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Definition, calculation and analysis of results for the application in well design, drilling and well control operations. Choke and Kill friction losses influence in Deep Water Wells.
Kick Tolerance
Gabriele Zaccaria
Division
Dept.
University Tutor
Francesca Verga
Introduction Scope of the work Kick Tolerance Definition Kick Tolerance Calculation Kick Tolerance in Planning Phase Kick Tolerance in Drilling Phase
Introduction
The importance of kick tolerance in well operations has recently increased due to its implications in well design, in drilling and well control.
The proposed method allows to know, to evaluate and to analyze the kick tolerance problem in order to make the drilling execution safer and more economical by reducing the probability to have an incident.
This document purpose is to improve knowledge about Kick Tolerance and represents a technical basis for the discussion on revision of STAP/PERF standard/procedure.
CLOSE
CALCULATE
Shoe well phase geometrical configuration; Fracture Gradient (sg) Shoe Depth (m) 3200
2.15
15.0
TD (m)
5000
2.00
MAASP (kgf/cm2)
75
60
underbalance between mud weight and pore pressure reservoir porosity and permeability influx type sensibility and reliability of detection equipment reaction time of well control crew type well shut in procedure time of BOP closure
The same kick tolerance between two wells may not mean that they share the same level of risk because it is important to consider how quickly an influx will grow!
Calculation Assumptions
It has been assumed: vertical well
or kick intensity.
(KI = PG MW) The correlation is biunique: by fixing bottom hole volume it is possible to obtain the corresponding increase of pore gradient. by fixing pore gradient it is possible to calculate the corresponding bottom hole kick tolerance volume.
10
First Approach
FG H shoe PG H shoe (FG MW) 10 SF TD MW FG H shoe C HS DP (MW IG) Vi_BH Vi_BH TD C HS
DP
Second Approach
Vi_bh C HS
DP
11
HS = 12 DP OD = 5 BHA OD = 8 BHAlength = 190 m DPlength = 810 m MW = 1.6 kg/l IG = 0.3 kg/l FG = 1,75 kg/l
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
PG
MW
KI
12
KT in Planning Phase
During the casing seat design, MAASP and Differential Pressure criteria are used to select casing setting points.
MAASP
( FG MW ) H shoe 10
Differential Pressure
MW
PG H 10
D E P T H
Fracture Gradient
m
Pore Gradient PRESSURE GRADIENT kg/cm2/10m
13
KT in Planning Phase
Kick Tolerance limits are fixed basing on diameter of the drilled open hole.
Hole Size (inch) 12.25 8.5 12.25 8.5 Kick Tolerance Volume (bbl) > 50 > 35 > 25
The minimum noticeable pit gain (15 bbl) The estimated pit gain that will occur to when
the well is finally shut in (10 bbl)
These values help the drilling engineer to verify the casing shoe depth.
The maximum pit gain used in the calculation is critical and must be selected as appropriate given existing field operating practices, rig equipment, and the skills of the rig personnel.
14
KT in Planning Phase
The requested kick tolerance volume limits have to satisfy the planned
15
KT in Planning Phase
KICK TOLERANCE APPLICATION EXAMPLE
9 5/8 CSG
Hshoe = 3200 m
Kick Intensity (kg/l)
0,04
0,03
FG = 2.15 kg/l
DP 5
0,02
MW = 2.10 kg/l
8 Hole Size
0,01
0,00
200 m DC 6
TD = 5000 m
PG = 2.05 kg/l
16
KT in Planning Phase
2,20 2,15
MW=1.90 k g/l MW=1.95 k g/l MW=2.00 k g/l MW=2.05 k g/l MW=2.10 k g/l
8 Hole Size
200 m DC 6
0,25
0,20
MW=1.90 k g/l
SIDPP
kg/cm2 40.0 22.4 4.80
PG*
kg/l 2.000 2.006 2.012
PG*-PG
kg/l 0.150 0.156 0.162
BHP
kg/cm2 60.0 62.4 64.8
17
KT in Drilling Phase
Following the example of many drillings contractors procedures, if kick tolerance assume a value lower than the following limits, it is necessary to inform a
Bottom Supported
Development
18
In case of HPHT wells, gas could be in a liquid state until it reaches the bubble point, therefore the gas detection is more difficult.
IG
MW
( SICP SIDPP) 10 Hi
(SICP-SIDPP) (kg/cm
)
80
Gas Kick
60
40
20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
MAASP
Water Kick
19
KT in Drilling Phase
Knowing pit gain and SIDPP, the same diagram used in the planning phase, allows to estimate if or kick volume can be circulated out or bullheaded back
100
UNDERGROUND BLOWOUT
BULLHEADING
80
60
FRACTURING LINE
40
20
20
Vi _ shoe
H i _ max CHS
DP
( H shoe ( FG MW ) 10 SF ) TD ( PG MW ) CHS ( MW IG )
DP
Vi _ BH
Vi _ shoe Pfrac Pp
Improve FG estimation
Use W&W method to limit casing pressure and to reduce the force generated by pore pressure
Early kick detection and hard well shut-in to minimize influx volume
21
Dual Activity
Off line
22
They reduce the MAASP and in some instances the margin to circulate out the kick becomes is very low.
23
Section 1: Section 2:
Choke Line Pressure Loss: Mud SCR (bbl/min) 1 2 3 4 5 Pressure Loss (psi) Original Mud Kill Mud 222 222 250 250 304 378 503 625 744 923
DPlength = 810 m MW = 1.5 kg/l PG = 1.55 kg/cm2/10m IG = 0.3 kg/l FG = 1.75 kg/cm2/10m
ANNULUS DIMENSION:
Length Casing ID (m) (inch) 3200 9,625 Off-shore 4000 8,500 String OD (inch) 5 (including 5 40 kg/cm2
choke effect)
= 46 bbl
MAASP =
Annulus Pressure Loss: Kick Tolerance Volume Mud SCR Pressure Loss (psi) Original (bbl/min) Mud Kill Mud 1 617 617 2 633 633
On-shore (without choke effect) MAASP = 75 kg/cm2 Kick Tolerance Volume = 155 bbl
24
Managed
25
26
27
Conclusions
Kick Tolerance is an important concept that can be applied both in drilling
currently drilled by oil industry, for which more complex planning and
execution are required.
28
Conclusions
A correlation linking kick tolerance volume to the corresponding kick intensity has been drawn.
During the drilling phase, knowing pit gain and SIDPP, the same diagram
allows to estimate if or kick volume can be circulated out or bullheaded back immediately into formation avoiding potential underground blowout phenomena.
29
Conclusions
It is important monitoring the kick tolerance in real time, by updating the calculation every time there is a variation of the parameters which influence its
value.
An analysis has also been carried out on the parameters that influence
kick tolerance. Based on it, some indications have been suggested in order to
optimize the parameters.
In deepwater, Choke and Kill line friction is an important factor, particularly when the threshold between mud density and casing shoe fracture gradient is really narrow.
30
Acknowledgements
I would thank Eni E&P Division Management for permission to present this work and related results and WEDE/PERF colleagues for the technical support and needed assistance.