Raju-Marine Clay With Saw Dust Final

Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE AFFECT OF SAW DUST

ON THE PROPERTIES OF MARINE CLAY
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
S.KANAKA RAJU

Under the esteemed guidance of
Dr. D. KOTESWARA RAO
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING: KAKINADA
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA
KAKINADA 533 003, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
April - 2012



CERTIFICATE

Certificate that the project report entitled A LABORATORY
STUDY ON THE AFFECT OF SAW DUST ON THE PROPERTIES OF
MARINE CLAY submitted by S.KANAKA RAJU bearing Roll No
07063A1470 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering to the faculty of
Engineering and Technology of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada in record of the bonafide work carried out by
them under my guidance and supervision.

The results presented in the report have not been submitted to
any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.

Date:

Signature of the

Project Guide: External Guide:

Dr.D. KOTESWARA RAO Sri N.VIJAYANAND
Project advisor, Sr. ENGINEER
Associate Professor, SHELADIA ASSOCIATEA,USA.,
Bangalore. Indore, M.P (State)
Department of Civil Engineering,
University College of Engineering,
JNTU, Kakinada.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much thankful to my guide sir Dr. D.
KOTESWARA RAO and Sri N.VIJAYANAND as Academic
supervisor for living me valuable guidance and keen interest
in shaping this project report.

I am thankful to Dr. P. Subba Rao Head of the Civil
Engineering Department for availing a favorable atmosphere
to carry out this assignment.

I am thankful to Dr. GVR Prasad Raju, Prof. K.
Purnanandam, Dr. K.Ramu, The faculty of Geotechnical
Engineering Division, for their constant encouragement
during the course of my Project work.

I am thankful to Prof. V. Ravindra, Prof. K.V.S.G.Murali
Krishna, Dr. V. Srinivasulu, Sri B. Krishna Rao, Smt. V.
Lakshmi , Dr.K.PadmaKumari. For their moral support.

I am thankful to Sri K. Srinivasa Rao, Tech. Asst.,
Department of Civil Engineering, for his helping nature
through my course of Project work.

I am thankful to Supporting staff of Soil mechanics
laboratory and Civil Engineering Department office, JNTU,
KAKINADA for their kind co-operation during my project
work.
I am gladly acknowledge all those who have helped me
directly or indirectly during my project work.
S. Kanaka Raju
Roll.No.07063A1470

CONTENTS
PAGE No.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
1.2. Discussion of Various Investigations on marine clay
1.3. Need for the Study
1.4. Objectives of the Study
1.5. Organization of the Project
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 GENERAL
2.2 MARINE CLAY
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Origin of Marine Clays
2.2.3 Behaviour of Marine Clay
2.2.4 Studies on marine clay
2.3 Problems associated with Marine Clays
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Damages to the Pavements Sub grades
2.4 Remedial measures to overcome problems of marine clay
soils
2.4.1 Soil Replacement
2.4.2 Sand Cushion Method
2.4.3 Stiffening the Foundation and Super structure
2.4.4 Mat Foundation
2.4.5 Stone Columns
2.4.6 Band Drains or Wick drains
2.4.7 Heat Treatment
2.5 STABILISATION OF MARINE CLAYS
2.6 SAW DUST
2.6.1 USES OF SAW DUST

CHAPTER 3: STUDY METHODOLOGY
3.1 VARIABLES TAKEN FOR THE STUDY
3.2 MATERIAL USED
3.2.1 Marine Clay
3.2.2 Saw Dust
3.3 LABORATORY STUDIES
3.3.1 Liquid limit
3.3.2 Plastic limit
3.3.3 Shrinkage limit
3.3.4 Free swell index
3.3.5 Proctor s standard compaction Test
3.3.6 Unconfined compressive strength
3.3.7 California bearing ratio Test
3.3.8 General
3.3.9 Visual characteristics
3.4 Laboratory Testing
3.4.1 Grain Size Analysis (Sieve Analysis)
3.4.2 Water content
3.4.3 Consistency Limits & Indices
3.4.3.1 Liquid Limit Test
3.4.3.2 Plastic Limit
3.4.3.3 Shrinkage Limit
3.4.4 Compaction Test ( Fig 3.1 )
3.4.5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
3.4.6 Tri-axial Test
3.4.7 Specific Gravity Test
3.4.8 Differential Free Swell Test


CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSIONS ON RESULTS
4.1 GENERAL
4.2 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
4.3 PROPERTIES OF MARINE CLAY+SAW DUST

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS
5.1 GENERAL
5.2 CONCLUSIONS
5.3 FURTHER SCOPE OF WORK

CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES


CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

There are many deposits of fine clays on coastal corridor and those soils
are suffering from high saturation, low density, low shear strength, sensitivity,
and deformation problems and are normally consolidated. Such soils are
generally termed as marine clays. In any developing country infrastructure,
transportation, and communication facilities play a major role for the
development. The properties of marine soil depend significantly on its initial
conditions. The properties of saturated marine soil differ significantly from moist
soil and dry soil. Marine clay is microcrystalline in nature and clay minerals like
chlorite, kaolinite and illite and non clay minerals like quartz and feldspar are
present in the soil.

In general, the natural water content of the marine clay is always greater
than its liquid limit. The marine clays are not suitable as pavement sub grade &
foundation soil beds and pose problems due to their inability of strength
criteria. More and more construction projects are encountering soft clays and
hence there is a need to better quantifying the properties of marine clays.

These soils are widely occupied in coastal corridor and not easy to avoid
marine clay regions for the construction of pavements and foundations due to
the population density. India being peninsular country have a large area coming
under coastal region and also it has been the habitat for considerable
percentage of population. The marine clays are found in the states of west
Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra
and some parts of Gujarat in India. Hence, for having smooth transportation it
needs to improve properties of marine clays. Marine clays are highly
compressible in these regions.


The development of any country depends on the transportation facilities
and the construction projects. For the projects to be successful, the soil used for
the foundation beds must be strong which requires in improving the properties
of soil.

A substantial literature has concluded the severity and extent of damage
inflicted by soil deposits of selling nature, to various structures, throughout the
world (Ganapathy, 1977; Jones and Jones, 1995; Abduljauwad, 1995; Osama
and Ahmed, 2002; Zhan, 2007). The loss caused due to damaged structures
proved the need for more reliable investigation, of such soils and necessary
methods to eliminate or reduce the effect of soil volume change.

