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HW19

Due: 11:59pm on Monday, October 19, 2009


Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Return to Standard Assignment View]

"An Introduction to EMF and Circuits" is a nice review of circuits, but Part M is not perfectly clear. MP is asking for the amount of energy extracted from the battery's chemicals during the 60-second period. GBA

An Introduction to EMF and Circuits


Learning Goal: To understand the concept of electromotive force and internal resistance; to understand the processes in oneloop circuits; to become familiar with the use of the ammeter and voltmeter. In order for the current in a conductor to exist continuously, the conductor must be part of a loop, that is, a closed path through which the charged particles can move without creating a "build-up." Such build-up, if it occurs, creates its own electric field that cancels out the external electric field, ultimately causing the current to stop. However, having a loop, or a closed circuit, is not enough to maintain the current; there must also be a source of energy. Its necessity is fairly obvious: As charged particles move along the circuit, they lose potential energy. In fact, electrostatic forces always push the particles in the direction that leads to a decrease in potential energy. At some point, each charged particle would reach the location in the circuit where it has the lowest possible potential energy. How can such a particle move toward a point where it would have a higher potential energy? Such a move requires that nonelectrostatic forces act upon the charged particle, pushing it toward higher potential energy despite the presence of electrostatic forces. In circuits, such forces exist inside a device commonly known as a battery. In a circuit, the battery serves as the energy source that keeps the charged particles in continuous motion by increasing their potential energy through the action of some kind of nonelectrostatic force. The amount of work that the battery does on each coulomb of charge that it "pushes through" is called (inappropriately) the electromotive force (pronounced "ee-em-ef" and abbreviated emf or denoted by ). Batteries are often referred to as sources of emf (rather than sources of energy, even though they are, fundamentally, sources of energy). The emf of a battery can be calculated using the definition mentioned above: . The units of emf are joules per coulomb, that is, volts. The terminals of a battery are often labeled and for "higher potential" and "lower potential," respectively. The potential

difference between the terminals is called the terminal voltage of the battery. If no current is running through a battery, the terminal voltage is equal to the emf of the battery: . However, if there is a current in the circuit, the terminal voltage is less than the emf because the battery has its own internal resistance (usually labeled ). When charge passes through the battery, the battery does the amount of work on the charge; however, the charge also "loses" the amount of energy equal to in potential energy is , and the terminal voltage is . In order to answer the questions that follow, you should first review the meaning of the symbols describing various elements of the circuit, including the ammeter and the voltmeter; you should also know the way the ammeter and the voltmeter must be connected to the rest of the circuit in order to function properly. Note that the internal resistance is usually indicated as a separate resistor drawn next to the "battery" symbol. It is important to keep in mind that this resistor with resistance is actually inside the battery. In all diagrams, stands for emf, for the internal resistance of the battery, and for the resistance of the external circuit. As ( is the current through the circuit); therefore, the increase

usual, we'll assume that the connecting wires have negligible resistance. We will also assume that both the ammeter and the voltmeter are ideal: That is, the ammeter has negligible resistance, and the voltmeter has a very large resistance. Part A For the circuit shown in the diagram , which potential difference corresponds to the terminal voltage of the battery?

ANSWER:

between points K and L between points L and M between points K and M Correct

Keep in mind that the "resistor" with resistance

is actually inside the battery.

The next several questions refer to the four diagrams shown here labeled A, B, C, and D.

Part B In which diagram(s) (labeled A - D) does the ammeter correctly measure the current through the battery? Hint B.1 How an ammeter works Hint not displayed Enter the letter(s) of the correct diagram(s) in alphabetical order. For example if both A and C are correct enter AC. ANSWER: CD Correct

Part C In which diagram is the current through the battery nearly zero? Hint C.1 How to approach the problem

In order to determine the current through the battery we must follow the current loop through the circuit. Whichever loop has the highest resistance will have the lowest current. Keep in mind that the voltmeter has a very high internal resistance. ANSWER: A B C D Correct Diagram A is the only one in which the current through the battery is the same as the current through the voltmeter. Since the latter has a very large resistance, this current is essentially zero. Part D In which diagram or diagrams does the ammeter correctly measure the current through the resistor with resistance Hint D.1 How to approach the problem ?

