The Standard is not intended to be limiting in any way, but rather is intended to provide a uniform measure of performance by Water

Hammer Arresters. The use of this Standard is voluntary and the issuance or existence of this Standard does not in any respect prevent or restrict any member or non-member of The Plumbing and Drainage Institute from manufacturing or supplying products that do not meet the performance criteria contained in the Standard. The data in this publication are based on information believed to be reliable and are offered in good faith but without guarantee. The Plumbing and Drainage Institute and its member companies assume no responsibility or liability for the use of this Standard. No warranty, express or implied, is made of the information contained in this Standard by The Plumbing and Drainage Institute or by any of its member companies.

FOREWORD The Plumbing & Drainage Institute is an association of companies engaged in the manufacture of plumbing products. The Institute is dedicated to the advancement of engineering and manufacture of plumbing products.

Reprinted Copyright

6/92 1965,

- 5M
1977 ond 1992 Plumbing ond Drainage institute

STANDARD PDI-WH 201

WATER HAMMER ................................2 Definition ............................................. 2 Reaction .............................................. 2 Cause ................................................. 2 Shock Intensity ...................................... 2 Shock Wove .........................................................2 Water Hammer Noise ........................... 2 System Protection .................................. 2 Graphic Illustrations of a Shock Wave .. .... 3 Means of Control............................................ 4 Air Chamber ........................................ 4 Calculated Air Chambers.. ..................... 4 Importance of Shock Control .................. 4 Performance ................................................... 5 Example of Failure ................................ 5 Replenishment of Air ............................. 5

Page

ENGINEERED WATER HAMMER ARRESTERS ...................... 6-15 Engineered Devices ............................... 6 Types ............................................................... 6 Design and Construction ........................ 6 The Role of P.D.I. ................................... 6
Performance Comparison Calculated Air Chamber Versus P.D.I. Water Hommer Arrester ............................................... Certification Testing Equipment ...............

7 8 Listing of Equipment ............................... 8

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION TESTING ................... 9 Testing Equipment ................................. 9 Performance Test ................................. 9 Endurance Test ........................................... 9 Certificate of Compliance ...................... 9 Use of P.D.I. Certification Mark .............. 9 Certificate - F i g . 16.. .......................... 10
Annual Visual Inspection - Physical Test Program ....................................

10

Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Method of Sizing

SIZING AND PLACEMENT DATA ...11-15 11 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

and Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Multiple Fixture Branch Lines . . . . . . . . . .

. 11

Definition of Fixture-Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Long Multiple Fixture Branch Lines . . . . . 12-14 Long Runs of Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Single Fixture or Equipment

14-15 APPENDIX .........................................16 SIZING WATER SYSTEMS...16-22 FIXTURE-UNIT LISTINGS .......... 23 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ...... 24
Branch Lines .. .......................................

WATER HAMMER
The term Water contractors, Hammer is well known to engineers, and other persons maintenance personnel engaged in the plumbing and piping industry. Ever since water was first conveyed by a piping system, the destructive forces and hammer-blow sounds, associated with Water Hammer have caused annoyances, inconve nience and costly damage. The purpose of this manual is to present an exhaustive study of water hammer and tested methods by which it can be completely controlled.
FLOW

FIG. 1

DEFINITION
Water hammer is the term used to define the destructive This action will produce an approximate pressure rise of 60 times the velocity. Engineers generally employ a velocity between 5 and 10 feet per second which may produce a shock pressure of 300-600 p.s.i. forces, pounding noises and vibration which develop in a piping system when a column of noncompressible liquid flowing through a pipe line is stopped abruptly. The tremendous forces generated at the point of stoppage can be compared, in effect, to that of an explosion.

SHOCK WAVE
The resultant water hammer shock wave travels back and pressure until it forth in the piping, between the point of quick closure and the point of relief, ata rate of 4000-4500 Graphic illustrations 2. In this illustration feet per second. of a shock wave are shown in Fig. it will be noted that the shock wave

REACTION
When water hammer occurs, a high intensity back through the piping system wave travels

reaches a point of some relief such as a large diameter riser or piping main. The shock wave will then surge back and forth between the point of relief and the point of impact until the destructive energy is dissipated noise and vibration. in the piping system. This violent action accounts for the piping

alternately expands and contracts the piping during its occurrence. This is the destructive force which may cause any of the following conditions. Ruptured Piping leaking Connections Weakened Connections

CAUSE
The common cause of shock is the quick closing of electrical, pneumatic, spring loaded valves or devices, as well as the quick hand closure of valves or fixture trim. The speed of the valve closure time, especially during the last 15% of valve closure, is directly related to the intensity of the surge pressure.

Pipe Vibration and Noise Damaged Valves Damaged Check Valves Damaged Water Meters Damaged Pressure Regulators and Gauges Damaged Recording Apparatus Loosened Pipe Hangers and Supports Ruptured Tanks and Water Heaters Premature Failures of Other Equipment and Devices

SHOCK INTENSITY
Quick valve closure may be defined as a closure equal to or less than 21 seconds. Maximum pressure rise will follow. This pressure a rise can be calculated by the following, formula: pr = w a v (p.s.i.) 1449

WATER HAMMER
Although

NOISE
associated with the occurcreates some degree of the absence of

known as Joukowskys

noise is generally

pr w a V F

Where = pressure rise above flow pressure, p.s.i. = specific weight of liquid, Ibs./ft.s (62.4 water) = velocity of pressure wave, ft./set. (40004500 average for water) = change in flow velocity, ft./set. I acceleration due to gravity, ft./sec.2 (32.2) = length of pipe (ft.) from point of valve closure to point of relief (see definition of Point of Relief, Page 24)

rence of water hammer it can occur without audible sound. Quick closure always shock-with or without noise. Therefore,

noise does not indicate that water hammer or shock is nonexistent in a water distribution system.