Many innovative foundation techniques have been devised as a solution
to the problem of expansive soils. The selection of any one of the techniques is
to be done after detailed comparison of all techniques for the well suited
technique for the particular system. The various additives used for stabilizing
expansive soils are lime, calcium chloride, rice husk ash, fly ash, gypsum and
others.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STABILIZATION

Stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of the
soil and thus making it more stable by adding different types of additives. By
stabilization, load bearing capacity of the soil will be enhanced. Soil stabilization
is used the permeability and compressibility of the oil mass in earth structures
and to increase its shear strength.
There are different types of stabilization. They are

a) Mechanical stabilization
b) Cement stabilization
c) Lime stabilization
d) Bituminous stabilization
e) Chemical stabilization

f) Thermal stabilization
g) Electrical stabilization

Infrastructure projects such as highways, railways, water reservoirs,
reclamation etc. requires earth Material in very large quantity. In urban areas,
borrow earth is not easily available which has to be hauled from a long distance.
Quite often, large areas are covered with highly plastic and expansive soil, which
is not suitable for such purpose. Extensive laboratory /field trials have been
carried out by various researchers and have shown promising results for
application of such expansive soil after stabilization with additives such as
sand, silt, lime, fly ash, rise husk ash etc.

For a successful construction of road network, the pavement should be
located on soil, which requires the least thickness above it. The ancient road
building material is soil itself on which the pavement is placed. Hence for the
stability and performance of a road, soil should be stable and strong. The
performance of the pavement largely depends on the strength of the sub grade.
However, in nature problematic soils do exist which are not suitable for any civil
engineering construction even for road pavements. Such soils have to be treated
with different types of materials to produce a new material, which imparts
stability and durability to the soil.

This work presents the result of laboratory investigations carried out to
understand the characteristics of marine clay with stabilizing agents like Saw
Dust.

1.3 NEED FOR STUDY

Continued efforts have been made all over the world to devise ways to
means to solve the problems of marine clays. Placement of adequate surcharge
load, chemical stabilization and using various reinforcement techniques are
some of the tried and tested remedial measures to avoid problems posed by the

marine clays. The road construction technology is subjected to change the scope
up with changing vehicular pattern, construction materials, sub grade condition
and also the conditions of foundation soils. Majority of the pavement failures
could be attributed to the presence of poor and compressible sub grade
conditions is one such problematic situation. Hence the growing demand for the
construction of inexpensive roads, which answer the requirements of traffic. To
realize the objective, new methods and new materials of construction have been
continuously explored.

Saw dust is a byproduct from Timber industries, Wood cutting factories,
As Saw dust is freely available. It can be used for stabilization of expansive soils
for various uses. Saw dust by itself has little cementitious value but in the
presence of moisture it reacts chemically and forms cementitious compounds
and attributes to the improvement of strength and compressibility
characteristics of soils.

This work presents the laboratory investigations carried out to
understand the characters of the marine clay soil when Saw dust is added to
the soil.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the present experimental study are
- To determine the properties of the marine clay and Saw dust.
- To evaluate the performance of marine clay when stabilized with Saw
dust as an admixture and its suitability for the pavement sub grade.
- To evaluate the performance of stabilized marine clay with an
optimum of Saw dust on the addition of lime as an additive and it
suitability for the pavement sub grade.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

In addition to the present introductory chapter, this work has been
presented in six chapters as follows.
2. Chapter : an overview of various remedial measures to overcome the
problems posed by the marine clay is made with a view to identify the
deficiencies in the carried out so far and defining the specific scope of present
study.
3. Chapter : It presents the details of laboratory experimentation, where
the material properties and detailed testing procedures are discussed.
4. Chapter : In this chapter the foundation soil beds on untreated and
treated marine clays were presented and the procedures adopted for the
construction of foundation soil beds along with the in-situ testing results were
also given in this chapter.
5. Chapter : All the results obtained from laboratory and in-situ were
presented in this chapter.
6. Chapter : Presents the details of economic analysis carried out for the
untreated and treated marine clay flexible pavements in the field.

The results are concluded in fifth chapter which gives a brief overview of
the work summarizes the observed performances of additives like Saw dust and
lime.
All the references that were used in this project are included in the
seventh chapter.

******

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 GENERAL

The need and the objectives of the present study were established in the
previous chapter. The review of literature on marine clay and granulated blast
furnace slag was presented in this chapter. Soft marine clay is very sensitive to
change the stress system, moisture content and system chemistry of the pore
fluid. Geotechnical engineers feel a necessity to improve the behavior of these
deposits using anyone of the available ground improvement techniques. Fig 2.1
shows the marine clay corridor of India.

Fig: 2.1 Marine Clay Corridor of India


2.2 MARINE CLAY
2.2.1 General
Marine clays from one of the important groups of fine
grained soils. Lost of civil construction activities take place in such
marine clays throughout the world. Most of the marine clays are highly
compressive and of low strength.
India being peninsular country has large area coming under
coastal region and also it has been the habitat for considerable
percentage of population. The marine clays are generally found in the
states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Keral a,
Karnataka, Maharashtra and some parts of Gujarat (Fig 2.1). Marine
or soft clays existing in these regions are weak and compressible in
nature.
Marine clay is uncommon type of clay and normally exists in soft
consistency. Marine clay deposit of east coast of India was used for the testing
with the aim to investigate its engineering properties. During construction of
well foundation for a marine structure in the offshore area (about 10 m off the
shoreline) of Visakhapatnam port at East coast of India, the subsoil was
excavated. The soil collected from a depth of about 10 12 m was used for
investigation.

2.2.2 Origin of Marine Clays
Marine soil deposits have been found both on the coast and
in several offshore areas spread over many parts of the world. When
clay particles precipitate in salt water, there is a tendency for the clay
particles to flocculate and stick together giving rise to some sort of
edge-to-face arrangement. As a result, clay, silt, and fine sand
particles settle almost at the same rate and the final sediment formed
consists of particles with a very loose card house-like structure
(Bjerrum and Heiberg, 1971). Hence the marine sediments can be

considered as loose sediments, usually formed with high void ratios.
Problems are associated with these fine-grained soils deposited at a
soft consistency. Fine-grained soils are very sensitive to changes in
the stress system, moisture content and system chemistry of the pore
fluid. In addition to these, the problems arising out of high
compressibility and low shear strength of these weak marine deposits
expose geotechnical engineers to considerable changes in the
construction of various coastal and offshore structures. The
performance of these soft fine grained deposits under different
conditions of environment varies over wide limits. In order to improve
the engineering behavior of soils, several improvement techniques are
available in geotechnical engineering practice. The fact that the
selection of anyone of these methods for any problem can be made
only after a comparison with other techniques proves that the method
is well suited for a particular system.

2.2.3 Behavior of Marine Clay
The marine clays are highly compressible soft clays and also it
exhibits moderate swelling when comes in contact with moisture.
This behavior is due to the presence of clay minerals with
expanding lattice structure. The marine clay is very hard when it is
dry but loses its strength on wetting. The marine clay got cracks as
shown in the plate 2.1 on drying and in the worst cases the width of
the cracks is almost 250 mm to 500 mm and travel down to 1.00m
beneath the ground level.
The consistency limits of the marine clay are as follows:
Liquid limit is 74%, Plasticity index is 47%, Shrinkage limit is 12%
and Specific gravity is 2.62


2.2.4 Studies on marine clay
Marine clay is a type of clay and normally possesses soft
consistency Marine clay deposits of Kakinada were used for the
testing with the aim to investigate its Engineering properties (Penner
and Bum(1978); Tan(1983); Narasimha Rao and Swamy(1984);
Shridharan et al.(1989); Chong (1991); Buddhima Indraratna et
al.,(1991); Anandarajah and Chu (1997) ; Chong et al.,(1998); Thiam-
Soon Tan et al.,(2002); Chu et al.,(2002); Supakij Nontananandh et
al.,(2004); Oh and Chai (2006); Matchala Suneel et al.,(2008); Basak
and Purkayastha (2009); Gang Ren (2010)) and further, made suitable
for foundation constructions over it and also for the flexible pavement
sub grades.

