Chisel N Bailer

Piling In Difficult Ground Conditions
Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna Larsen & Toubro Ltd ECC-Division Chennai
Difficult Ground Conditions for Piling

1.Piling in Soft Soils Over Rock 2.Piling in Bouldary Soils 3.Piling with Socketing in Rock 4.Piling on Slopes 5.Piling in Soils with Under water Streams 6.Piling Through Loose Fills under High Water Table 7.Piling Over Water
Piling with Socketing in Rock

27-11-2010 L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai 2
Piling With Socketing in Rock

1.Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles with Socketing in Rock 2.Precast Concrete/Steel Piles with Socketing in Rock
Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles with Socketing in Rock
27-11-2010
L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai
Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles with Socketing in Rock

Contents:
A. Our Current Projects B. Some Design Aspects C. Construction Practices D. Importance of Equipment & Tools E. A Process Approach Being Followed In L&T Sites F . Use of Polymer as Drilling Mud G. Suggested Process for a Sound Rock Socket
A. Current Infrastructure Projects of L&T with Bored Piles Socketed in Rock
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Bored Piles Socketed in Rock -:L&T Projects:Project

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MIAL, Mumbai Mono Rail, Mumbai Nasik Elevated Corridor Bangalore Metro Rail Project Chennai Metro Rail Project Hyderabad Metro Rail Project
Type of Rock
- Basalt, Breccia, Trachyte - Basalt, Breccia, Trachyte - Breccia, Basalt - Granite, Gneiss, Schist - Charnockite - Laterites, Basalts
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Pile Sizes and Capacities

Project MIAL(Mumbai International Air port) MONO RAIL, Mumbai Nasik Elevated corridor Bangalore Metro Rail Project Chennai Metro Rail Project Hyderabad Metro Rail Project Pile Diameter (mm) 600,800,1000 800,1000 1000 1200 1200 No of piles 5000 3000 500 900 500 Compression Capacity(MT) 140,250,400,500 T 350,500 T 500 T 500T 500T
Design Stage Monopile Under Consideration
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B. Some Design Aspects for Rock Socketed Bored Piles
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Rock Socket Friction
is a function of
Surface Roughness of Rock Socket

Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock
Confining Stiffness Around the Socket in Relation to Fractures of Rock Mass &
Socket Diameter
Socket Length-to-Diameter Ratio
L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai 9
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Cole & Stroud Method

IS 2911, Part-1, Section 2
In Hard Rock 300mm Penetration for Large Diameter Piles In Weathred or Soft Rocks: 1) Shear Strength of Rock based on Rock Type & Quality ( Easy methods of Identification in Field) 2) Standard Pile Capacity Estimate using inputs from Point 1 and arrive capacity/Socket Length
Cole & Stroud Chart for Piles socketted in Weak rocks Basis for Draft IS2911 Part I Sec 2
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Cole & Stroud Table for Piles socketed in Weak rocks (Ref: Draft IS-2911 Part I Sec 2)
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IRC SPECIFICATIONS
Method -1: Where Rock Cores can be taken & UCS Established
Qu = Ksp x qc x df x Ab + As x Cus
qc = average UCS of rock Ksp = An empherical coefficient whose value
ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 for the rocks where core recovery is reported.
Cus = Ultimate shear strength along socket length = 0.225(qc), The same shall be restricted to 5Mpa
(CR+RQD)/2
30% 100%
Ksp
0.3 1.2
CR : Core Recovery ; RQD : Rock Quality Designation

Pile capacity chart Based on IRC78:2000-Cole and Stroud Method 2: When RQD shows Highly Fragmented Strata
Strength/ Consistency (qc) Approx N Value Compressive Strength in Mpa Strong Moderately Moderately Weak Strong Weak > 600 80-40 600-400 40-10 400-200 10-4 200100 4-1.4 Very Weak 100-60 1.4-0.8
Qu = Re+Raf = Cu.b x Nc x Ab + Cus x As Where, Cub = Average shear Strength below base of pile for the depth twice the diameter/ least lateral dimension of pile. Cus = Ultimate shear strength along socket length = 0.225(qc), The same shall be restricted to 5Mpa L = Length of socket Nc = 9 Factor of safety : Skin friction = 10 and End bearing = 5
IRC SPECIFICATIONS
Large Diameter Bored piles : Pile Dia > 600mm Design : Safe load capacity = Socket friction+ End Bearing Minimum socket length: Hard rock = 300mm Weathered Rock = 0.5x Dia of pile Ignore top 300mm socket length for calculation of socket friction capacity. Friction Capacity Shall be limited to 6 times Diameter of piles The allowable end bearing component after dividing by factor of safety shall be restricted to 5Mpa. Minimum Grade of concrete : M35 Factor of safety on Friction component : 10 Factor of safety on End Bearing Component : 5 Minimum Diameter of Pile:
Bridges on land :1000mm River Bridges : 1200mm
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Hong Kong Specifications