SYSTEM PROTECTION
Water hammer arresters prolong the service life of piping, valves, fittings, trim, equipment, apparatus and other devices which are part of a water distribution system.

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF A SHOCK WAVE

Quick closure

valve 4

Pressure

Wave Enlarges

Pipe

Enlarged

Pipe

Reflected

Pressure

Wave

Pressure

Wave Reaches

Valve

Subnormal

Pressure

Wave Constricts

Pipe

Reflected

Subnormal

Pressure

Wave
Hammer Analysis, John Parmakian, Prentice-Hall,;

FIG. 2

SeealsoWater
Engineering

and Engineering

Mechanics Series

MEANS OF CONTROL

In order to reduce shock pressure and confine its action to the section of piping in which it occurs, a suitable means of control must be provided to absorb and dissipate the energy causing the shock. Air or gas is the most effective medium that can be used for this purpose since it is highly compressible.

AIR CHAMBER

IMPORTANCE

OF SHOCK

CONTROL

For many years the air chamber has been utilized as one means for controlling shock. The unit consists of a capped piece of pipe, the same diameter as the line it serves, and its length ranges between 12 and 24. The air chamber has been constructed in several different shapes. A few examples are shown below.

Most valves and fittings used in plumbing water distribution systems are designed and constructed for normal maximum rated pressures of 150 P.S.I.G. Therefore, unless an air chamber can reduce shock pressures to some degree less than 150 P.S.I.G., serious damage to the valves, fittings and other components of the piping system may result. The commonly used air chamber, even when correctly sized, only controls shocks temporarily after it is initially installed.
REFERENCE

F. M. Dawson and A. A. Kalinske, of the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, in their technical bulletin No. 3, titled Water Supply Piping For the Plumbing System, indicated the recommended volume of air chambers for varied conditions of pipe size, length of run, flow pressure and velocity. Table I, based upon information supplied by these authorities, lists examples of air chambers required for several conditions.
EXAMPLES TABLE
FIG.3 FIG.4 FIG.5 FIG.6

COMMENTS

The plain air chambers (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) are generally placed on the supply lines to fixtures or equipment. A standpipe type of air chamber (Fig. 5) is generally placed on a piping main. A rechargeable type of air chamber (Fig. 6) is generally placed at the end of a branch line or on a piping main. The air chambers shown above, are made of pipe and fittings. However, unless such devices are of the correct size and contain a prescribed volume of air, they cannot be regarded as suitable even for the temporary control of shock.
CALCULATED AIR CHAMBERS

1
1-W l-1/2' l-112' 2' 2' 2'

50 50 200 50 100 25 200

30 60 30 60 30 60 60

10 10 5 10 10 10 5

40 110 90 170 329 150 300

1-1/4.x27' 1.112.x54' 2-x 27' 2-x 50.5' 3*x44.5* 2-l/2*x31' 3-x 40.5'

COMMENT

In order for an air chamber to adequately control shock, it must be of sufficient proportions and possess a prescribed displacement capacity of entrapped air, If correctly sized, an air chamber temporarily may reduce the maximum shocks occurring in a line to a safe pressure.

From the examples above, it should be apparent that excessively large air chambers and fittings are required for the temporary control of shock. The ordinary, inadequately sized air chambers which are generally installed do not possess the capacity needed even for the temporary control of shock.

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

RMANCE

Although a correctly sized air chamber temporarily will control shock to within safe limits of pressure, its performance is effective only while the air chamber retains its initial below. charge of air. The air, however, is readily lost. See illustrations

COMMENTS
for failure, as evidenced by a violent pounding and

vibration in the piping system (seeTable II). The conditions of testing were 60 P.S.I.G. flow pressure with a velocity 1900 valve of 10 feet per second. The tests were run at the rate of 4 valve closures per minute or approximately closures per day. In each case, length of line is 50 feet. TABLE II

AIR CHARGE FIG. 7

STATIC FIG. 8

FLOW FIG. 9

SHOCK FIG. 10

As shown, the air charge can be depleted during the flow

cycle since water is drawn from all directions. Moreover, the entrapped air is also diminished by turbulence. During this process, the water absorbs the air, and as the unit becomes waterlogged, it loses its ability to absorb shock.

EXAMPLE

OF FAILURE
sized by the Dawson Method, will P.S.I.G.

REPLENISHMENT

OF AIR

An air chamber,

It is a popular belief that the air chambers serving a group of fixtures con be replenished with air merely by closing the control valve on the branch line and opening the fixture trim. Actually, it is impossible to replenish the air by this method, as shown by the illustrations in Fig. 1 1

control shock to limits that do not exceed 150

Tests were conducted by the United States Testing Laboratory to determine the elapsed time for an air chamber to exceed 150 P.S.I.G. and in addition, the elapsed time

ILLUSTRATIONS

Air Chambers

Air Chamber

Fixture Trim
Lavatory Lav. Supply Conn

Hot Water Cold Water --+

Fixture

Valve

Control Valves

ELEVATION Showing the arrangement of cold and hot water

piping for a group of lavatories. each lavatory. Note the air chambers on the cold and hot water supplies to

FIG. 11

SECTION
Showing the Arrangement of supply piping to lavatory.