Note that current is conserved through a wire, and in order for an ammeter to measure the correct current passing through an element, it must be in series with that element. Enter the letter(s) of the correct diagram(s) in alphabetical order. For example if both A and C are correct enter AC. ANSWER: CD Correct

Part E In which diagram does the voltmeter correctly measure the terminal voltage of the battery? Choose the best answer. Hint E.1 How a voltmeter works

A voltmeter works by measuring the voltage of anything to which it is connected in parallel in the circuit. As a result, we would like the voltmeter to have a very high internal resistance so that not much current flows through it. ANSWER: A B C D Correct In diagrams A and B, the voltmeter readings would actually be quite close to the terminal voltage if the ammeter has a very low resistance, and the voltmeter, a very high one. However, diagram C clearly shows the best way to connect the voltmeter in order to measure the terminal voltage. Part F In which diagram does the voltmeter read almost zero? Enter the letter(s) of the correct diagram(s) in alphabetical order. For example if both A and C are correct enter AC. ANSWER: D Correct

The voltmeter in diagram D is connected to two points that are also connected by a wire that has, presumably, very low resistance. Therefore, the charge flowing through that wire will not lose an appreciable amount of potential energy, and the potential difference (voltage) is nearly zero. Part G In which diagram or diagrams does the ammeter read almost zero? Enter the letter(s) of the correct diagram(s) in alphabetical order. For example if both A and C are correct enter AC. ANSWER: AB Correct

In diagram A, the voltmeter is connected in series with the battery. Since the voltmeter has a very large resistance there is no (or nearly zero) current in the whole circuit. Therefore, the ammeter reads no current. In diagram B, the current through the ammeter is the same as the current through the voltmeter. Since the resistance of the voltmeter is very large, the current is nearly zero. The last group of questions refers to a battery that has emf 12.0 volts and internal resistance 3.00 ohms. Part H A voltmeter is connected to the terminals of the battery; the battery is not connected to any other external circuit elements. What is the reading of the voltmeter ? Express your answer in volts. Use three significant figures. ANSWER: = 12.0 Correct

Part I The voltmeter is now removed and a 21.0-ohm resistor is connected to the terminals of the battery. What is the current through the battery? Express your answer in amperes. Use two significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.50 Correct

Part J In the situation described in Part I, what is the current through the 21.0-ohm resistor?

Express your answer in amperes. Use two significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.50 Correct

Since the battery and the external resistor form one loop, the charge that passes through one must pass through another; therefore, the currents must be the same. Part K What is the potential difference Hint K.1 across the 21.0-ohm resistor from Part I?

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Express your answer in volts. Use three significant figures. ANSWER: = 10.5 Correct

Part L What is the terminal voltage Hint L.1 of the battery connected to the 21.0-ohm resistor from Part I?

Kirchhoff's voltage law Hint not displayed

Express your answer in volts. Use three significant figures. ANSWER: = 10.5 Correct are attached to the terminals of the battery, the voltage across the resistor

Since the ends of the resistor with resistance

is the same as that between the terminals of the battery. Part M How much work Hint M.1 does the battery connected to the 21.0-ohm resistor perform in one minute?

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Hint M.2

Find the charge

Hint not displayed Express your answer in joules. Use three significant figures. ANSWER: = 360 Correct

How a Real Voltmeter Works


A nonideal voltmeter. Unlike the idealized voltmeter, a real voltmeter has a resistance that is not infinitely large. Part A A voltmeter with resistance potential difference Hint A.1 is connected across the terminals of a battery of emf and internal resistance . Find the

measured by the voltmeter.

How to approach the problem

A real-world voltmeter can be thought of as an ideal ammeter (i.e., its resistance is 0 ohms), in series with a large resistance (see the figure). The large resistance ensures that the voltmeter draws very little current from the circuit. The ammeter is calibrated so that instead of displaying the current through the voltmeter, it displays , which is the potential difference

across the voltmeter (since the ammeter is ideal, the potential drop across it is 0 volts). The goal of this problem is to illustrate the effect of placing a voltmeter in a circuit. Specifically, you should see that the value of is different from what it would be if the voltmeter were absent. If the voltmeter's resistance is large enough, then this change will be small. In the next part you will calculate how large a typical voltmeter resistance needs to be.