Large Diameter Bored Piles(LDBP) : Pile Dia>600mm Design: Granitic & Volcanic Bed Rocks
Safe Load Capacity = Socket Friction + End Bearing Socket Length Min (2 x Pile Dia Or 6m) Ignore top 600mm socket length For LDBP : Minimum Grade of Rock = Gr. III Allowable Socket Friction:
Min Gr.II + TCR 95% + UCS 50MPa = 700 kPa Min Gr.III+ TCR 85% + UCS 25MPa = 500 kPa Concrete Min 30MPa In Case Gr. II & Gr. III met in Pile Bore USE Gr.III for Socket Friction
Soil Investigation :
At Every Pile Point:BH = 1 For Pile Dia < 2.5m & 2 for Pile Dia >2.5m Continuous Rock Core(N-Size) for Length = 600mm+1.5 Pile Dia below Bed Rock Level
L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai 16
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Hongkong- Stringent Quality Standard for Piling
100% predrilling prior to pile drilling 100% verticality check, 10% verticality check by Koden
or as per Specifications
100% Sonic Logging 100% Interface Full core of pile 5% to 10% depending on
Specifications
Material testing such as cube crushing and Rebar

Tensile Test as per Specifications
From Tomlinson
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C. Construction Practices
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Design & Construction Compatibility

1. Design of Bored Piles in general & Rock Sockets in Particular MUST Consider Construction Practices 2. Equipment, Tools & Methods Play an Important Role in Quality, Time and Cost
3. Construction Process(QA/QC) Determines the Capacity

Tripod, Bailer & Chisel Method

Conventional Tripod System BAILER
Productivity : No.of days per pile, Depends on Many factors

27-11-2010 L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai
3.5 T CHISEL
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Limitations of Tripod- Chisel- Bailer Method

1. Very Slow and some times indefinite 2. Capacity of Chisel is limited by the Winch Capacity 3. It is highly Operator Oriented 4. Very High Quality Supervision Required 5. The Actual Rock in which Pile is socketed is assessed by indirect method- by energy input 6. Energy is Spent breaking the Entire Rock Mass within the
Socket Portion Inefficient Method

Rock Socket Using Rotary Piling Rigs

BORE PILE CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Bentonite (drilling fluid) filling Commence drilling
Drilling soil & rock
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BORE PILE CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

Solid Rock Core Extracted
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Working Sequence for Rock Socket Construction Kelly Drilling Method with Bentonite Mud
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Koden Test For Verticality
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Cores for Concrete Quality
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Pile Toe-Rock Contact Verification by Contact Coring
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Tsing Yi Viaduct Interface Cores recovered
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D. Importance of Equipment & Tools
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Equipment
The Pile Drilling Rig must have sufficient Torque Crowd Pressure Engine Capable of Running without getting heated
Supported by Right Type and Quality Tools Right Method Experienced Operator
Bauer-BG-25
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MAIT-HR180
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Nasik Elevated Corridor Project
Casagrande B180
Core Coming out of the core barrel
Retrieved Cores of length 0.5m to 1.4 m
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Solid rock core recovered on Route 8 Stonecutter Approach Viaducts
Solid Rock Cores recovered on Tsing Yi Viaduct
Roller Bit Core Barrel used on Tsing Yi Viaduct L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : 27-11-2010 Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai
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THANK YOU
27-11-2010
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Chisel N Bailer

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Piling In Difficult Ground Conditions

Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna Larsen & Toubro Ltd ECC-Division Chennai

Difficult Ground Conditions for Piling

Piling with Socketing in Rock

Piling With Socketing in Rock

Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles with Socketing in Rock

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Bored Cast-In-Situ Piles with Socketing in Rock

A. Current Infrastructure Projects of L&T with Bored Piles Socketed in Rock

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Bored Piles Socketed in Rock -:L&T Projects:Project

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Pile Sizes and Capacities

Design Stage Monopile Under Consideration

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

B. Some Design Aspects for Rock Socketed Bored Piles

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Rock Socket Friction

Surface Roughness of Rock Socket

Cole & Stroud Method

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

CR : Core Recovery ; RQD : Rock Quality Designation

Hong Kong Specifications

Hongkong- Stringent Quality Standard for Piling

Material testing such as cube crushing and Rebar

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Design & Construction Compatibility

3. Construction Process(QA/QC) Determines the Capacity

Tripod, Bailer & Chisel Method

Productivity : No.of days per pile, Depends on Many factors

Limitations of Tripod- Chisel- Bailer Method

Socket Portion Inefficient Method

Rock Socket Using Rotary Piling Rigs

Drilling soil & rock

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

BORE PILE CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Koden Test For Verticality

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Cores for Concrete Quality

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Pile Toe-Rock Contact Verification by Contact Coring

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Tsing Yi Viaduct Interface Cores recovered

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

D. Importance of Equipment & Tools

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

Nasik Elevated Corridor Project

Core Coming out of the core barrel

Retrieved Cores of length 0.5m to 1.4 m

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai

L&T-ECC Division : Dr.K.S.Rama Krishna : Piling in Difficult Ground, IGS, Madurai