‘A SIMPLIFIED PHOSPHORUS TROPHIC STATE MODEL FOR WARM-WATER TROPICAL LAKES Hoe J. SALAS and PALOMA MARTINO Pan American Centr for Sanitary Engiesing and Envrcerenal Sciences (CEPIS), Casta 437, “Cima t00, Fes (re reeaed December 1983; accepted aves form September 1990) Antract—The Paz American Center for Suntery Enghsring and ExvroorentalSicoes(CEPIS), » ‘Spctaznd Cente ofthe Pan America Heals Organisation Works Heath Organzaion (PAHOTWHO), ‘Ms conducted a Reglonal Program tine 198) forthe decopment of plied methodcloge or the ‘Taltaion of eauopheaion n warte-ealt topical ake of Las Arcs andthe Caren “The majonty ofthe egionalakes/eservoirs appa tobe phosphor limed. Aware sale rpial ake Lwoptie sat casieation stem aed a simple otal poyphorss model have been developed, wit Fegona! dats and sccnflyverfled agua the dia of tbr Inkajeserveirs af he Aftiun conor “The we ofthe phoronts made ar petitive fal othe anagenest and planning of water resourses iseonsidered ‘ey words—sropicl lakes, enteophication, phosphors, Wophi at, Wkesieervor modeling NOMENCLATURE. A= mace srs a?) ald =ehioropnt «(me m7 total mivogen (ag 1" or g 2) P= toal phosphors me "of am) 2p, serap infest total phosphor (ng pcxICt} = normal dutrbuon of probity FEL Eetat time Qo) B= stancaca dewaton erage depth (a), ‘The explosive demographic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean over the past years, with the consequent increased demand for water resources, has accelerated the constuction of artificial mut prpose reservoirs for potable and industrial water ‘Supplies, irrigation water and hydro-electric power ‘Many of these reservoirs and also the natural lakes in the tegion have suffered the consequences of theeutrophiestionprocess which basintefered withthe designated uses ofthese water bodies and, as suc, the ‘very purposts for which the reservoirs were created. “The Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineer ing and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS, Spanish acronym) located in Lima, Per, ofthe Pan Ameri- ‘can Health Organizauion/World Healta Organization (PAHO/WHO) convened regional meeting in De- ‘cember 1981 in Sto Paulo, Brazil, to analyze method ‘logit for the evaluation of eutrophication and its inclusion in the planing proces, ‘The then available simpliied models (OECD, 1982), developed with data from predominantly tee erate lakes, were reviewed and it was concluded that ‘due to the fundamental differences between temper- ae and warm-water topical lakes (Castagnino, 1982) these temperate lake models were not applicable 0 the majority of water bodies of the region, The Regional Program forthe Development of Simplifies ‘Methodologies forthe Evaluation of Eutrophication in Warm-Watee Tropical Lakes was then initiated. A ‘sinimum data collection program to obisin the ‘necessary data was agreed upon and the overall goals of the program were established as follows: () The establishment of a trophic state clasif- cation system for warm-water tropical lakes (i) The development of simplified methodologies fr the evaluation of eutrophication in warm- water topical lakes, (iy The development of reliable simplified math- ‘ematical model to be applied in the manage- reat of lakes and the planning of future Subsoquent regional meetings were held in Brasilia, Brasil (Saas, 1983), Guadalajara, México (Salas and Liméa, 1985) and Sin Juan of Puerto Rico (Seles tnd Martino, 1988) in which addtional countries and. ‘data were incorporated into the regional program, ot‘pewang Surtce oe te, Late sro “Tey “Ga so om Sato Gren 19-198) Sus i Ree boat ori Fan 91909 Ae ee ‘ar Bone, 178-079.1909 ‘ars once Slow ray tie rping comin anos acme tats wt): Chin, Dain Rep, El Salvador, Nicaage, Com aregey, i. Marte eu pops ncohe Ml mentees Ms neces poe Sega {In 1990 fen countris/states of the region were participating, providing data (fom zbout forty lakes) reservoirs, as shown in Table 1 ‘The program is ongoing and the results as of ‘March 1990 are presented herewith, DATA ANALYSIS ‘The working definition utilized in the program (Galas, 1983) of a warm-water topical lake i based fon a minimum temperature of 10°C under normal conditions with a zanimum annual average of 15°C. Under this definition the geographic coverage of the program extended from Lake in Texas, ‘USA. to Salto Grande in Argentina (Table 1). Tes noted that high altitude tropical lakes, 3000: above ‘mean se level, did not adhere to this definition and were therefore exchuded from the program. ‘The misimum eld data collection program called for monthly water quality sampling fora period of |oe is so * wo xo. xo - aa 420 ~ thos Er} = Set aan = ie te = visa one “6 tis oes ake ° wa 50 bes me ix Ry Ma Fe) 8D = 9a ea a - ~ a mm - 2 Set 2 = year in the lakes/reservoits and their major true aries, and it was recommended that the Clark method (Sonzogni ef a, 1978) be eed with the tuibutary data to estimate nutrient loadings. Direct indake discharges, where significant, were estimated using export coefficients presented in Table 2, originally taken from Rast and Lee (1978) and confinmed with Brazilian data. Recommended esti- ‘mates of living arganiam contributions (human and animal) were leo provided. The above recommended ey IA G9 and Lin 1981) sen ETESB OD we excastn We Yamane 098 se VSS om eects He Ge x Stang Bean Een Se aeTAAH (989 EMETASARH (08 E Gabouertinn 6 Beasts 5 Hyrtace 976 1 : ‘rteria were not followed tothe eter in all cases and, ‘although deviations were accepted, some data sets “etl? Expr cote” Tem pephers Land we gate ‘rn a ‘Ageatucsewal as feet bor Searaice (ED.