ASurveyofBallisticTransfersto theLunarSurface

RodneyL.Andersonand JeffreyS.Parker JetPropulsionLaboratory CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology

21st AAS/AIAASpaceFlightMechanicsMeeting|February1317,2011|NewOrleans,Louisiana
Copyright2010CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Governmentsponsorshipacknowledged.

Overview
Background Models PlanarAnalysis

SpatialAnalysis

CRTBP,EarthMoon(EM)Ephemeris,SunEarthMoon (SEM)Ephemeris InvariantManifolds EarthMoon,SunEarthMoonEphemeris TrajectoryCharacteristics

Conclusions
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TransferTypes
DirectTransfers

ThreeBodyLowEnergyTransfers

Apollotypetransfers ShortTOFs (~ 36days)

FourBodyLowEnergyTransfers(RequiresSuns
Influence)

LongerTOFs (severaldays

Parker(2007):Surveyedtrajectoriestolunarhaloorbits
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JapaneseMissionMusesA(Hiten)(Belbruno &Miller,1993) Koon,Lo,Marsden&Ross(2001):ToolstoreproduceHiten liketrajectoryusinginvariantmanifolds Parker&Lo(2005):SunEarthMoontrajectoriesin3D

CollisionOrbitStudies
Easton(1971),McGehee (1974)

Anderson&Lo(2005):JupiterEuropaanalysis

Collisionorbitsfrommathematicalperspective

Kirchbach,Zhend,Aristoff,Kavanagh,Villac &Lo
(2005)

Integratebackwardinplane&3D,compute characteristics Examinednonperpendicularcases

CollisionOrbits

Focusedonrangeofanglesforplanarescapecase CheckforJupiterorEuropaimpacts

Applications

Impactors (~ normaltosurface,LCROSS=86o impactangle) Landers(Vapprox.,modifytoproducetrajectory)

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Models
CircularRestrictedThree
BodyProblem(CRTBP)

FiveEquilibriumPoints (L1,L2,L3,L4,L5) Symmetry:

S/C

_ Primary

Secondary

JacobiConstant:

EphemerisModel: JPLDE421(Sun,Earth,Moon)
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PlanarAnalysisMethod
VaryJacobiConstant(C) Compute|V|=f(C)at
surface Varysurfacelocation()& velocitydirection() Earth Integratefort Determineorigin(Earth, Moon,orelsewhere)& parametersofinterestatt t =200days
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Origin

Lunar Encounter

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PlotOriginofTrajectory
EarthOrigin (1,1)

(2,2) MoonOrigin
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Moon

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CRTBP(EarthMoon)
EarthOrigin

C=2.2 Lunar Origin

C=2.4

C=2.6
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C=2.8
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EarthOriginTrajectoriesVarywithC
Overoriginateat
EarthforlowC Decreasesto0.03% percentatC=2.78
C=2.78

Meanvelocities approximatelyconstant onsurfaceforeachC HigherC

LowerVelocity
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EarthMoonEphemeris
EarthOrigin

C=2.2 Lunar Origin

(January1,2015)

C=2.4

C=2.6
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C=2.8
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ModelResultsMatchClosely
CRTBP
C=2.6

EarthMoonEphemeris
C=2.6

HighestCwith EarthOrigin Trajectories(C=2.78)

HighestCwith EarthOrigin Trajectories(C=2.76)

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SunEarthMoonEphemeris
EarthOrigin

C=2.2 Lunar Origin

(January1,2015)

C=2.4

C=2.6
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C=2.8
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EarthMoonTrajectoriesStillExist atC=3.0
EarthOrigin

C=2.2 Lunar Origin

C=2.4

C=3.0

C=2.6
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C=2.8
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VariationwithEpoch
SunEarthMoon Ephemeris

January1,2015 EarthMoon Ephemeris

FourCasesSevenDaysApart 0.15%oftrajectoriesstilloriginate atEarthat C=3.16 SignificantlyhigherthanEarth Moonsystem Indicates thatlowerenergy trajectoriesmaybeused,usethe Sun
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DifferenceinEM&SEMTrajectories
Moons Trajectory

Earth

EarthMoon TrajectorydoesnotapproachEarth FinalpointisbeyondtheMoons orbit

SunEarthMoon

TravelstowardL1 point Heuristically,followsinvariant manifoldsoflibrationorbit

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ManifoldComparison
LibrationorbitmanifoldsforEarthMoonSystem

L1 :C=3.18 TangentVelocity=2298m/s

L2 :C=3.16 TangentVelocity=2330m/s

Velocitiessimilar tootherlowenergycases Requires connectingEarth& librationorbit

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Planarresults
TrajectoriesinCRTBPcomparewelltoEarth
Moonephemerismodel Statisticallysignificantsetoftrajectoriesthat useSunand Suninfluencedtrajectoriesprovidelower velocitiesatMoon(morethanpointdesigns foundpreviously) Thesetrajectoriesheuristicallyappearto followinvariantmanifoldsinSunEarth librationpoints
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SpatialAnalysis

definedasbefore =0(Stillcapturesmajor
regimesofmotion)
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positiveabove
xy plane Cannowpassaboveor belowEarth&Moon
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SEM&EMSpatialComparison
SunInfluenced Trajectories