COMMENT
In the section

above, the supply

piping

forms a trap. from the

possible way to introduce air. Only by opening the fixture trim and draining all the branch lines and risers can air be introduced.

Therefore,

it is impossible to drain sufficientwater within practical limitations,

piping to allow air to enter. Regardless of how the piping is rearranged, there is no

ENGINEERED WATER HAMMER ARRESTERS

It is recognized that a correctly sized air chamber, when initially charged with gas or air at atmospheric pressure, can control water hammer. it has been established the air chamber fails rapidly in an actual installation, (see Table II, page 5). Thus an air chamber cannot be an effective means for the control of shock. TYPES Different styles of engineered devices are on the market. While the basic principle of operation in each unit is somewhat different, each unit is designed with the permanent cushion of gas or air needed to control shock.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERED DEVICES Engineered devices also use gas or air to control water hammer. The gas or air, however, is permanently sealed in the unit. This feature enables the engineered device to control shock for many years. A water hammer arrester must have the capacity to control shock adequately. The construction must be of a quality that will enable the unit to provide many years of dependableservice.

THE ROLE OF P.D.I.

The members of the Plumbing and Draining Institute have been interested in the cause and control of Water Hammer. Therefore, they engaged in an exhaustive study of this phenomena. The performance of air chambers and engineered arresters was ascertained by extensive testing on a test facility located at the United States Testing Company laboratory in Fairfield, New Jersey. Recognizing the toll imposed on the test facility by decades of service and the need for improvements, the Institute, after consultation with noted hydraulics authorities, revised the facility to its current configuration, described in Figure 15. Capitalizing on the experience gained by monitoring water hammer arresters in service since the inception of the program in 1965 and with the addition of instrumentation not available in the early development of the program, the test facility has been upgraded and fine tuned to provide optimum performance and total dependability. In addition to taking oscillograms of surge pressure versus time, a digital ,pressure readout has been added to permit continuous monitoring of system surge pressure during system calibration, performance and endurance testing. Air chambers, used to calibrate the system, are not absolute standards. The air chamber, as a system calibration device, is dependent upon retaining a constant air mass. Due to the loss of air by absorption in and entrainment by the surging water entering and leaving the air chamber during the propagation of a shock wave, its value as a calibration instrument is lost very quickly. The Institute made the decision to go back to basics and calibrate the system less the air chamber to a predetermined total pressure of 400 PSIG, 340 PSIG shock plus 60 PSIG fl ow, by varying the water velocity. The choice of 400 PSIG as a system total pressure was based on the extended service life the Institute members and licensees experienced with their production units since the inception of the program in 1965. Tests indicated a valve closing time of 25 milliseconds, needed to consistently duplicate the established peak shock pressure, required changing the valve operating cylinder media from air to a hydraulic fluid. Numerous verification tests conducted during and subsequent to upgrading of the test facility have confirmed its validity. Accordingly, all of the Institutes current water hammer arrester certification testing requirements are being handled on the newly revised test facility. Any manufacturer, whether or not a P.D.I. member, may have their units tested by a qualified independent testing laboratory for certification in accordance with P.D.I. Standard WH201. For further information on this subject, as well as with reference to use of the Institutes Certification Mark and participation in its annual visual inspection and physical test program see pages 9 and 10.

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201 The performance results for a calculated air chamber and an engineered water hammer arrester as obtained in testing are compared in Figs. 12 and 13 respectively.
TIME

ENGINEERED WATER HAMMER ARRESTERS

CALCULATEDAIR CHAMBER Comments Conditions of this test: a 50
length of l/2 pipe with flow pressure at 60 at 10 F.P.S. The P.S.I.G. and flow velocity

CALCULATED AIR CHAMBER

TIME

intended duration of this test was 5000 cycles with water at ambient temperature. The calculated air chamber was constructed of 3/4 pipe, 56.7 long and capped at one end. This FIG. 12 At start of endurance test After approximately 4400 cycles of testing air chamber initially controlled the shock to a limit of just under 150 P.S.I.G. However, this unit permitted and a pressure higher than 150 P.S.I.G. within the first 250 cycles of testing

rapidly failed in performanceas it reached

P.S.I.G. after 4400 cycles of testing. Once

a pressure in excess of 250 opproximately

the pattern of failure had been established, the testing was stopped to avoid needless damage to test equipment.

P.D.I. WATER HAMMERARRESTER Comments A manufactured

water hammer arrester certified as a P.D.I. A unit was subjected to the same test and conditions as described for the calculated air chamber. This unit controlled the shock to a limit of well under 150 P.S.I.G. for 5000 cycles of testing with The same de 5000 water at ambient temperature.

vice was then subjected to an additional

cycles of testing with hot water at 180F and still continued to control the surge to well under 150 P.S.I.G.

Graphic Illustration The curves in Fig. 14 clearly indicate the initial, OS well as the
permanent, effectiveness of a P.D.I. certified for the prevention of FIG. 14 water hommer arrester (curve 5) compared to other devices utilized water hammer.

