IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9, No.

3, September 1994
PERFORMANCE OF A DOUBLE-STAR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR WITH BRIDGE RECTIFIED OUTPUT 0. P Malik . Xing-yuan Li University of Calgary Chengdu University of Science and Technology (Canada) (p. R. China)
Keywords: Double-star synchronous generator, bridge rectificd. output, siisplucement angle, commutation angle

613

ABSTRACT

h this paper, the p e r f ~ r m ~ double-star synchronous of a ~ ger with bridge rectified output i studied from the s f-ental machine equations. The generator has two stator windings shifted by n / 6 electrical radians, which With their bridges can be connected either in series or in parallel. Therefore the double-star synchronous generator with rectifier load can have two major operation modes. Using the fundamental machine equations, the expressions of displacement angles and commutation angles are derived under these operation modes. The performance of the double-star synchronous generator with bridge rectified output CM be predicted from given load current, field current, generator speed, bridge delay angle and its parameters. Theoretical results are compared with experimental results obtained from a laboratory machine.
1.

INTRODUCTION

There has been an increasing interest in the double-star synchronous machines in recent years. In order to effectively utilize the space in the transmission corridors and to reduce the influence of harmonics from dc systems on the power systems, it has been suggested that multi-phase synchronous generators be adopted 111. To reduce noise and vibration, double-star synchronous or asynchronous motors are employed in electric drives 12.31. In dc transmission systems, two stator windings with their associated bridge rectifiers are connected in series to generate high voltage and low current. Also. modern large synchronous generators must be matched with static or ac exciters to overcome the difficulty of commutation in dc exciters. Under these conditions. ac exciters with double-star windings, each having multi-branches in parallel to gain low voltage and large current, become very suitable. Although the perf~rmanceof a three phase synchronous generator with bridge rectified output has been studied by a number of investigators [4-71, to the best of the authors knowledge, hardly any study has been done about the performance of double star synchronous generators with bridge rectified output In addition, coordinate transformations from a-b-c frame to d-q-0 frame are frequently adopted for analysis of machines [1,2, 8-11]. As synchronous generators with bridge rectified output a, fact, under unsymmetric operation, the coordinate in trahEformatiOnS Can not Simplify the problem. Based on fundamental machine equations in the a-tw frame and s u n g and terminal conditions, the performance of three phase synchronous generators with bridge rectified output has been
94 WM 104-0 EC A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Electric Machinery Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for uresentation at the IEEE/PES 1994 Winter Meeting, N; York, New York, e January 30 - February 3 , 1994. Manuscript submitted July 19, 1993; made available for printing January 14, 1994.

studied in Refs. [4-6]. In these papers, the solution of the nonlinear simultaneous equations requires an iterative calculation technique. Although direct expressions for displacement angles and commutation angles are given in Ref. [7], saliency during the transients is neglected and only the CylindriCd-rOtor synchronous generator with damper windings is investigated. As the influence of transients is larger for synchronous generators with salient poles and without damper windings, this approach may produce large calculation errors. Considering the influence of saliency during transients, the performance of a double-star synchronous generator with bridge rectified output in two major operation modes is studied in this paper. Theoretical results are compared with experimental results obtained on a laboratory machine. 2. FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF A DOUBLE-TAR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR Fundamental equations of a double-star synchronous generator, considering only fundamental magnetic fluxes in the stator and rotor windings for simplicity. are:

[ vR

1=

[ RR
2

1 [ IR

14-

;5; { [ & 1 [ 1, 1 (2)

I [ MR , si : i=l

[Isi

I1

Details of these equations are given in the Appendix.