Figure 2.1 Marine Clay
Law (1979) reported that the undrained cohesion of the marine
clay was determined using triaxial, vane shear test and presented the
effect of the consolidation pressure on the undrained shear strength of
soft clay.
A research has been done on the Physico-Chemical effects on
the engineering behavior of Indian marine clays by Rao, M.S et al.,
(1992).

Shridharan et al., (1989) reported the engineering properties of
Cochin and Mangalore Marine Clays. Hyde et al., (1993) presented the
engineering properties and stability criteria for marine clay under
cyclic loading.
Narasimha Rao et al., (1996) stated that the Permeability (k)
values shows an enormous improvement by using lime column
technique and the k value was improved up to 23 times. This shows
good promise for improving the soft coastal deposits and the offshore
deposits. Thiam-Soon et al (2002) reported on improving the strength
of the marine clay by the stabilization technique. Chu et al., (2002)
reported the consolidation and permeability properties of the
Singapore marine clay based on the laboratory and field
investigations.
Balasubrahmaniam et al., (2003) proved the effects of additives
on Soft Clay behaviour and concluded that the strength characteristics
of the soft clays are improved by using various additives. Supakij
Nontananandh et al., (2004) reported the efficacy of the stabilization
techniques on strength characteristics of the marine clay. Oh and Chai
(2006) presented the engineering properties and the charact erization
of marine clay for road embankment design in coastal area and the
engineering properties of the marine clay were improved using various
stabilization techniques. Matchala Suneel et al., (2008) represented
the compressibility characteristics of Korean marine clay. Sing et al.,
(2008) reported an improvement in the engineering properties of peat
soils stabilizing with cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag
and proved a remarkable increase in the pH and unconfined
compressive strength, significant reduction in linear shrinkage,
compressibility and permeability of the stabilized peat soils.
Basak and Purkayastha (2009),reported that the Engineering
characteristics of marine clay collected form Visakhapatnam, India
and the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were

presented and the strength, stiffness of the soil water matrix were
established. Tanit Chalermyanont et al., (2009) represented that the
properties of marine clay indicates that it has significant advantages
over the lateritic soil as land fill liner material.
2.3 Problems associated with Marine Clays
2.3.1 General
Among the various damages, the damage caused by the marine
soft soils to the pavements and also for foundation beds are mentioned
here in detail.
High compressibility and moderate swelling nature of the
marine clay soils on inhabitation of water during the monsoon and
reduce density or shrinkage occurs because of evaporation of water in
summer and become hard due to increased density and this trend of
soil decreases with depth. The volumetric deformation in these soils is
attributed to seasonal variations in the ground water profile resulting
in changes in moisture content.
During summer, polygonal shrinkage cracks occurs near the
surface, extending to depth of about 1.5m, indicating a high potential
for compressibility. The depth of cracking indicates the depth of active
zone in which significant volume change occurs, which is defined as
thickness of soil in which moisture deficiency exists.
The entire stratum of marine clay soils in the field may not be
active. Besides, as most soils do not respond quickly to the climate
changes, the depth of active zone is greater than the depth of seasonal
moisture fluctuations. The buildings in marine soils have posed
serious problem of distortion and cracking throughout the world
because of unlimited quantity of water being readily available to the
foundation soil.


2.3.2 DAMAGES TO THE PAVEMENT SUBGRADES
Majority of the pavement failures could be attributed to the poor
sub grade conditions and marine clay is one such problematic
situation (Evans and McManus, 1999). Roads running through marine
clays regions are subjected to severe unevenness with or without
cracking, longitudinal cracking parallel to pavement centerline, rutting
of pavement surface and localized failure of pavement associated with
disintegration of the surface. The extensive damage to highways
running over expansive and high compressible soil sub-grades (plates
2.2 & 2.3) is estimated to be in billions of dollars all over the world.
Even railway tracks are no exception and are affected by appreciable
movements due to the nature of high compressibility of the marine
clay solis.
2.3.3 Damages to the building foundations
Buildings have presented the most obvious cases of damage
caused by high deformation of foundations on marine clays (Plate 2.3).
Light structures resting on footings in marine clays have been badly
cracked by foundation movements in both horizontal and vertical
directions. In some cases piles have been completely sheared off. Huge
damages have been documented by researchers from several countries
on deformation of soft soils (Christodulias and Gasios, 1987).

Figure 2.3.3 Typical Settlement Cracks in Super Structure Laid on

Marine Clay Foundation Bed.
2.4 Remedial measures to overcome problems of marine clay soils
If soil has a high deformation, the preventive measures are
required. These measures can be broadly classified into the following
categories:
- Avoiding highly compressible soils
- Alterations to these soils
In case of foundations, Sand Cushion method, Stiffening the
foundation by adopting Alterations, Mat Foundations, Heat t reatment,
Chemical stabilization, soil replacement technique are some of the
remedial measures to overcome the problems of compressible marine
clay soils.
In case of Pavement subgrades, stabilization techniques can be
adopted using various industrial waste considering the economy and
also chemical additives for easy mixing and early results. The
reinforcement techniques also plays vital role in improving the load
carrying capacity of the marine clay beds.
2.4.1 Soil Replacement
It consists of replacing the weak marine clay by using the rich
soils available within the vicinity. So that the bearing capacity of the
foundation bed or subgrade of the flexible pavement can be improved
and also the deformations can be controlled up to some extent.
Chen (1988) claimed that the depth of soil replacement should
be exercised to prevent entry of surface drainage from reaching the
underlying expansive soil. This method becomes uneconomical if
expansive soil or soft soil extends to a great depth (Nelson, 1991).
2.4.2 Sand Cushion Method
In this method, the entire depth of the marine clay stratum or a
part there of is removed and replaced with a sand cushion, compacted

to the desired density and thickness. The deformation varies inversely
as the thickness of the sand layer and directly as the density of the
sand. Provision of sand cushion is probably based on the assumption
that it would absorb upward and lateral deformations. The sand
cushion method thus bristles with severe limitations particularly when
it is adopted in deep strata. Foundation engineers often suggest some
arbitrary thickness for sand cushion. (Bart facilities standards,
standard specification,2008.Swell shrink behavior of expansive soils
under rice husk ash cushions, international association for computer
methods and advances in geo mechanics,2008.Evaluation of drying
and wetting cycles with soil cushion to mitigate the potential of
expansive soil in upper Egypt, Aly ahmed,EJGE,2009.)

