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CHNG 1
CC NH NGHA V KHI NI M LIN QUAN N B O V TH C V T nh ngha v BVTV v cc loi dch hi cy trng. Nhng thit hi do dch hi gy ra. Bin php phng tr dch hi cy trng
16/12/2011
D ch h i cy tr ng Plant Pests
Cc loi sinh v t c nh tranh th c n, x s i v i con ng i, c n tr s pht tri n c a cy tr ng v v t nui..
Dch hi cy trng
Sinh v t s ng
Thc vt (c di)
C di Weeds
C d i l lo i th c v t m c khng theo m c ch c a con ng i, chng gy ra nh h ng x u n cy tr ng
Tc hi ca c di
Cnh tranh dinh dng, nc, nh sng v khng gian sng vi cy trng Cu ni, ni tr n ca cc loi dch hi
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C di c nhng c im no???
Kh phng tr: Sinh trng mnh, sc sng cao (nhiu loi c th ny mm sau 20 nm). Nhiu loi c c t
ng vt gy hi cy trng
ng v t khng xng s ng gy h i cy tr ng
c Tuyn trng, Sn
Cn trng
Nhn
ng vt gy hi cy trng
ng vt c xng sng gy hi cy trng
Chut
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la M
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B ng 3: L ng ha ch t BVTV n p kh u vo Vi t Nam
Nm T ng kh i l ng (t n thnh ph m) 20.300 23.100 20.389 25.666 32.751 30.406 42.738 33.715 33.637 36.589 37.081 36.018 48,288 51,764 71.345 Ngu Thu c tr su T n TP 16.900 18.000 15.266 16.451 17,352 15.351 19.427 16.284 16.856 17.321 14.943 13.507 17,915 20.787 T l % 83,30 75,4 68,30 64,10 53,00 50,50 45,40 48,30 50,11 47,34 40,30 37,50 37,10 40,0 Thu c tr b nh T n TP 2.600 2.500 3.262 3.413 9.000 7.109 9.600 7.788 9.227 10.779 12.088 10.192 17.915 14.361 T l % 9,50 7,10 15,40 13,30 23,00 23,90 22,54 23,10 27,43 29,46 32,60 28,30 37,10 27,70 T n TP 834 3.724 2.786 4.979 7.681 7.620 13,711 9.069 6.630 7.965 9,381 10.896 14.390 14.433 Thu c tr c T l % 4,10 15,60 12,50 19,40 22,00 25,00 32,03 26,90 19,71 21,77 25,30 30,25 29,80 27,70 28,40 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Vi t Nam h u h t cc lo i ha ch t BVTV s d ng trong nng nghi p n c nh p kh u t n c ngoi v i kh i l ng tng t 13000-15000 t n/ nm, nh ng nm u th p k 90 c a th k XX ln 33000-38000 t n nh ng nm 2000 v hi n nay c kho ng 30.000 t n/nm (cc BVTV)
16/12/2011
Quan h ng tin ha l g?
Quan h gi a d ch h i cy tr ng
Quan h ng tin ha Quan h k sinh - k ch
16/12/2011
Gii thch hin tng ti sao cng phun thuc, su cng nhiu???
Phn ng t v ca cy trng
Vt l, c hc Ha hc (cc hp cht th cp)
Ha h c: Hnh thnh h p ch t th
c p
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Tng cutin. Tng cutin dy c th ngn cn s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn gy bnh c kiu xm nhp trc tip.
Lp t bo biu b. dy v cng ca vch t bo biu b dng nh l yu t quan trng i vi tnh khng ca mt s t hp k sinh k ch. Vch dy v cng ca t bo biu b c th ngn cn s xm nhp theo kiu trc tip ca tc nhn gy bnh. Cy vi c im ny thng khng bnh mc d nu tc nhn gy bnh c a vo m bn di nh tn thng c hc th bnh vn pht trin d dng.
c im kh khng. Nhiu loi nm v vi khun ch xm nhp qua kh khng. Mc d phn ln chng c kh nng xm nhp qua kh khng ng th mt s, chng hn nm g st thn la m, ch c th xm nhp qua kh khng m. Do vy, mt s ging la m c kh khng m mun trong ngy l khng bnh v ng mm ca bo t nm (hnh thnh nh sng m) s b kh trc khi kh khng m. Kh khng vi cu to l m hp cng c th ngn cn s xm nhp ca vi khun.