The voltage equation of the i-th Y-windings of the generator, eqn.(l), is rewritten as: (3) [ Vsi 1 = [ Vs, 1 + A Vsi 1 with

, where vai, ,vbio and v, are the open-circuit phase voltages; and A Vai , A Vbj and A v,j are the phase voltage drops. Currents in the field and damper windings are also rewritten as

[ IRo

1=

,I![

[AIR]=[

:L]
A~KQ

where Ifo = Vf / R I is the mean magnetic field current; and A if , A i K 0 and A iKQ are the incremental values of the various rotor currents. 0885-8969/94/$04.00Q 1994 IEEE

614

According to eqn. (1). the open-circuit phase voltages of the i-th Y-windhga are given as

, v

= - E sin[e-pi 1

vb& = - E d I l [ e - p j - ( 2 % / 3 ) ] vcb = - ~ s i n [ e - p ~ + ( 2 1 ~ / 3 ) 1

(5)

where E, the amplitude of t e open-circuit phase voltage, = h CO +i If** i Neglecting the lesistances of the rotor windings and inUgrating the voltage eqn. (21, gives

= Lq

- ( 3 M h Q I 2 LKo ) ,

Neglecting the resistanceS of the armature windings and substituting eqn. (6) in eqns. (1) and (4). the phase voltage drops in the stator windings are given as

L d = L o + A , +Bo + ( 3 A 2 / 2 ) , & + A , +BO - ( 3 A , / 2 ) . 3. CALCULATION OF DISPLACEMENT ANGLES AND COMMUTATION ANGLES In the subsequent development, the following assumptions are made: 1) Only fundamental magnetic fiuxes are considered; 2) Load inductance is large enough to have direct current without pulsation i the load: n 3) The speed of the generator rotor is constant. 4) There is one damper winding each on the d and q axes. 3.1 OPERATION MODE 1 The synchronous generator has two stator windings shifted by x 1 6 elec. rad, which with their bridges are connected in series, as shown in Fig. 1. Under this operation mode, the commutation process in the double-star synchronous generator is the same as in the common single Y-winding three phase machines, except that the phase currents in the second Y-windings lag the corresponding phase currents in the first Y-windings by x I 6 elec. rad as shown in Fig. 2, where the instant when the commutation starts from phase a1 to phase bl is taken as a time reference. When the stator windings are open and without load, the magnetic field axis is IC I 2 elec. rad ahead of a stator winding in which the induced voltage reaches its maximum value. When

Lp =

Fig. 1 Operation mode 1

615

# I

-- ?-

where the integration constant K is calculated by iiil nta conditions,t=O,0=6-rrI6.i =O.as K = ~ C ~ COS(^^--;)+ Z L K
-

,- - -, '-- - -

-\ -

\ -- -

' I '

OD1

sin 26 ] +

-E B
w

COS

(14)

icl.

-'3 -

'

I - 7' - - -

- -\ - -

* wt

When the commutation process finishes, w t = y , i = 1,. and eqn. (13) becomes

Fig. 2 Current waveforms i operation mode 1 n the generator is carrying a load, the maximum value of the induced voltage i shifted by 6 elec. rad due to the influence of s the PfmaWG reaction. Taking the axis of phase a1 as a space refmnce. the rotor angle at any instant is given as
e P O t +5+11%16

= - 6 E cos ( y + 6 ) I w + K The commutation angle y can be calculated from eqn. (15-a). Neglecting subtransient saliency, let L' = L' or C , = 0 and i i, . the expression of the commutation angle is given as
y . cos-' [ cos 6 =

2 0 Z L (0,C O 1 1-6 .(SE

(15-b)

(8)

From Fig. 2, the s t d n g and t r i a conditions .during the emnl

CO~Utation period ate:
"a1

= vbl

ial=IL-i ,ibl=i , i c l = iaz= IL , i b 2 = 0 . i c 2 = - z L

where i is the cycle current between phases (I 1 and b 1. Substituting eqns. (9) in the fundamental equations (3). gives:

32 OPERATION MODE 2 . The synchronous generator has two stator windings shifted by x I 6 elec. rad, which with their bridges are connected in parallel, as shown in Fig. 3. Under this operation mode, the commutation proccss does not undergo from one phase to another in the Same Y-windings, but from two phases in one Y-winding to two phase8 in the other Y-winding. According to the time reference selected in Fig. 4, when o t = 0. supply of the load current ZL is changed from phases b2 and c2 in the second Y-windings to the phases a1 and bl in the first Y-windings. During this period the c h u i t condition i shown in Fig. 5. The various phase currents under s this operation mode are shown in Fig. 4. Taking the axis of phase a1 as a space reference, the rotor angle at any instant is given as

cos ( 0 At the instant the commutation starts, w t = 0 , i = 0 , dildt = 0, 8 = 11% + 6 . Then eqn. (10)

6E

-5

y<

x 6,the circuit conditions during the commutation period are:

Based on Figs. 4 and 5, for o t between 0 and y, and

becomes

(17)

60Cz [ ( 1 + - ) ~ 0 ~ 2 6 - - 1 43

sin26]IL=BEsin6 then

(1 1)

where i is the circulating current between the two Y-windings. Substituting eqns. (17) in the fundamental equations of the generator, gives

As 6 is generally small. let sin 6 = 6 , sin 2 6 = 2 6, cos 26 = 1,

6 = 6 ( 1 + 2 1 o Cz IL I ( B E + 6 w Cz I, ) (12) Integrating eqn. (10). the following equation is obtained -~ [ 2 ( D , - C , ) + 3 C z c o s ( 2 e2% ) l i

43

+ 3 c,

[ COS 28 +COS 2 8 (

-A s i n ( e - - ) + K E K (0 3

- 5 1I = 6

(13)

Fig. 3 Operation mode 2

616

where

K = 3CZIL [ c o s ( 2 6 + ' c ) - c o s 2 8 ] 6

-- 0

5x E cos -cos 12

When the commutation process finishes, o t = y ,i = 1,. and the expression of the commutation angle y is obtained as

at
kndvracr

-E c o s 12c o s ( y + S ) + K ~ 01
y = cos-'

Neglecting subtransient saliency, L' &

= L ' or C2 = 0,and i,

d(
dt

Fig. 4 Current waveforms in Operation mode 2

[ 4 ( C 0 -Do ) - 3 J j - F o - 3 c 2

(28

% - 2 ) + c o s ( 2 0 - - ) - 2 sin 2e 1 3 3 A - - 1- sin 2e 1 I, 3

i + 3 cz [ cw ( 213

(18)

4. RESULTS

2 f l E cos* s i n ( 9 - E ) 12 4 At the instant the commutation starts, 5% at = O , i =O,d / d t = O , 8=6+--, the following 4 equation is obtained fromeqn. (18):

6 w C21L [ ( ~ - 1 ) s i n 2 8 + - c c o s 2 6 ] = 1
2 2 6 E cos
89

(19) .~

sin 6

Roughly. the displacement angle 6 is calculated from eqn. (19)

To verify the above theoretical analysis, a three phase, 3 kVA, 4 pole. laboratory synchronous generator having 48 slots in the stator and salient poles without damper windings, was redesigned to have two stator windings shifted by f elec. rad. L4=0.1338H, Its unsaturated parameters are: L = Li = 0.085W, Lffd = 4.03H. Ld = 0.02278, = 1.149H. L, = 1.89 x l(r3H. In fact, the parameters and ?he performance. of the machine are gmtly affected by magnetic saturation. The reactances in the d-axis must be corrected by saturation coefficient, which is obtained from the open-circuit charactehtics of the generator. When the synchronous generator is supplying load, the displacement angles and the commutation angles are measured using the methods described in Ref. [5]. The theoretical values of the displacement angles and the commutation angles are calculated from implicit equations (11). (15-a), (19) and (22)using Newtons method. Results of calculations and experiments for various load levels and the two operation modes are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The assumption of 6 being small, used in deriving eqn. (12), is acceptable up to an angle of about 15'. Results for load of up to 0.65 pu show that this is a valid assumption except for low field current. However, it can be Seen that there is a good agreement between the calculated values and the experimental results even at moderately high values of 6 .