2.4.3 Stiffening the Foundation and Super structure
Provision of RCC bands in the foundation, plinth and lintel
levels is also suggested as cracks control measures in buildings. But
this practice has not produced the desired and anticipated results.
Even heavy reinforcement at the foundation level will not prevent
cracking due to doming pattern of heaving (Agarwala and Khanna,
1969; Winnfred, 1969).
2.4.4 Mat Foundation
Mat foundation receives and transmits the entire structural
load to the under slab soil. These foundations may be economical on
long term basis, but involves high initial cost and would be a costly
proposition in developing countries like India. Lytton and Woodburn
(1973) and Chen (1988) reported that the condition of buildings built
using stiffened slab system is satisfactory. However, Zeitlen (1969)
claimed that mat foundation is worth considering for small and simple
structures or for separated units of less than 3m x 6m, otherwise it
would be expensive to contain differential movements.

2.4.5 Stone Columns
The stone column technique was increasingly used for
improving the load bearing capacity and to reduce the settlements of
soft soils. This technique was used effectively for the foundations of
structures, earthen dams and raft foundations, where huge settl ement
is possible. Dipty Sarin Isaac and Girish (2009), presented the
laboratory investigation on stone columns for improvement of soft
clay, using stones, gravel, river sand, sea sand and quarry dust and it
was proved that the quarry dust was more effecti ve than the other
materials for improving the load deformation characteristics of the soft
soil.
In Kakinada Sea Ports Limited, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh,
India, the stone columns techniques was experimented to observe the
efficiency of stone columns in soft marine clay using boulder of
various sizes, but this techniques was failed due to un-confinement
and the compressible nature of the marine clay (Ambily and Gandhi,
2004).
2.4.6 Band Drains or Wick drains
Geo-composites formed of hallow cored, geotextile wrapped drainage
element (geo-net) inserted vertically into soft ground to speed up the
consolidation process. Band drains are typically used in constructing
embankments over compressible and water saturated soils to improve
stability and accelerate settlement.
These soils have a weak porous structure, usually filled with water
(pore water). When such soils are loaded by a superimposed
embankment or structure the water is squeezed out. However, because
of the impermeable nature of some soils, this could take time, hence
causing instability and long term settlement problems for any
structure built on top.

Band drains are installed vertically from the working plate form deep
into the ground and act as wicks providing a route for the water to
drain out quickly either to the surface or a more permeable stratum at
depth. This process speeds consolidation of the soil and minimizes
settlement of the superimposed embankment or structure.
Band drains can be used in combination with vibro stone and vibro
concrete columns for strengthening purposes and drain and horizontal
to dissipate the pore water pressure. They are also commonly used in
conjunction with basal reinforcement, which provides short term
stability of the embankment while the band drains contribute to
accelerate consolidation of the soft deposits underneath.
Band drains were successfully used in the road embankment in
Kakinada Sea Ports limited, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India and also
the band drains were used in the approach embankment either sides
of the river bank in the construction of the Toome bypass in Northern
Ireland.
Band drains and basal reinforcement were utilized in the construction
of a distributor road over embankments for new housing development
at Dering Way near Gravesend, in the Thames Gateway. The band
drain solution was selected because it was economically advantageous.
The faster consolidation settlement enabled the embankment to be
used as the main site haulage road during the construction phase.
CIRIA Publication (2002); BS EN 15237 (2007); TRL Projects Reports
PPR 341(2008), represented the advantages of using the band drain in
soft soils.
2.4.7 Heat Treatment
Russians have developed thermal stabilization technique to
stabilize the soft clays. This technique consists of blowing preheated
air under pressure through boreholes. The plasticity of soil decreases
as temperature increases until 500
0
c and soil become non-plastic, but

the effective depth of burning with mobile furnace is hardly 2, 5 inches
and consequently the technique is uneconomical and not possible in
case of marine clay because the moisture content increases with depth
of soil strata.

2.5 STABILIZATION OF MARINE CLAYS
Soil stabilization is a procedure where natural or manufactured
additives or binders are used to improve the properties of soils. Chemical
additives, such as lime, cement, Saw dust, and other chemical compounds have
been used in marine clays stabilization for many years with various degrees of
success.
The clay minerals have the property of absorbing certain anions and
cautions and retaining them in an exchangeable state. The exchangeable ions
are held around the outside of the silica-alumina clay mineral structural unit.
Compositional variation through ionic or isomorphous substitution
within the clay mineral crystal lattice can leave the structural unit with a net
negative charge. Substitution also reduces the crystal size and alters its shape.
Exposed hydroxyl groups and broken surface bonds can also lead to a net
negative charge on the structural unit. The presence of this net negative charge
means that soluble cautions can be attracted or adsorbed on to the surface of
the clay mineral structural units without altering the basic structure of the clay
mineral. The ability of clay to hold cautions is termed its caution exchange
capacity. The most common soluble cautions are Na
+
, K
+
, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, H
+
, and
NH4
+
.
Caution exchange capacity (C.E.C.) has major significance in
determining clay mineral properties, particularly the facility with which they
absorb water. Caution exchange capacity (C.E.C.) measures two of the
fundamental properties of clays:
1. The surface area and the charge on this surface area.
2. The surface of clay can be of two sorts; external and internal (Figure 1.9).

The external exchange capacity measures nothing more than the average
crystalline size. The surface capacity of adsorption is largely dependent upon
broken bonds and surface growth defects.

Surface and Absorbed Ion Interlayer Sites.
The internal exchange capacity is much more interesting in that it reflects
the overall charge imbalance on the layer structure and the absorption capacity
of the clays. The exchange capacity is an estimate of both the number of ions
adsorbed between the layers of a clay structure and of those adsorbed on the
outer surfaces. C.E.C., measured in terms of milli equivalent of the atomic
weight of solvent/100 gram of the dry solid, varies widely for various types of
clay minerals
The exchange capacity is almost always measured as a function of the
number of cautions (positively charged) which can be measured on the clay
surface once it is washed free of exchange salt solution. The operation is
performed by immersing a quantity of clay in an aqueous solution containing a
salt, usually chloride or ammonium hydroxide. The soluble ions adsorbed with
the water onto the interlayer structure can affect the adsorbed water
arrangement in several ways. Principally, they act as a bond of varying strength
holding the structural layer together and controlling the thickness of adsorbed
water. Their effectiveness will depend on the size and charge. Thus Na
+
, K
+
will
tend to be weak and a clay-water system containing these ions will be capable of
adsorbing large amounts of water. Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, on the other hand, will have
stronger links and a clay-water system containing them will possess
substantially lower water content. Inclusion of Fe
3+
or Al
3+
would reduce the
water content and plasticity and this is in fact the basis of the electro-chemical
or electro-osmotic method of clay stabilization

2.6 SAW DUST
Wood cutting factories, generates a by-product known as Saw dust. This
surrounds the Forestry area. During cutting of trees about78% of weight is
received from trees. Rest 22% of the weight of trees is received as dust. This

dust is used as fuel in burning of bricks & generate steam for the parboiling
process.

