the capacitor discharges
through the resistor.
RC must be chosen properly.
RC >> 1/f
c
, to reduce ripples
RC << 1/B, B: highest frequency in m(t)
Single tone AM Example
) 1 ( ) (
/
RC
t
E Ee t v
RC t
c
~ =

slope envelope
dt
dE
RC
E
dt
dv
c
= > =
t t A
RC
t A
m m
m
>
+
e e
e
sin
) cos 1 (
E(t)=A(1+cose
m
t)
Slope = -Ae
m
sine
m
t
RHS is max if cose
m
t= - then
|
|
.
|

\
|

e
2
1 1
m
RC
RC
t
m
m
s
+ 1 e
e
cos