EXPLANATION

OF FIG. 14 (CURVES

TO 0)

@Represents a commonly used air chamber. it is 24 in height and is one pipe size larger than the line served. Initially, it controlled the surge at approximately 240 P.S.I.G. but its control gradually becomes less as shown. @Represents a manufactured unit (not certified). Initially it controlled the surge at approximately 2 10 P.S.I.G. and gradually its control failed as shown. The dotted lines project the estimated rate of failure after 5000 cycles of actual testing. @Represents a manufactured unit (not certified). Initially,

it controlled the surge at approximately 185 P.S.I.G. and its control continued to fail, as shown. The dotted lines project the estimated rate of failure after 5000 cycles of actual testing. 4 Represents the average performance of calculated air R ambers which initially controlled the surge at approxic mately 145 P.S.I.G. but rapidly failed, as shown. @Represents the performance of a typical P.D.I. unit which initially controlled the surge under 150 P.S.I.G. and maintained this measure of control for 10,000 cycles of testing.

COMMENT

Although the duration of the above test was 10,000 cycles, P.D.I. units have proven their capability to endure testing under equal conditions involving many hundreds of thousands of cycles of shock, and continues to control the maximum surge to 150 P.S.I.G. or less. 7

CERTIFICATION

TESTING EQUIPMENT

Schematic Arrengement of Testing Equipment (Not ta scale)

FIG. 15

LISTING OF EQUIPMENT

Sump tank 4 dia. x 4-l /2 high - 450 gallon water heater 2 gate valve 4 - l-1/2 gate valve 5 - 160 G.P.M., 1 10 P.S.I.G. Centrifugal Pump 6 - Tee and elbow far return 7 - l-1/2 pipe - Two 2 gate valves far inlet to pneumatic tanks t - Two 30 gal. pneumatic water tanks (12 dia.) equipped with 24 sight glass lol/2 air line and globe valve 12 - 3 gate valves 1310 return bend 36 between centers 14 - Float vent air bleed installed at tap of return bend 15 - 2 gate valve 16-Test length steel pipe (sizes 2, l-1/2, l-1/4, 1, 3/4 and l/2 to fit betweenAl and A2) 17 -Pressure transducer, Kistler Model 2 1283 Piezatran

12 3 -

181920 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 -

Ball valve 100 P.S.I.G. Flaw Pressure Gauge Ball valve, size same as outlet of test unit Water hammer arrester test unit 2 hydraulically actuated surge valve 10 return bend 36 between centers 2 metering valve l/2 metering valve Flaw meter connected to readout 2 pipe line Oscilloscope Digital pressure readout Hydraulic pump Hydraulic solenoid valve Oil reservoir Oil cooler Cycle Timer

The use of the instrumentation, shown in Figure 15, does not preclude the use of comparable manual or computer controlled systems to automatically maintain test conditions, record performance of the test article and terminate testing upon completion of the required number of cycles or upon failure of the test unit, or other system components.

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

CERTIFICATION
INTRODUCTION This test procedure industry arresters, water with

TESTING
is then capped with a thin plate and, with the plate held firmly (1) to provide water the in place, rotated to the normally on the brimming installed position and placed ball valve fitting. The plate is slipped out from

has been developed a minimum The

o standard

method of rating

hammer in the actual

(2) to establish system.

standard for design and simulate

its position between the test unit and the ball valve as the test unit is threaded into the ball valve and secured in place. The tesr conditions are then established. The pump (5) is energized lo circulate water through the system with ball valve approximate 340 P.S.I.G.

monufocture of any unit with respect to its serviceability distribution test methods service conditions with the standard. TESTING EQUIPMENT is designed and provide reproducible

results so that any

(18) open lo
of

engineered water hammer arrester can be tested for compliance

the gauge (19). Valves (15) and (24) are adjusted to obtain the flow rate required to sustain a surge pressure and a flow pressure of 60 P.S.I.G. the pressure on gouge (19). gauge and ball (30) ore (340 lotol

Ball valve (18) is closed isolating The test facility dater flowing ro:ol pressure the following 1 2 3 4 to subject the test unit to the full The cycle timer (34)

valve (20) opened to expose the test unit to the system pressure and hydraulic pump motor of 400 The energized valve (25) P.S.I.G. pressure and final adjustment is made to the water flow with to obtain a total pressure plus 60 P.S.I.G. flow). P.S I.G. maximum surge

energy imposed by the abrupt stoppage of a 50 foot column of in a stondard schedule 40 steel pipe exerting a not to exceed 400 P.S.I.G. This arrangement is 15. In order to insure reproducible test results,

shown in Figure

shall be recorded for five cycles after the hydraulic The average of these read-

tolerances must be maintained:

system temperoture has stabilized. ings shall be used for certification. ENDURANCE TEST

Surge valve (22) milliseconds. Flow pressure Total pressure Pressure P.S.I.G.

- flow termination not to exceed 25

P.S.I.G. P.S.I.G. smallest (surge plus flow) incremental reading 2

+/-0.5 +/-lo

One representative units submitted

unit from each of the categories testing, shall

perfor~1s hcc

mance tested, of the same basic design ond construction for performance

transducer

be resred ion

endurance. Each unit shall be installed in the some manner as TEST described for the performance test. The unit shall be subjecred to 5000 to cover the normal range system of any cycles of shock testing with water at ambient tempero5000 The and F. minimum ture. The same unit shall be subjected to an additional cycles of shock testing with water at 180 maximum total pressure shall be recorded after the 5000th certification.