Fig.2.2 Saw Dust

As transportation system expand, they are more likely to be supported by
less desirable foundation soils, such as highly compressible deposits. The mass
of the earthwork for such systems can cause unacceptable long term
settlement or even shear failure of these deposits. Ground improvement
techniques may not be effective in stabilizing such soils. Although not a
composite, geofoam provides a very lightweight manufactured fill for
embankments on such materials. The development of light weight fill has led to
engineering of fills consisting of soil-like particulate materials that are lighter
than soil, not prohibitively expensive, and environmentally safe. Saw dust and
lime are excellent examples of such materials.

TABLE 2.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SAW DUST
SiO
2
86 %
Al
2
O
3
2.6%
Fe
2
O
3
1.8%
CaO 3.6%
MgO 0.27%
Loss in ignition 4.2%

TABLE 2.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAW DUST
S. No PROPERTY VALUE
1 Grain size distribution
(percent finer than)
4.75 mm 100
2.0 mm 96
0.6 mm 80
0.425 mm 50
0.21 mm 29
0.075 mm 8
2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.01

2.6.1 USES OF SAW DUST

As a stabilizer

The Saw Dust would appear to be an inert material with the silica in the
crystalline form suggested by the structure of the particles, it is very unlikely
that it would react with lime to form calcium silicates. It is also unlikely that it
would be as reactive as fly ash, which is more finely divided. So saw dust would
give great results when it used as a stabilizing material.


In lightweight fill
The ash would appear to be a very suitable light weight fill and should not
present great difficulties in compaction, provided its initial moisture content is
kept within reasonable limits (say less than 50%). The very high angle of
internal friction of the material will mean that its stability will be high. However,
its lack of cohesion may lead to problems in construction due to erosion and
shearing under heavy rollers. To overcome these it will probably be desirable to
place a 3 to 6 inch thick blanket layer of cohesive material every 2 to 3 ft.

Other uses
On an Industry, wide basis most saw dust is green. Green saw dust has
limited uses, for examples, as fuel at the producing plant or pulping. Green hard
wood saw dust is also used in fairly large amounts for meat smoking.
In some localities green soft wood saw dust furnace for domestic heating.
Thus far it has seldom been considered economically feasible to dry saw dust
artificially.
Brief information on various uses of sawdust and shavings is tabulated in
tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this report.
Under four general classifications
1. Uses based on special physical qualities.
2. Fuel uses.
3. Fibre and wood base board uses.
4. Chemical Uses.

2.7 Summary
In this chapter the experience of the various researchers in the field of
marine clays and Saw dust were presented.
In the next chapter details of laboratory experimentation carried out
will be discussed.
******


CHAPTER III
STUDY METHODOLOGY

3.1 VARIABLES TAKEN FOR THE STUDY
The study is carried out on BC soil +Saw Dust and BC soil were varied in
the following percentages.

Saw Dust in percentages of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by Weight of BC soil.
3.2 MATERIAL USED
3.2.1 Marine Clay

The soil used in this study is BC soil, obtained from NIT Campus,
Collected at a depth of 1.5m from ground level. The Index & Engineering
properties of BC soil are determined as per IS code of practice and determined.

3.2.2 Saw Dust

Locally available Saw Dust was used in the present work. The physical
properties are determined.

3.3 LABORATORY STUDIES

The laboratory studies were carried out on the samples of BC soil, BC soil
+ Saw Dust.

3.3.1 Liquid limit
Liquid limit test was conducted on BC soil, BCsoil+20% Saw Dust using
Casagrandes liquid limit apparatus as per the procedures laid down in IS: 2720
part 4 (1970).

3.3.2 Plastic limit

Plastic limit test was conducted on BC soil, BCsoil+20% Saw Dust as per
the specifications laid down in IS: 2720 part 4 (1970).
3.3.3 Shrinkage limit
This test is also conducted on to BC soil, BCsoil+20% Saw Dust as per IS:
2720 part 4 (1972).
3.3.4 Free swell index
This test is performed by pouring slowly 10 gms of dry soil, 10 gms of
(soil+ Saw Dust) passing through 425 micron sieve, in two different 100 cc glass
jar filled with distilled water. The swollen volume of BC soil, BC soil- Saw Dust
are recorded as per IS 2720 part 40 (1985).

Final volume Initial volume
Free swell (%) = --------------------------------------- *100
Initial volume
3.3.5 Proctors standard compaction Test
Preparation of soil sample for proctors compaction test was done as per
IS: 2720 part-6 (1974).

3.3.6 Unconfined compressive strength
The unconfined compressive strength tests are conducted on BC soil, BC
soil+ Saw Dust mixture as per IS 2720 part 10 (1973). All the samples are
prepared by static compaction using split mould at Optimum moisture content
and Maximum dry density to maintain same initial dry density and water
content. The test was conducted under a constant strain rate of 1.5mm/min.
The proving ring reading is noted for 50 divisions, and loading was continued
until 3 (or) more reading are decreasing (or) constant (or) strain 20% has been
reach. The samples of BC soil additive mixes were cured 4 days, 7days and
28days curing period and at the end of each curing period the samples were
tested. Three samples for each mix were tested.


3.3.7 California bearing ratio Test
The California bearing ratio tests are conducted on BC soil, BC soil+ Saw
Dust, BC soil+ Saw Dust mixtures as per IS 2720 part 16 (1979). The test was
conducted under a constant strain rate of 1.25mm/min. The proving ring
reading is noted for 50 divisions, and loading was continued until 3 (or) more
readings are decreasing (or) constant. The test was conducted at Optimum
moisture content. The samples were tested in soaked condition. The tests were
conducted at time interval of curing for 4 days, 7days and 14 days.

3.3.8. General
The soil was initially air dried prior to the testing. The tests were
conducted in the laboratory on the marine clay to study the behaviour of marine
clay, when it was untreated, treated (with chemicals, Saw Dust and
reinforcement techniques) for the modal flexible pavements and also for the
foundation soil beds.
The following tests were conducted as per IS Codes of practice.
i. The grain size distribution
ii. Index properties Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Shrinkage Limit
iii. Swell Tests- Differential Free swell, Swell Pressure
iv. Strength tests- California bearing ratio
3.3.9. Visual characteristics
The following properties were observed from visual
classification in dry condition.
Colour -- Black colour
Odour -- Odour of decaying vegetation
Texture -- Fine grained
Dry strength -- medium
Dylatancy -- Less Sluggish
Plasticity --Highly plastic
Classification -- Highly Compressible Clay (CH)

Table No: 3.1 Physical properties of marine clay
SL.No Property Symbol Value
1 Gravel 0 %
2 Sand 14%

3

Fines
Silt 30%
Clay 56%
4 Liquid Limit WL 74.5 %
5 Plastic Limit WP 26.9 %
6 Plastic Index IP 47.6 %
7 Shrinkage limit ws 10.678 %
8 Soil Classification CH
9 Specific Gravity G 2.35
10 Differential Free Swell 80%
11 Optimum Moisture
Content
O.M.C. 35%
12 Maximum Dry Density M.D.D. 1.27 gm / cc
13 Cohesion C 12 .20 t /m
2

14 Angle of Internal
Friction
| 2
0

15 CBR Value ( soaked) 0.754 %
16 NMC 86.15%


3.4 Laboratory Testing
3.4.1 Grain Size Analysis (Sieve Analysis)

The weight of soil fraction aggregate retained on each standard sieve is
calculated as the percentage of the total weight of the sample taken. The grain
size distribution of soils/aggregates is an essential requisite in material
characterization. Indian standard codes of practice I.S:1498-1970.