Hint A.2

How to find the potential between points a and b Hint not displayed

Hint A.3

An expression for Hint not displayed

Hint A.4

Using Kirchhoff's loop rule Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

, and .

With a little algebraic manipulation, the answer can also be written as . In this form it is easier to see why the voltmeter reading differs from the actual emf it is supposed to measure by only a small amount if . It is a good idea to check that the answer gives the correct result in the limit that .

Part B If = volts and ohms, find the minimum value of the voltmeter resistance for which the voltmeter

reading is within 1.0% of the emf of the battery. Hint B.1 What is meant by "within 1%"

Look at the above expression for the potential difference measured by the voltmeter:

From this expression, you can see that the percentage difference between the potential difference measured by the voltmeter and the actual emf of the battery is . The specifications require that this expression be less than 1%. Express your answer numerically (in ohms) to at least three significant digits. ANSWER: = 44.6

Correct

Typical voltmeters have a range of possible resistances, some of which are much larger than the value you just obtained (on the order of megaohms). This allows reasonably accurate measurements of much larger resistances to be made.

Kirchhoff's Rules and Applying Them


Learning Goal: To understand the origins of both of Kirchhoff's rules and how to use them to solve a circuit problem. This problem introduces Kirchhoff's two rules for circuits: Kirchhoff's loop rule: The sum of the voltage changes across the circuit elements forming any closed loop is zero. Kirchhoff's junction rule: The algebraic sum of the currents into (or out of) any junction in the circuit is zero. The figure shows a circuit that illustrates the concept of loops, which are colored red and labeled loop 1 and loop 2. Loop 1 is the loop around the entire circuit, whereas loop 2 is the smaller loop on the right. To apply the loop rule you would add the voltage changes of all circuit elements around the chosen loop. The figure contains two junctions (where three or more wires meet)--they are at the ends of the resistor labeled . The battery supplies a constant voltage , and the resistors are labeled with their resistances. The and respectively.

ammeters are ideal meters that read

The direction of each loop and the direction of each current arrow that you draw on your own circuits are arbitrary. Just assign voltage drops consistently and sum both voltage drops and currents algebraically and you will get correct equations. If the actual current is in the opposite direction from your current arrow, your answer for that current will be negative. The direction of any loop is even less imporant: The equation obtained from a counterclockwise loop is the same as that from a clockwise loop except for a negative sign in front of every term (i.e., an inconsequential change in overall sign of the equation because it equals zero). Part A The junction rule describes the conservation of which quantity? Note that this rule applies only to circuits that are in a steady state. Hint A.1 At the junction

Think of the analogy with water flow. If a certain current of water comes to a split in the pipe, what can you say (mathematically) about the sum of the three water currents at this junction? If this were not true, water would accumulate at the junction. ANSWER: current voltage resistance Correct

Part B Apply the junction rule to the junction labeled with the number 1 (at the bottom of the resistor of resistance Hint B.1 Elements in series is not labeled. You should recognize that the current passing through the ammeter also ).

The current through resistance passes through resistance

because there is no junction in between the resistor and the ammeter that could allow it to go also. Circuit elements connected in a string like this

elsewhere. Similarly, the current passing through the battery must be

are said to be in series and the same current must pass through each element. This fact greatly reduces the number of independent current values in any practical circuit. Answer in terms of given quantities, together with the meter readings ANSWER: Correct If you apply the juncion rule to the junction above , you should find that the ezpression you get is equivalent to what and and the current .

you just obtained for the junction labeled 1. Obviously the conservation of charge or current flow enforces the same relationship among the currents when they separate as when they recombine. Part C Apply the loop rule to loop 2 (the smaller loop on the right). Sum the voltage changes across each circuit element around this loop going in the direction of the arrow. Remember that the current meter is ideal. Hint C.1 Elements in series have same current Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Sign of voltage across resistors Hint not displayed Hint C.3 Voltage drop across ammeter Hint not displayed Express the voltage drops in terms of , , , the given resistances, and any other given quantities.

ANSWER: Correct

Part D Now apply the loop rule to loop 1 (the larger loop spanning the entire circuit). Sum the voltage changes across each circuit element around this loop going in the direction of the arrow. Express the voltage drops in terms of ANSWER: Correct There is one more loop in this circuit, the inner loop through the battery, both ammeters, and resistors and . If you , , , the given resistances, and any other given quantities.

apply Kirchhoff's loop rule to this additional loop, you will generate an extra equation that is redundant with the other two. In general, you can get enough equations to solve a circuit by either 1. selecting all of the internal loops (loops with no circuit elements inside the loop) or 2. using a number of loops (not necessarily internal) equal to the number of internal loops, with the extra proviso that at least one loop pass through each circuit element.