PERFORMANCE Six categories building.

have been established

of sizes required IO protect the water distribution Table Ill lists these sizes together under which i:\g lcsf conditions each must qualify.

with the correspond-

10,OOOth cycle. The average of these readings shall be used for

TABLE III
PDi Stre SIZE

CERTIFICATE
lhbx

OF

COMPLIANCE may be issued by a qualified and The

Length
6.)

Pfpe

Total Prswre Flaw +

&rs,t*r (P.S.I.G.)

Surge Less

FIOW+ Surgewith Arrester (P.S.I.G.)

Reduced Pros.

A certificate

of compliance

independent testing laboratory for a water hammer orrester only after the unit has been successfully be the equivalent tested for performonce shown in Fig. 16 endurance in the manner prescribed herein. The certiflcote must of the example description on the certificate shall be adequate for identificotiorl of the product. Upon further certification by the manufacturer thereto then such that its current production units which are of the same size, type or model as the unit tested are identical manufacturer may represent such units were Tested in -----(year) and complied with P.D.I. WH-201 so long OS such units ore in fact demonstrated, upon proper demand, to be identical in the 1 as of the year the Institute or use 11s relevant respects considered in P.D.I. WH-20 certified by the Plumbing Mark. CERTIFICATION MARK ond Drainage

l/2" j / 3/4" ! 1" 1 l-1/4" 1 l-1/2"

50 50 50 50 50

400 400 400 400 400

150 150 150 150 150

B c D E

The test unit will have passed the endurance test by completing 10,000 P.S.I.G. cycles without the reduced pressure exceeding 160

representative unit was tested but may not claim such umts IO ue in the test facility, Item Certification USE OF

Each unlt to be tested shall be installed

2 1 of Figure 15, and shall use the corresponding

and the pump energized

sized test pipe

(16). The ball valve (20) shall be moved to the closed position to fill the system with water and purged of air. The test pipe shall be fully supported to avoid high spots where oir may be trapped. Pressure gauges, valves, and fittings must be purged of air. The test unit is then filled with water in the inverted position. In test units containing an orifice, the fill tube in the orifice to eliminate the possibility of unit The filled inverted must be inserted

P.D.I.

Only water hammer arresters P.D.I. WH-201

which are certified by the manu-

facturer as being identical in the relevant respects considered in to the unit tested and certified as above detailed approved by the Institute may Mark as exemplified in Fig. 16A by an independent laboratory bear the Institutes Certification standard Certification

provided such manufacturer also executes the Institutes current Mark License Agreement.

trapping air in the bellows convolutions.

TESTING FOR THE RIGHT TO USE PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE INSTITUTE CERTIFICATION MARK
/n an effort to assure continued compliance with Standard program PDCWH20 I, a has been established.

ANNUAL VISUAL INSPECTION PHYSICAL TEST PROGRAM

Within original three years

from the date of must resub

certification and yearly there-

after, each manufacturer

mit two units, size to be designated by the Institute, along with a complete set of current detailed qualified previously inspection tory approved drawings, to the

WATER HAMMER ARRESTER CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that a production Water Hammer Arrester, Model No. manufactured by. or for

independent testing laboraby the Institute which test to be tested the units, for a visual and a physical

, which
and Drainage Institute in P.D.I.

conforms to the drawing and

dimensions illustrated herein. has been tested by us as of this date in accordance with the testing procedures established by the Plumbing Standard WH-201, 1992 revision for size

Water Hammer Arresters. We further certify that when such arrester was tested on a_ inch pipe line of fifty feet effective length. flow pressure of 60 P.S.I.G. and surge pressure of 340 P.S.I.G. P.S.I.G. maximum total pressure). such arrester limited the total pressure created by sudden valve closure to

made as follows:

VISUAL INSPECTION
One unit must be cut in half on a or other means so that the can be observed and comin respect to in respect to If materials do tests must be bandsaw interior physical als

150 P.S.I.G. maximum which is the acceptable limit in such Standard.

DIMENSIONS

DESCRIPTION

pared to the drawings must be observed

size and shape. The materi-

PC1

material specifications. fied, further analytical

not appear to be the same as speciconducted.

PHYSICAL

TEST
to procedures PDI-WH201. must be
Subscribed and worn to (or affirmed) before me at The statements made herein arc certified to be true and correct. this Notary Public My commission expires day of

The other unit must be given a performance test according outlined in Standard their detailed

The inspected and tested units, and drawings properly labeled and retained for found must be

, 19-

Name Title Date Test No.

future reference and comparisons. Any discrepancies referred to the Executive Secretary of the PDI who, in turn, shall notify the manufacturer and the PDI engineers for evaluation and recommendations The for action to be taken

by the Institute. manufacturer must obtain a Statement of Compliance water hammer arresters the requirements Standard nual Visual PDI-WH201 outlined that the met all of in the Physical for the An-

FIG. 16

Inspection -

SEAL OF APPROVAL
APPROVED (NAMEI Water Hammer Arrester complies with P.D.I. WH-201. For furlher details read standard.

Test Program.