idafd

5. CONCLUSIONS

Fig. S Circuit cu&ts

iuring commutation period

Fundamental equations of a double-star synchronous generator are derived and the circuit conditions during commutation are obtained from an analysis of the rectification process. Based on these, expressions of the dwlacement angles and commutation angles of the generator with bridge rectified output under two major operation modes have been derived and are given in the paper. The perfomance of a double-star synchronous generator with bridge rectified output can then be predicted from given load current, field current, generator speed, bridge delay angle and machine parameters. The results given in the paper show that the derived expressions can be used to give

617

ibl
loo

:I"

30"
20"

'1"
___e(.

;
loo<

(a)

2 1.2 A

Load Current A

716
3" ' 0
0

10"

1
1 2

30'

200

7r I
o 1

l 0

Y I6

(c)1,=0.6A

Load cI)ITent A

(c) I p 0.6 A

Load current A
angles Y

Fig. 6 Displacement angles 6 and commutation angles 7 i operation mode 1 n 6( crJcvbradwlWs; z measuredwlucs) Y( calculated d u e s ; o meawed w k s ) a good prediction of the performance of a double-star ih synchronous generator wt bridge rectified output, Although the analysis and experimental results given in the paper uz for uncontrolled rectifier bridges, it is easy to extend these results to cases of controlled rectifier bridges [5.7].

Fg 7 Displacement angles 6 8nd commutation i.

a(

in operation mode 2

&&t+?d&s;
calculated values;

*
0

mcasurcdvolw~)

Y( Proceedings. Vol. 119, No. 9, 1972, pp. 1338-1342.

measured volucs)

I 1 Bonwick, W. J. and Jones, V. H.. "Rectifier-loaded 5 synchronous generator with damper windings", IEE Proceedings. Vol. 120, No. 6, 1973, pp. 659-666.
[6] Franklin, P. W., "Theory of the three phase salient pole type generator with bridge rectified output -- Parts I and 2". IEEE Trans. on Power Appamtus and Systems, Vol. PAS91, NO. 5. 1972, pp. 1960-1975. 171 Badawy, E. H., "Performance of a synchronous generator with bridge rectijied output". Electric Power System RWitICh. NO. 5, 1982. pp. 107-117.
I81 Kulig. T S ,Buckley, G.W.,Lambrecht. D. and Liese, M., .. "A new approach to deternune .generator winding and

6. REFERENCES

El-Serafi, A. M.. Abo-Shady. S.. Bari, M. A. and Khalii, M. S, "Equivalent two-phase representation of an n-m phase . salient-pole machine". IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-94, 1, 1975, pp. 18-26. No.

. Moustafa, E , Chassande, J. P. and Poloujadoff, M., "A d-q modeling of a six phase armature synchronous machine", Procsedings, 16th University Power Engineering Conference, Sheffield, U. K . 1981. .
Gopakumar, K., Sathiakumar, S , Biswas, S. K. and . Vithayathil, J.. "Modifid current source inverter fed induction motor drive with reduced torque puhations", IEE Proceedings, P r B. Vol. 131, No. 4. 1984. pp. 159-164. at Bonwick. W. J. and Jones. V. H., "Performance of a synchronous generator with a bridge rectifier", IEE

damper current in case of internal and external faults and abnormal operation", Part I Fundamentals, Paper No. 87WM203-3 Part I Analysis, Paper No. 87WM204-1 I P r I Results IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. at D EC-5(1). 1990, pp. 70-78.

[9] Arkadan, A.A., Demerdash, N.A., Vaidya, J G and Shah. ..

