1.

Robust Real-Time Face Detection [1]

Paper Viola Integral
Image Ada boost Cascade classifier
Ada boost Paper

Integral Image

Integral ImageFigure 1(x, y)

pixel

Figure 1. Integral Image

Integral ImageImageFigure 2
FeatureFeaturerectangle featurerectangle feature
Filter
ImageFeatureIntegral
Integral
Image Feature Simard et al
paper

Figure 2. Rectangle Feature

z Ada Boost
Ada BoostRectangle featurealgorithmAlgorithm 1
trainingimagemlimage
1/m 1/lweight
rectangle feature T feature
T
1.
2.
3.
4.

weight normalize 1
hypotheses functionerrorfeature
functionAlgorithm 1
error
weightAlgorithm 1update

classifier T weak feature

image T feature feature
image

Algorithm 1. Ada Boost in face detection

z Cascade Classifier
Cascade classifierFigure 3feature
classifierclassier
Classiercase
classierclassier

Figure 3. Cascade classifier

classifier false positive

rate detection rate false positive rate
detection rate
trade off detection rate
false positive rate false positive
rate
cascade classifierAlgorithm 2
classifierfalse positive ratedetection ratetarget
false positive ratetarget detection ratefalse positive rate
detection rate
featurefalse positive ratedetection rate

Algorithm 2. Cascade classifier in face detection.

2. Detecting Pedestrian Using

Pattern of Motion Appearance [2]
paper Viola paper
motion feature Integral
Image Ada boost Cascade classifier
motion feature
training image video sequence training set

 2000 frame frame

Integral Image & Motion Filter

Figure 4. Trained static rectangle features.

Integral ImagepaperFigure 4rectangle

featureFigure 5dynamic rectangle featureDynamic rectangle
featuremotion filter

Figure 5. Trained dynamic rectangle feature.

rectangle featureframemotionFigure 6
Frame 1 Frame 2 motion
Algorithm 3Frame 1 ItFrame 2 It+1 ; Frame 1
ItFrame 2 pixelIt+1 U; Frame 1 It
Frame 2 pixelIt+1 D; Frame 1 ItFrame 2
pixelIt+1 L; Frame 1 ItFrame 2

pixelIt+1 R

Figure 6. Motion shift between two frame.

Algorithm 3. Motion filter

operator feature

fi frame motion S {U, L, R, D}

fjmotion stagefeatureintegral image feature

Figure 4 j integral image feature

fk S operator rectangle
motion

fm integral image feature

feature Ada Boost train

 feature feature test image

ti
Ada Boost training

feature feature

:

Cascade Classifier

Figure 7. Cascade classifier in pedestrian detection

Cascade classifier face detection

3. Ensemble Tracking [3]

paper Ada Boost tracking
Gray level image tracking
track image
tracking rectangle
Ada Boost training 11
feature feature 8 bins 5*5 local orientation histogram
RGB color Ada Boost training feature weight

Figure 8. Ensemble update and test

featureleast squareFigure 8
imagefeaturemean shift
Trainingtraining
settraining set
image contenttraining set
trainingclassifierFigure 9classifier
classifier 11 featureclassifier
classifierclassifier(d)
binRGB2 (a)RGB
(b)
local orientationfeature

Figure 9. Adapting the weak classifiers.

Reference
[1] Paul Viola, Michael Jones, Robust Real-Time Face Detetion, International Journal of
Computer Vision, 2004.
[2] Paul Viola, Michael Jones, Detecting Pedestrians Using Patterns of Motion and
Appearance, International Journal of Computer Vision, 2005.
[3] Shai Avidan, Ensemble Tracking, CVPR, 2005.