FIG. 16A

10

During the past years, various STANDARD PDI-WH 201 of water hammer confusion among the plumbing

metnous nave oeen aevlseu

101 one srz~r~y

arresters. These varied sizing methods have created engineers, contractors and other persons engaged in

SIZING AND PLACEMENT

STANDARDIZATION
The members of the Plumbing aware of the difficulties different sizing methods.

industry.

DATA
and Drainage institute were of the in a Public general Private fixtures, are those found in public comfort stations, toilet rooms, office buildings, and other buildings areas in

encountered Therefore,

in the application they engaged

which each fixture is open and accessible for use at all times. fixtures ore those in residential not freely accessible such as in private homes, residential hotel guest rooms, private rooms or apartments hotels or dormitories, and the like. apartments, in residential

research and testing program

with the intention of producing

one standardized method of sizing and placement--a method which would be of benefit to the entire plumbing industry. The final results are listed in this manual.

SYMBOLS
Before the subject of a proposed sizing method can be explained it is first necessary to devise a code of symbols for

NOTES
The fixture-unit values shown in the cold and hot water columns of Table IV are utilized in the sizing of water hammer arresters. Additional information on varied types of fixtures and their assigned fixture-unit values are contained in the appendix ot the bock of this manual.

the 6 different sized units required for average plumbing systems. Each unit must have a different size and capacity to control shock in piping systems of varied size and scope. The following symbol listing has been devised to denote the range in sizes for water hammer arresters. A is the smallest sized unit-F represents the largest unit. A-B-C-D-E-F

COMMENT
These are the basic fixture-unit data which most engineers systems. These data con of engineered water utilize to size their water distribution

P.D.I. SYMBOLS:
COMMENT

The P.D.I. symbols established units covered this manual. SIZING by the certification

be used in the sizing and placement above correspond to those and shall in testing program sized.

hammer arresters at the same time that the piping systems are

be used with all data on sizing and placement

presented

SIZING AND PLACEMENT DATA

In most installations occasionally where there are several fixtures, usually only one fixture valve at a time will be closed. Nevertheless,

AND PLACEMENT DATA

Single and Multiple Fixture Branch lines

A method of sizing, based upon fixture-units has been established as most appropriate because it is quick, accurate and well-known. Most engineers use fixture-units for sizing water distribution systems.

two or more fixture valves could be closed at the

tokes into usall design factors including simultaneous

same instant. Table V, on sizing and selection, consideration

DEFINITION OF FIXTURE-UNIT
The National Plumbing Code offers this definition: A fixture effects fixtures unit is a quantity on the plumbing in terms of which the load producing system of different kinds of plumbing

age, pipe size, length, flow pressure and velocity. Table V, therefore, provides an easy, accurate method of determining the proper sized water hammer arrester for each multiple fixture branch line, and automatically provides for all factors which must be considered When the weight or otherwise calculated.

in fixture-units

for cold and hot water

are expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale. The following fixture-unit table is based upon information offered in the National Plumbing Code

branch lines serving a group of fixtures has been determined, these data can be applied to Table V.

TABLE V
SIZING AND SELECTION B 12-32

TABLE IV
waiFixture TYW of SUPPLY Control , Pubk r Told I C.W. KW.

P.D.I. UNITS Told 8 FIXTUREUNITS

A l-11

C
33-60

D
61-113

E 114-154

F 155330

Water Closet Water Closet Pedestal Urinal Stall or Wall Urinal Stall or Wall Urinal Lavatory Bathtub Shower Head Bathroom Group Bathroom Group Separate Shower Servca Sink Laundry Tubs (l-3) Combination Fixture

Flush Valve Flush Tank Flush Valve Flush Valve Flush Tank Faucet Faucet Mixing Valve Flush Vatve Closet Flush Tank Closet Mixing Valve Faucet Faucet Faucet

10 5 10 5 3 2 4 4 3 -

10 5 10 5 3 l.lR 2 2

*-

Note:
Ideally should however, the flow pressure in branch lines serving pressure. fixtures valves When, the next should never exceed be installed 55 p.s.i.g. to maintain Pressure reducing proper 65 p.s.i.g.,

the flow pressure exceeds

larger size water hammer arrester should be selected. If the Fixture-unit total has a l/2 l/2 fixture-units, change fraction, it is to be rounded

up to the next larger, or whale number. Thus, if the total is 1 l_ it to 12 fixture-units. 11

EXAMPLE

Table V will permit each application.

engineers

and contractors

to select the proper

water

hammer

arrester

for

The following

examples show the relative ease with which sizing can be

accomplished using Tables IV and V.