618

--=#

fvb2
, ai Mci ,bi

ibz

Fig. 8 A double-star synchronous generator MJ., "Impact of load on winding inductances of permanent magnet generators with multipk bmping circuits using energy perturbations", IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vd."3(4)p 1988, pp. 880-889.
[lo] Mradan, A A and Demerdash. N.A., "Modelling of Wansiem in permanent generators with multipk bmping circuits using the natural abc frame of reference", IEEE Trane. on Energy Conversion, Vol. EC-3(3), 1988, pp. 722731.

Mxi , x j

1=

U11 Arkadan, AA., Hijazi, T.M. and Demerdash, N.A..

"Computet-aided modeling of a recti3ed dc b d permanent a magnet generator system with multiple &mper windings in the natural abcframe o reference", IEEE T a s on energy f rn. Conversion, Vol. EC-4(3), 1989, pp. 578-525.
7. APPENDIX

Mai
Mbi

. a j Mai . .

bj Mai

, cj

, a j Mbi , bj Mbi cj
I

Mci a] Mci , bj Mci

cj

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF A DOUBLE-STAR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR The stator contains two Y-connected symmetrical threephase windings shifted by % electrical radians from each other.

Self inductances and mutual inductances of each phase of the i-rh Y-windings in the stator are:
Lai = L,+A, +A2 COS [ 2 ( 8 pi ) ]

,
1 1 9

6 There is one damper winding each on the d- and q-axes. The positive directions of voltages and currents in various windings are specified in Fig. 8. Assume that positive cumnt in each armatrue winding produces a negative flux. Under the above conditions, voltage equations for the stator

Lbi = L a + A o + A ~ C O S [ ~ ( ~ 2x& - 2x Lci=La+A, + A ~ C O S [ ~ ( ~ - P ~ + - ) ] , 3

Mai

and rotor windings are given below:

bi

Mbi ai

A2 COS [ 2 ( 8 - pi
Mbi .ci

= IWai bi Q - Bo + 2z
)
Q-

- -1 , 3
+

= Mci, bi

= M b i ci

Bo

A 2 c o s [ 2 ( 8 - & 11.
%.ai=

Mai,ci=Maicia-Bo +

A2cos[2(8-pi)+z] 3 Mutual inductances between a phase in the i-th Y-windings and a phase in the j-th Y-windings are:
Mai ,aj

Mai aj a + Ao cos ( Pi 4 j ,ai A z c ~ [ 2 e - p -Sj 1 i

- P j 1+

619

8. NOMENCLATURE

Mutual inductances between a phase in the i-rh Y-windings and a rotor winding a:

6
0 w

Ad * Aq

amplitude of open phase voltage transient cycle current during commutation period phase currents of armature windings field current and damper winding currents mean field current increments of field and damper winding currents duect current in load integrating constant phase leakage inductance d- and q-axis inductances d- and q-axis subtransient and transient inductances self inductances of field and damper windings maximum mutual inductances between armature and rotor windings maximum mutual inductance between field and d-axis damper windings resistances of armature and rotor windings armature phase voltages open-circuit armature phase voltages armature phase voltage drops field voltage phase angle shift between the two windings in lhe double-star machine commutation angle displacement angle maximum self inductances of armature produced by gap magnetic field angle between field axis and phase a1 axis rotor speed

where

Dr. Xing-Yuan Li (SM93) obtained B.Sc. from Chongqing University in 1968, M.S. from Hefei Polytechnic University in 1981 and Ph.D. from Tsinghua University, Beijing in 1988 - all in electrical engineering. He worked in electric utilities in China from 1969 to 1978 and has been at Chengdu University of Science and Technology since 1982. He is currently a professor there. Dr. 0. P. Malik, (M66-SM69-M87) graduated in electrical engineering in 1952, obtained M.E.degree in 1962 and the Pfi.D. and D.I.C. London in 1965. From 1952-1961 he worked with electric utilities in India. He is at present a professor at the University of Calgary.