T bo bn trong. Vch t bo ca m ang b xm nhp thng thay i dy v cng v i khi cng c ch s pht trin ca bnh. S c mt ca nhiu t bo cng m thn nhiu cy ng cc c th hn ch s pht trin mt s bnh, chng hn bnh g st hi thn. Ngoi ra, cc t bo xylem, b b (bundle sheath), cng m ca gn l cng gii hn s pht trin ca mt s bnh m l do nm, vi khun v tuyn trng v to ra cc vt bnh gc cnh. T bo mch xylem dng nh lin quan trc tip hn n mc khng hay mn cm ca cc loi bnh hi mch dn. V d, ng knh t bo, t l t bo mch xylem c kch thc ln c mi tng quan thun vi mn cm ca cy du (elm) do nm Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.
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C ch ha hc
Phenolics (phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, flavonoids, flavonones, flavenols, tannins, coumarins). Terpenoids (capsaicin). Alkaloids (berberine, piperine) Lectins v polypeptides (mannose, fabatin).
Alkaloid
L nh ng h p ch t c ch a nito 20% th c v t c ch a alkaloids Trong s ny c nhi u h p ch t c th ch ng l i cn trng v b nh Tc ng n h th n kinh
M t s alkaloid i n hnh
Ricinin: l alkaloid c trong cy th u d u Piperin: c nhi u trong t, tiu Atropin: C nhiu trong qu c c d c Cocaine Nicotin
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FLAVONOID
- Tanin - Lignin - C tnh xua u i, gy ngn n
Terpenoids
Structures of limonene (A) and menthol (B). 13.8 Structure of two triterpenes, The two well-known monoterpenes serve as azadirachtin (A), and -ecdysone (B). defenses Powerful feeding deterrents to insects. against insects and other organisms that feed on these
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Gi i thch
- Qu n th cy b b nh cy khng b b nh gi ng khng (Resistant)
Chng c (virulent)
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Resistant
Tolerant
Susceptible
Resistant
Tolerant
Susceptible
Tnh khng khng c hiu chng (Race-nonspecific resistance): Tnh khng yu nhng khng c i vi tt c kiu gen ca 1 tc nhn gy bnh. Tnh khng khng c hiu chng cn c gi l tnh khng ngang (horizontal resistance).
Tnh khng c hiu chng (Race-specific resistance): Tnh khng cao nhng ch khng c mt s kiu gen (chng, ni) ca tc nhn gy bnh. Tnh khng c hiu chng cn c gi l tnh khng dc (vertical resistance). Tnh khng bm sinh (Innate resistance): Tnh khng do tim nng di truyn qui nh
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Tnh chu bnh (Tolerance). Tnh chu bnh l kh nng ca cy b nhim bnh nhng khng b nh hng nhiu n sinh trng v sinh sn. Cn ch l, mc d c kin cho rng chu bnh l mt dng ca khng bnh, th s khc nhau cn bn y l i vi tnh chu bnh, cy khng biu hin bt c phn ng khng bnh no
Phn ng siu nhy: l phn ng ca cy i vi s nhim bnh trong cc t bo b xm nhim v cc t bo ln cn cht nhanh chng to ra vt cht hoi, cht cc b. Vt cht hoi ny s ngn khng cho tc nhn gy bnh pht trin tip.
BI N PHP PHNG TR
Bin php canh tc Bin php chn to ging Bin php ha hc Bin php sinh hc
D CH H I
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Bin php ha hc
u im: Hiu qu cao, tc thi Nhc im: nhim mi trng, d lng ha cht trong nng sn.
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Vai tr c a CNSH
CNSH
Gin ti p
Orius sp
Ong m t
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