Dry sieve analysis is suitable for cohesion less soils and if the soil
contains a substantial quantity of fine particles, a wet sieve analysis is required.

3.4.2 Water content
The water content is defined as the ratio of the mass of water to the
mass of solids. The water content is also known as the moisture content. It is
expressed as percentage and used as decimal in computation.

The water content of a soil is an important parameter that controls
its behaviour. It is a quantitative measure of the wetness of a soil mass. The
water content of a soil can be determined by many methods of which oven
drying method has been adopted. In this method the soil sample in the
container is dried in an oven at a temperature of 1105C for 24 hours.

Water content, w= Mw/ Ms = (M2-M3)/ (M3-M1)
Where M1 = mass of container, with lid
M2 = mass of container, lid and wet soil
M3 = mass of container, lid and dry soil
3.4.3 Consistency Limits & Indices
The physical properties of fine grained soils, especially of clay differ much
at different water contents. Clay may be almost in a liquid state, or it may show
plastic behaviours or may be very stiff depending on the moisture content.
Plasticity is a property of clayey soils, which may be explained as the ability to
undergo changes in shape without rupture. Indian Standard codes of practice
I.S: 2720 (Part V) 1985: I.S: 2720 (Part VI)-1972).

Identification and Classification of Soils:

Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index are two of the important properties for
the identification and classification of fine grained soils. Classification of silty
and clayey soils by the HRB and Unified soils classification systems are based
on Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index.

Compressibility:
The Liquid Limit of clay indicates its compressibility. Higher the liquid
limit, higher is the compressibility. The compression index of normally
consolidated clay is found to be dependent on the liquid limit.

3.4.3.1 Liquid Limit Test
Liquid limit is the water content at which the soil changes from the liquid
state to the plastic state. At the liquid limit, the clay is practically like a liquid,
but possesses a small shearing strength. The shearing strength at that stage is
the smallest value that can be measured in the laboratory.
Liquid limit is the moisture content at which 25 blows in standard liquid
limit apparatus will just close a groove of standard dimensions cut in the
sample by the grooving tool by a specified amount. The flow curve is plotted in
the log-scale on the x-axis, and the water content in the arithmetic scale on the
y-axis. The flow curve is straight line drawn on this semi-logarithmic plot, a
nearly as possible through three or more plotted points. The moisture content
corresponding to 25 blows is read from this curve rounded off to the nearest
whole number and is reported as the liquid limit of the soil.
3.4.3.2 Plastic Limit
Plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil when rolled into
thread of smallest diameter possible, starts crumbling and has a diameter of 3
mm.
The Plastic Limit (wp) is expressed as a whole number by obtaining the
mean of the moisture contents of the plastic limit. Plasticity Index (P.I) is

calculated as the difference between liquid limit and plastic limit. This gives an
idea about the clay content in a soil. Plasticity Index increases with clay
content.
Plasticity Index = liquid limit plastic limit
Ip = Wl - Wp

3.4.3.3 Shrinkage Limit

Shrinkage Limit is the maximum water content at which a
reduction in water content will not cause a decrease in volume of the soil. It is
also the minimum moisture content to keep a soil saturated without increase in
volume.
This gives an idea about the shrinkage or swelling which is likely to
take place after being compacted at specified moisture content. If a soil is
compacted at its OMC which happens to be higher than its shrinkage limit (as
in heavy clays) the compacted soil mass will shrink on drying after compaction.

Moisture content of the soil paste taken in the shrinkage dish is calculated.
percent x
w w
w w
w 100 %
3 2
2 1
(
=

Where w1,w2 and w3 are respectively the weights of dish plus wet soil,
dish plus dry soil and dish only.
Shrinkage limit ws is calculated from the relation 100 ) (
0
0
x
w
v v
w w
s
=
Where, w = moisture content of paste forming wet pat, %
v = volume of wet pat , cm
3
w0 = weight of oven dry pat = (w2-w3) gm
Shrinkage ratio, R is given by R = w0/v0


3.4.3 Compaction Test

Fig 3.1 Author Doing Compaction Test
From the compaction test, the maximum dry density (MDD) and Optimum
Moisture Content (OMC) of the soil are found for the selected type and amount
of compaction. Indian standard codes of practice I.S:2720 (Part VIII 1983). The
weight of mould with moist compacted soil is W gm.
Weight of empty mould = Wm

gm
Volume of mould = Vm cc
Wet density, cc g
v
wm w
m
m
/
= Let the moisture content be = w%

Then dry density,
( )
cc g
w
v
w w
w
m
m m
d
/
100
1
100
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

The OMC of the soil indicated the particular moisture content at which the soil
should be compacted to achieve maximum dry density. If the compacting effort
applied is less, the OMC increases and the value can again be found
experimentally or estimated.


In field compaction, the compacting moisture content is first controlled at OMC
and the adequacy of rolling or compaction is controlled by checking the dry
density achieved and comparing with the maximum dry density. Thus
compaction test results (OMC and maximum dry density) are used in the field
control test in the compaction projects.

Compaction, in general in considered most useful in the preparation of sub
grade and other pavement layers and in construction of embankments in order
to increase the stability and to decrease settlement. There is also a soil
classification method based on the maximum dry density in the standard
(proctor compaction test lower values indicating weaker soil.

3.4.4 California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR)
The CBR is a measure of shearing resistance of the material under
controlled density and moisture conditions. The load-penetration curve for each
specimen is plotted on natural scale. The load values at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm are
obtained from the load penetration curve to compute CBR values using the
following equation.

CBR(%) = Load carried by soil sample at defined penetration level * 100
Load carried by standard crushed stones at the above penetration level
Based on extensive CBR test data collected, empirical design charts were
developed by the California State Highway Department, correlating the CBR
value and flexible pavement thickness requirement. For various traffic volumes
different design thickness curves are available.

3.4.5 Tri-axial Test
Shear tests are generally carried out on small samples in the laboratory to
evaluate the strength properties of the element in the soil mass. The strength
parameters, namely the cohesion and angle of shearing resistance are usually
found from these tests.