(Ts)

C=2.4(SEM) (January1,2015)
SunInfluenced Trajectories

C=2.4(EM)

(Ts)

C=2.6(SEM)
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C=2.6(EM)
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Ts TrajectoriesHeuristicallyFollow LibrationOrbitManifolds

TwogeneraltypesofTs orbits BothtravelnearSunEarthlibrationpoints

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TrajectoriesinSEMatC=3.0

NotrajectoriesinEarthMoonsystematthisC Containstrajectoriesacrosssurface Manytrajectorieswithmultiplerevolutions(higherTOF)

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TrajectoriesinSEMatC=3.1

Distinctfamiliesoftransfersexist Notasspreadoversurface MoreuseSunEarthlibrationdynamics(lowerTOF)

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MissionDesignTrajectoryCharacteristics
Perigee

TOF

Isatransfertrajectoryfeasible? Isitdirectorlowenergy? Whattypeofmissionisitsuitablefor? Whichlaunchvehicleisrequired? Willitmeetthelaunchconstraints? Whichlaunchsiteisneeded? Suitableforlander orimpactor? IslandingpossiblewithVconstraints?

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C3

Earthrelativeinclination

Location/velocityatMoon

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LowestPerigee(C=2.2)

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LowestPerigee(C=2.4)

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LowestPerigee(C=2.6)

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LowestPerigee(C=2.8)

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LowestPerigee(C=3.0)

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LowestPerigee(C=3.1)

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TimeofFlight(TOF)

C=2.4

C=3.0

C=2.8
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C=3.1
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LaunchEnergy(C3)

C=2.4

C=3.0

C=2.8
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C=3.1
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ManyInclinationsPossibleAcrossC

C=2.4

(EME2000Inclination)

C=2.8

C=3.0

C=3.1

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Conclusions
CRTBPapproximatesEarthMoonSystemwell StatisticallysignificantsetoftrajectoriesuseSun Suninfluencedtrajectoriesheuristicallyuselibration
orbitdynamics HigherC

Lowenergytrajectoriesprovidemanyviabletrajectory
optionsfordifferentgeometry/missionconstraints

Dynamicsbecomesmorechaotic Reachmoreofsurfacewithvarietyofdifferentconditions GenerallyrequiresgreaterTOF

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FutureWork
Analyzeresultsfordifferent
days/months/years

Examinevariousflightpathangles Surveyinvariantmanifoldsacrossenergies
andorbittypes

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Acknowledgements
Theresearch inthispresentationhasbeen
carriedoutattheJetPropulsionLaboratory, CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,undera contractwiththeNationalAeronauticsand SpaceAdministration. TheauthorswouldliketothankRobyWilson, TedSweetser,andAmyAttiyah fortheir carefulreviewsofthiswork.
Copyright2010CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Governmentsponsorshipacknowledged.
February1317,2011 Rodney.L.Anderson@jpl.nasa.gov 35

SelectedReferences

R.L.AndersonandM.W.Lo,VirtualExplorationbyComputingGlobalFamiliesofTrajectorieswith Supercomputers,AAS/AIAASpaceFlightMechanicsConference,No.PaperAAS05220,Copper Mountain,Colorado,January2327,2005. C.v.Kirchbach,H.Zheng,J.Aristoff,J.Kavanagh,B.F.Villac,andM.W.Lo,TrajectoriesLeavinga SphereintheRestrictedThreeBodyProblem,AAS/AIAASpaceFlightMechanicsMeeting,No.AAS Paper05221,CopperMountain,Colorado,January2327,2005. J.S.Parker,LowEnergyBallisticTransferstoLunarHaloOrbits,AAS/AIAAAstrodynamics Conference,No.AAS09443,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,August913,2009. J.S.Parker,MonthlyVariationsofLowEnergyBallisticTransferstoLunarHaloOrbits,AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics SpecialistConference,No.AIAA20107963,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,August25 2010. J.S.Parker,TargetingLowEnergyBallisticLunarTransfers,GeorgeH.BornSymposium,No.AAS, Boulder,Colorado,May13142010. J.S.ParkerandM.W.Lo,ShoottheMoon3D,AAS/AIAAAstrodynamics SpecialistConference,No. PaperAAS05383,LakeTahoe,California,August7112005. J.S.Parker,FamiliesofLowEnergyLunarHaloTransfers,AAS/AIAASpaceFlightMechanics Conference,No.PaperAAS06132,Tampa,Florida,January22262006. E.A.Belbruno andJ.K.Miller,SunPerturbedEarthtoMoonTransferswithBallisticCapture, JournalofGuidance,Control,andDynamics,Vol.16,JulyAugust1993,pp.770774. W.S.Koon,M.W.Lo,J.E.Marsden,andS.D.Ross,LowEnergyTransfertotheMoon,Celestial MechanicsandDynamicalAstronomy,Vol.81,2001,pp.6373.

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