EXAMPLE
Cold

1
. ea.=20 F.U. .ea.= 6 Totol 26 Hot Water Branch ._ 4 Lav. at l-l/ZF.U. ea.=6 Total 6 Select P.D.I. A unit

tmuvwLt ;L
Cold

Water Branch 2 WC. at 1OF.U

4 Lav. at l-1/2

Water Branch 2 WC. at 10F.U. ea.=20 2 Ur. at 5 F.U . . . . . . . ea.=10

F.U. .eo.= 6 Total 36

4 Lav. at l-1/2

Hot Water Branch ._ _ 4 Lav. at l-l/Z F.U. ea.=6 Total 6 Select P.D.I. A unit

Select P.D.I. B unit

Select P.D.I. C unit

ROOF

5TH

4TH

3RD

2ND

1s-r

BASE

FIG.17 EXAMPLE It is relatively riser diagram set of drawings. When practice branch determine sizing the cold and hot water number branch lines, to sizing lines. it is usual on each charts to easy to select the proper fixture branch. sized water hammer a typical with his The proper the total known. sized water hammer arresters can be selected branch once line is of fixture-units It is only for a cold to apply water or hat water hammer employ

arrester far a multiple

Fig. 17 represents may include

of the type that an engineer

necessary

the fixtureunits arrester.

to Table V

and select the appropriate It is suggested riser diagrams, will enable

that the engineers as shown

P.D.I. symbols above. units.

for his

to obtain

the total

of fixture-units

in the illustration to furnish

This practice

line. This information the required

is then applied

manufacturers

the correct

size of the branch

12

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

SIZING AND
PLACEMENT DATA

Ithas been established

that the preferred location for the water hammer arrester is at the end of the branch line between the last two fixtures served. This location is shown in Fig. 18.

WATER HAMMER ARRESTER \

FIG. 19

The location

of the water

hammer water

arresters hammer

shown

in Fig. 18 applies should

to branch

lines that do not exceed line. When the branch is best defined

20 in length, line exceeds below.

from the start of the horizontal the 20 length, an additional have been established

branch

line to the last fixture supply arrester of water hammer

on this branch arresters.

be used. This practice

by two rules which

to cover

the placement

These rules are explained

ILLUSTRATION

RULE 1
Rule 1, covers multiple fixture branch lines which do not exceed 20 in length EXPLANATION-Fixture-unit used to select the required See example. sizing P.D.I. unit. Table V is

RULE 2
Rule 2, covers l multiple

1 fixture branch lines which

OVER 20

do exceed

20

in length.
L

EXPLANATION-Fixtureunit to select the required ratings thon the demand See example.

sizing table V is used

P.D.I. unit. The sum of the F.U.

of units X and Y shall be equal to or greater of the branches.

FIG. 19

EXAMPLES Showing typical applications for Rule 1 and Rule 2.

EXAMPLE OF RULE 1

C.W. = 26 F.U. ~ee$s;pF.~l. B unit Needy-P:D:l. A unit

13

OVER 20

C.W.=52 F.U. Needs

two P.D.I. H.W.-12 two P.D.I.

EXAMPLE OF RULE 2

B units A

F.U. Needs units

C.W.=90
one

P,D,,

F.U. Needs
C

unit and

EXAMPLE RULE 2

OF

one P.D.1: B

unit.

00000000 ~~~fi~uVooovoo

There are practical limits concerning the overall length of a branch line. In a remote instance where a very long line branch line is involved, the water supply is generally fed to some mid-point or other location on the branch line as shown below.
NOTE:

EXAMPLE OF RULE 1 AND RULE 2

FIG. 20

LONG RUNS OF PIPING TO EQUIPMENT The majority of sizing and selection applications will involve single and multiple fixture branch lines. These are easily handled with Table V. The remainder of applications involve individual runs of piping to a remote item of equipment. The properly sized water hammer arresters for such applications can be determined by Table VI and Table VI-A.

TABLE VI WATER PRESSURES UP TO 65 P.S.I.G.

TABLE VI-A WATER PRESSURES 65 P.S.I.G. TO 85 P.S.I.G.

NOTE:
Ideally the flow pressure in branch lines serving fixtures should never exceed 55 p.s.i.g. Pressure reducing valves should be installed to maintain proper pressure. When, however, flow pressures of 65 to 85 p.s.i.g. are used, the next larger size water hammer arrester should be se lected. Refer to Table VI-A. The recommendations for sizing and placement of arresters are based an experience of the industry.
LONG RUN OF PIPING

LONG RUNS OF PIPING

When long runs of piping are employed to serve a remote item of equipment, the water hammer arrester should be located as close as possible to the point of quick closure. At this location, the water hammer arrrester will control the developed energy and prevent the shock wave from surging through the piping system. A typical example of placement is given in Fig. 2 1.
QUICK CLOSURE VALVE

WATER HAMMER ARRESTER __,

FIG. 21

OUTLET

14

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

SIZING AND PLACEMENT DATA

EXAMPLES,

defining the sizing and placement of water hammer arresters for single fixture

and equipment branch lines are illustrated below. For the sake of clarity, control valves, vacuum breakers and other necessary devices have been omitted in the illustrations.

WATER

MAIN

PROCESS

TANK

UNIT IS EQUIPPED -WITH A cy; CLOSURE

WATER

MAIN

Conditions

FIG. 22

Conditions

FIG. 23

Pipe size . . . . . . . . . . . . = 1 Length of run . . . . . . . =92 feet Flowing pressure . =55 P.S.I.G. Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =8 F.P.S. Recommendation. =P.D.L E unit installed as shown

Pipe size . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 Length of run . . . . . . . =98 feet Flowing pressure . =60 P.S.I.G. Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =lO F.P.S. Recommendation. =Two P.D.I. F units installed as shown

c.w

L H.W.