The tri axial test specimen is subjected to the all round pressure equal to
the lateral pressure, 3 and the applied vertical stress or deviator stress d such
that the total vertical stress is 1 = d + 3. Mohr stress circles are plotted at
normal stress intercepts 3 and 1 or with diameters equal to deviator stresses.
From the Mohrs envelope, the cohesion C and the angle of internal friction of
the soil can be derived.
The shear strength parameters C and of the materials may be used to
find the shearing resistance of the material, using Coulombs equation.
S = C + tan|
In flexible pavement design, the E value of sub grade soils is to be found
from triaxial test.

Triaxial test is used in the design of bituminous mixes.

3.4.6 Specific Gravity Test

Specific gravity of solid particles (G) is defined as the ratio of the mass of
a given volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4C.
The specific gravity of solid particles can be determined in a laboratory
using a density bottle fitted with a stopper. The mass of bottle, including that of
stopper, is taken. About 5-10g of oven dry sample of soil is taken in bottle and
weighed. Distilled water is then added to cover the sample. The soil is allowed to
soak. More water is added until the bottle is half full. Air entrapped in the soil is
expelled by applying a vacuum pressure in vacuum desiccators. More water is
added to the bottle to make it full. The stopper is inserted and the mass is
taken. The bottle is emptied, washed and then refilled with distilled water. The
bottle must be filled to the same mark as in the previous case. The mass of
water filled with water is taken.
G = (M2-M1)/ [(M2-M1) (M3-M4)]
Where
M1=Mass of Empty bottle
M2=Mass of bottle and dry soil

M3=Mass of bottle, soil and water
M4=Mass of bottle filled with water
3.4.7 Differential Free Swell Test
Differential Free Swell (DFS) is a parameter used for the identification of
the expansive soil.
For the determination of the differential free swell of a soil, 20g of dry soil
passing through a 425 size sieve is taken. One sample of 10g is poured into a
100c.c capacity graduated cylinder containing water, and the other sample of
10g is poured into a 100c.c capacity graduated cylinder containing kerosene oil.
Both the cylinders are kept undisturbed in a laboratory. After 24 hours,
the settled volumes of both the samples are measured

DFS= (Settled soil volume in water settled soil volume in kerosene)*100
Settled soil volume in kerosene
Because kerosene is a non-polar liquid, it does not cause any swell of the soil
IS: 2720 (Part III- 1980) gives degree of expansion of a soil depending upon its
differential free swell as under

Table 3.4.8Differential Free Swell

S. No. Degree of expansion DFS
1 Low < 20%
2 Moderate 20 - 35%
3 High 35 50%
4 Very High >50%


3.4.9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAW DUST
Table no 3.2 Physical Properties of Saw dust
Sl.no Properties Saw dust
1 Grain size distribution
Gravel(%)
Sand(%)
Silt size(%)
Clay size(%)

.
25
70
05
2 Atterberg limits
Liquid limit(%)
Plastic limit(%)
Plasticity index
Shrinkage limit(%)

74.5
26.9
47.6
10.678
3 Compaction properties
Optimum moisture content(%)
Maximum dry density(g/cc)

20.7
1.35
4 Un-soaked CBR(%)
Soaked CBR(%)
5.5
3.15
5 Specific gravity 2.10
6 Free swell index 80
7 Cohesion C (KN/m
2
)
Angle of internal friction
8
31
8 Soil classification ML




CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSIONS ON RESULTS
1. PROPERTIES OF MARINE
2. M.C+SAW DUST
4.1 General
Details of the laboratory experimentation carried out with different
combinations of materials have been discussed in the previous chapter. In this
chapter a detailed discussion on the results obtained from various laboratory
tests are presented.
4.2 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
To find the optimum percentage of Saw Dust with marine clay and
optimum percent of CaCl2 to the combination of marine clay and Saw dust, CBR
tests are conducted by using different proportions of soil- Saw dust and soil
Saw dust -CaCl2
4.2.1 Proctor Compaction and CBR test results for Soil and Saw Dust
4.2.1.1 Proctor compaction test results
Many tests were conducted to get the OMC and MDD of the mix of
different proportions of soil and Saw Dust using standard proctor compaction
machine.
(a)75%+25%
Table 4.2.1.1 Moisture content and dry density of only soil
Sl. No Water Content (%) Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 39.49 1.038
2. 48.63 0.992
3. 50.46 0.954


Optimum Moisture Content =39.49%
Maximum Dry Density = 1.038
(b)80%+20%
Sl.
No
Water Content (%) Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 35.43 1.08
2. 44.92 1.078
3. 56.46 0.971

39.49, 1.038
48.63, 0.992
50.46, 0.954
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
30 35 40 45 50 55
D
r
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)

Water content(%)
35.43, 1.08
44.92, 1.078
56.96, 0.971
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
D
r
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)

Water content(%)

Maximum Dry Density = 1.1.08gm/cc
(c)85%+15%

Sl.
No
Water
Content
(%)
Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 24.06 1.127
2. 29.63 1.263
3. 84.77 0.865

Maximum Dry Density = 1.263gm/cc
(d)90%+10%
24.06, 1.127
29.63, 1.263
84.77, 0.865
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
D
r
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)

Water content(%)

Maximum Dry Density = 1.192gm/cc
38.33, 1.192
44.92, 1.181
49.14, 1.072
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.2
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
D
r
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)

Water content(%)
Sl.
No
Water
Content
(%)
Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 38.33 1.192
2. 44.92 1.181
3. 49.13 1.072
Sl.
No
Water
Content
(%)
Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 38.36 1.228
2. 44.48 1.272
3. 49.64 1.161

(e)95%+5%

Maximum Dry Density = 1.272
Table 4.2.1.2 Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density values
of marine clays and saw dust
Mix proportion Water Content (%) Dry Density (g/cc)
75%soil+25%SD 39.49 1.038
80%soil+20%SD 35.43 1.08
85%soil+15%SD 29.63 1.263
90%soil+10%SD 38.33 1.192
95%soil+5%SD 44.48 1.272
38.36, 1.228
44.48, 1.272
49.64, 1.161
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.2
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
D
r
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)

Water content(%)

4.3 CBR TEST RESULTS : The soaked CBR values of various mixes of
marine clay and Saw dust using OMC obtained from compaction are
determined. The soaked CBR after immersing in water for four days , that is
when full saturation is likely to occur, is also determined. Variation of CBR with
% variation in Saw Dust is presented.
75%MARINE CLAY+25% Saw Dust

85%soil+15%SD,
29.63
80%soil+20%SD,
35.43
95%soil+5%SD,
44.48
75%soil+25%SD,
39.49
90%soil+10%SD,
38.33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
m
a
x

d
r
y

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)

water content (%)
variation of mdd with Saw dust
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked

80%MARINE CLAY+20%Saw Dust


0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked


Mix proportion Water
Content (%)
Soaked CBR
85%soil+15%SD 29.63 4.03
80%soil+20%SD 35.43 0.672
95%soil+5%SD 44.48 0.896
75%soil+25%SD 39.49 0.896
90%soil+10%SD 38.33 2.24

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked

Table 4.9 Properties of the stabilized soil with an optimum of Saw dust
N o. Property Symbol Value
1 Liquid Limit WL
2 Plastic Limit WP
3 Plastic Index IP
4 Shrinkage limit Ws
5 Soil Classification CH
6 Specific Gravity G
7 Differential free swell
8 Optimum Moisture
Content
O.M.C.
85%soil+15%SD,
29.63
80%soil+20%SD,
35.43
95%soil+5%SD,
44.48
75%soil+25%SD,
39.49
90%soil+10%SD,
38.33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
s
o
a
k
e
d

C
B
R
(
%
)

Saw dust %
variation of soaked CBR with Saw Dust

9 Maximum Dry Density M.D.D.
10 Cohesion C

11 Angle of Internal
Friction
|
12 CBR Value ( soaked)

4.4 Summary
The laboratory test results have been discussed in this chapter. The
summary of work done and scope of further work will be presented in the next
chapter.

CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSIONS
5.1.General
In this chapter the summary of the work carried out is presented
along with conclusions drawn from the study. The scope for further
research in this area is also suggested at the end.

5.2.Conclusions

The following conclusions are drawn based on the laboratory test
results.

It is noticed that the liquid limit of the marine clay has been decreased by
about 11.00% with the addition of 20% saw dust as an optimum. Further it
is observed that the liquid limit of marine clay has been decreased by 9% on
addition of saw dust.

It is observed from the results that the Plasticity index of the marine clay
has been decreased by about 24.00% on addition of saw dust.

It is found from the results that the M.D.D of the marine clay has been
increased by about by 12.36% on addition of saw dust

It is observed from the results that the C.B.R. value of the marine clay has
been increased by ------% on addition of saw dust

It is observed from the results that the DFS value of the marine clay has
been decreased by 58% on addition of saw dust

The soaked CBR of the soil on stabilizing is found to be 6.48% and is
satisfying standard specifications. So finally it is concluded from the above
results that the stabilized marine clay is suitable to use as sub grade
material for the pavement construction

5.3 Further Scope of Work

The following areas are identified as those having scope for further research

1. Similar work can be done using other additives and also admixtures to
arrive the optimum combination used in construction of pavements on
marine clay soil sub grades.

2. The reinforcement Technique can be adopted for higher load carrying
capacity of the pavement sub grades.

The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of test results obtained on BC
soil stabilized with Saw Dust.

1. The liquid limit of BC soil is decreases at 20% Saw Dust.
2. The Free Swell Index of BC soil is reducing moderately at 20% Saw Dust.
3. There is considerable increase in the values of unconfined compressive
strength of BC soil mixed with 20% Saw Dust. The gain in strength in
early days is due to the development of cementation action between clay,
Saw Dust.
4. The CBR value increased considerably at 14 days saturation compared to
4 and 7 days.
5. Addition of small percentage of Gypsum reduces the hardening process,
helped to further development of pozzolanic action in Unsoaked and
soaked condition. Its effect is more in soaked condition.
6. It is observed that there is remarkable influence on strength and CBR
values of expansive soil at 20% Saw Dust which is a optimum percentage.

7. Saw Dust can potentially stabilize the expansive soil solely.
8. The utilization of industrial wastes like Saw Dust is an alternative to
reduce the construction cost of roads particularly in the rural areas of
developing countries.


BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES

1. Ganapathy, 1977; Jones and Jones, 1995; Abduljauwad, 1995; Osama and
Ahmed, 2002; Zhan, 2007)

2. Agarwala, V.S and Khanna, J.S (1969), Construction techniques for
foundations of buildings on black cotton soils, proceedings of the
symposium on characteristics and construction techniques in black
cotton soil, the college of military Engg., Poona, India.

3. Al Quadi, I.L (1994), Laboratory Evaluation of Geosynthetics
Reinforced Pavement Sections, TRR-1739, TRB, 1994, pp. 25-31.

4. Al-Omari, R.R and Oraibi, W.K (2000), Cyclic behavior of reinforced
expansive clay, Jr. of the Japanese Geotechnical Society of Soils
and Foundations, Vol. 40, No. 2; 2000, pp.1-8.

5. Al-Rawas, N.M (2000), Effect of curing and temperature on lime
stabilization, Proc. Of Second Australian Conf. on Engineering
Materials, Sydney, 1981, pp.611-662.

6. Ambily, A.P and Gandhi, S.R (2004), Experimental and Theoretical
Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay, ICGGE, pp 201-206.

7. Anand J.Puppala, Ekarin Wattanasanticharoen and Laureano
R.Hoyos (2003), Ranking of Four Chemical and Mechanical
Stabilization Methods to Treat Low-Volume Road Subgrades in
Texas, Jr.-Transportation Research Record, Vol. 1819B, 2003, pp.
63-71.

8. Anandarajah. A and Chu. J (1997), Laboratory Determination of shear strength
parameters for marine clay, Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Singapore,
Vol.14, No.3, pp 39-46.
9. Arvind Kumar, Baljit Singh Walia and Asheet Bajaj (2007), Influence
of Flyash, Lime and Polyester Fibers on Compaction and Strength
Properties of Expansive Soil, J.Mat in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol.
19, Issue. 3, 2007, pp. 242-248.
10. Balasubramaniam, A.S., Bergado, D.T., Buensuceso, B.R. and Yang,
W.C (1989), Strength and deformation characteristics of lime
treated soft clays, Geotechnical Engineering (AIT), 20, 1989, pp. 49-
65.
11. Bansal, R.K., Pandey, P.K. and Singh, S.K (1996), Improvement of a
Typical Clay for Road Subgrades with Hydrated Lime, Proc. Of
National Conf. on Problematic Subsoil Conditions, Terzaghi -96,
Kakinada, India, 1996, pp. 193-197.
12. Chandrashekar, B.P., Prasada Raju, G.V.R (1999), Relative
Performance of Lime and Calcium Chloride on Properties of
Expansive Soil For Pavement Subgrades, Proc. Of IGC-99, Calcutta,
1999, pp 279-282.
13. Heaton, B.S (2001), presented the utilization of waste products from
Steel plants in the pavements. Australia Civil Engineering
Transaction, IE Aust., Vol. CE35, No.1.
14. I.S: 2720, Part VII, (1980), Determination of Water Content Dry
Density Relation Using Light Compaction.
15. I.S: 2720-Part III, Section I, 1980, Determination Specific Gravity.
16. I.S: 2720-Part IV, 1975, Determination of Grain Size Distribution.
17. I.S:2720, Part VI, 1972, Determination of Shrinkage Factors.
18. I.S;2720-Part V, 1970, Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic
Limit.
19. CIRIA Publication (2002); BS EN 15237 (2007); TRL Projects Reports
PPR 341(2008), represented the advantages of using the band drain
in soft soils.


CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER VI

REFERENCES

Raju-Marine Clay With Saw Dust Final

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Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust

A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE AFFECT OF SAW DUST

= Let the moisture content be = w%

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