Networks of Resistors
Consider the network of four resistors shown in the diagram, where . The resistors are connected to a constant voltage of magnitude . = 4.00 , = 7.50 , = 1.00 , and = 7.00

Part A Find the equivalent resistance of the resistor network. Hint A.1 How to reduce the network of resistors Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the resistance equivalent to and Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Three resistors in series Hint not displayed Express your answer in ohms. ANSWER: 10.6 Correct

Part B Two resistors of resistance = 5.00 = 3.00 and = 3.50 are added to the network, and an additional resistor of resistance

is connected by a switch, as shown in the diagram..

Find the equivalent resistance of the new resistor network when the switch is open.

Hint B.1

How to reduce the extended network of resistors , which can be ignored then. As you did in Part A, reduce

Since the switch is open, no current passes through the resistor

the network in successive stages. Note that the new resistor resistor Hint B.2 is in series with . , , and

is in series with the resistors

and

, while the new

Find the resistance equivalent to

Find the resistance

equivalent to the resistor connection with and and

, and

Hint B.2.1 Find the resistance equivalent to Find the resistance

equivalent to the connection between

Hint B.2.1.1 Two resistors in series Consider two resistors of resistance resistance , which is given by . Express your answer in ohms. ANSWER: = 7.50 Correct and with their equivalent resistor (of resistance ), the resistor will result in , and that are connected in series. They are equivalent to a resistor with

If you replace the resistors parallel with .

Hint B.2.2 Two resistors in parallel Consider two resistors of resistance resistance and that are connected in parallel. They are equivalent to a resistor with

, which satisfies the following relation: .

Express your answer in ohms. ANSWER: = Answer not displayed

Hint B.3

Four resistors in series Hint not displayed

Express your answer in ohms. ANSWER: 14.8 Correct

Part C Find the equivalent resistance of the resistor network described in Part B when the switch is closed. Hint C.1 How to reduce the network of resistors when the switch is closed Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Find the resistance equivalent to and Hint not displayed Hint C.3 Four resistors in series Hint not displayed Express your answer in ohms. ANSWER: 10.7 Correct

Which Bulb is Brightest?


Part A Consider a circuit containing five identical light bulbs and an ideal battery. Assume that the resistance of each light bulb remains constant. Rank the bulbs (A through E) based on their brightness. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Comparing bulb A to bulb B Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Comparing bulb D to bulb E

Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Comparing bulb C to bulb D or E Hint not displayed Hint A.5 Comparing bulb C to bulb A or B Hint not displayed Rank from brightest to dimmest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

View Correct

Now consider what happens when a switch in the circuit is opened.

Part B What happens to the brightness of bulb A? Hint B.1 How to approach this part Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Consider changes in resistance Hint not displayed ANSWER: It gets dimmer. It gets brighter. There is no change. Correct

Part C If the resistance of each light bulb is 25 opened? ANSWER: 29.2 Correct , what was the resistance of the entire network of bulbs before the switch was

Part D If the battery voltage is 5 each bulb is 25 ANSWER: . 0.114 A Correct , what was the current through bulb C before the switch was opened? Recall that the resistance of

Part E If the resistance of each light bulb is 25 ANSWER: 37.5 Correct , what was the resistance of the entire network of bulbs after the switch was opened?

Part F

If the battery voltage is 5 each bulb is 25 ANSWER: .

, what was the current through bulb C after the switch was opened? Recall that the resistance of

0.133 A Correct

Part G What happens to bulb C? Hint G.1 How to approach this part Hint not displayed ANSWER: It gets dimmer. It gets brighter. There is no change. Correct This is why appliances in your home are always connected in parallel. Otherwise, turning some of them on or off would cause the current in others to change, which could damage them.

Problem 26.62
Part A What must the emf through the in the figure be in order for the current resistor to be 1.78 ? Each emf source

has negligible internal resistance.

ANSWER:

= 8.33 Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 99.5%. You received 49.77 out of a possible total of 50 points.

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