MAINS

FIG. 24

Conditions
Pipe size . . . . . . . . . . . . =3/4 Length of run . . . . . . . =75 feet Flowing pressure . ~50 P.S.I.G. Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =6 F.P.S. Recommendation . =Two P.D.I. C units installed as shown

QUICK

CLOSURE

RISERS

PROCESS

SINK

FIG. 25

FIG. 26

Conditions
Pipe size . . . . . . . . . . . . =1-l/4 Length of run . . . . . . . = 100 feet Flowing pressure . ~53 P.S.I.G. Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =8 F.P.S. Recommendation. =P.D.I. F unit installed as shown

Conditions
Pipe size . . . . . . . . . . . . ~1 Length of run . . . . . . . =50 feet Flowing pressure . ~45 P.S.I.G. Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =8 F.P.S. Recommendation. =Two P.D.I. C units installed as shown

15

A3 PERMISSIBLE

FRICTION LOSS

APPENDIX

A3.1 Decide what is the desirable minimum pressure that should be maintained at the highest fixture in the supply system. If the highest group of fixtures contains flush valves, the pressure for the group should not be less than fifteen (15) psi. For flushtonk supplies, the available pressure may be not less than eight (8) psi. A3.2 Determine the elevation of the highest fixture or group of fixtures above the water (street) main. Multiply this difference in elevation by forty-three hundredths (0.43). The result is the loss in static pressure in psi (pounds per square inch). A3.3 Subtract the sum of loss in static pressure and the pressure to be maintained at the highest fixture from the average minimum daily service pressure. The result will be the pressure available for friction loss in the supply pipes, if no woter meter is used. If o meter is to be installed, the friction loss in the meter for the estimated maximum demand should also be subtracted from the service pressure to determine the pressure loss ovailable for friction loss in the supply pipes. TABLE A-2

RECOMMENDED RULES FOR SIZING THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Because of the variable conditions encountered it is impractical to loy down definite detailed rules of procedure for determining the sizes of water supply pipes in on appendix which must necessarily be limited in length. For a more adequate understanding of the problems involved, the reader is referred to Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings, Report BMS 79 of the Notional Bureau of Standards; and Plumbing Manual, Report BMS 66, also published by the Notional Bureau of Standards. The following is a suggested order of procedure for sizing the water supply system.
A 1 PRELIMINARY INFORMATION

Al .I Obtain the necessary information regarding the minimum doily service pressure in the area where the building is to be located. Al .2 If the building supply is to be metered, obtain informotion regarding friction loss relative to the rote of flow for meters in the range of sizes likely to be used. Friction-loss data con be obtained from most manufacturers of water meters. Friction losses for disk type meters may be obtained from Chart A-l. Al .3 Obtain all available local information regarding the use of different kinds of pipe with respect both to durability and to decrease in capacity with length of service in the particular water supply. A2 DEMAND LOAD

Fiihm lypd

I-

A2.1 Estimate the supply demand for the building main and the principal branches and risers of the system by totaling the fixture units on each, Table A-2, and then by reading the corresponding ordinate from Chart A-2 or A-3, whichever is opplicoble. A2.2 minute sum to supply Estimate continuous-supply demands in gallons per for lawn sprinklers, air conditioners, etc., and odd the the total demand for fixtures. The result is the estimated demand for the building supply. CHART A-l

2 foot section) Wosh sink, circular or multiple (each set of faucets] Water closet:

F.V. Tank

20

i < 5 : s r 2 z I

10

r For supply outlets like1 to impose continuous demands, estimate continuous supply separately an J odd to total demond for fixtures. For fixtures not listed, weights moy be assumed by comparing the fixture to a listed one using water in similar quontities and at similar rote,. The given weights ore for totol demand for fixtures with both hot ond cold woter supplies. The weights for moximum seporote demands may be taken OS seventy-five (75) per cent of the listed demand for the supply. Shower over bath tub does not odd fixture unit to group.

I/III 4 5 6 7.910

/I

l/l
20

I vIIIIvflll/
30 10 FLOW 6.3 80100

I
cr.44

l/l
200

I lll1llllll
100 600 tm?o

A3.4 Determine the developed length of pipe from the water (street) main to the highest fixture. If close estimates ore desired, compute with the aid of Table A-3 the equivalent length of pipe for all fittings in the line from the water (street) main to the highest fixture and add the sum to the developed length. The pressure available for friction loss in pounds per square inch, divided by the developed lengths of pipe from the water (street) main to the highest fixture, times one hundred (loo), will be the average permissible friction loss per one hundred (100) foot length of pipe.

16

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

above
A4

the

minimum friction

required loss.

to

meet

the

maximum

SIZE OF BUILDING
Knowing (100)

SUPPLY
friction loss per one the and the total demand,

permissible

A4.1

the permissible feet of pipe supply of pipe

A6 GENERAL A6.1
should likely A6.2 In general, a velocity greater than fifteen (15) feet branches line noise is per second in the main risers , or principal as objectionable

hundred diameter cable. demand needed pipe.

of the building The diameter point

pipe may be obtained is appliabove the total on or next

from Charts coordinate

A-4, A-5, A-6 or A-7, whichever corresponding

not be employed, to result.

to the estimated

and the permissible friction loss will be the size up to the first branch from the building supply

If a pressure reducing valve is used in the building supply, the developed length of supply piping and the permissible friction loss should be computed from the building side of the valve.

TABLE A-3
in e uivalent length of pipe for friction loss in va ues and threaded fittings. 7

Allowance

A6.3 The allowances in Table A-3 for fittings ore based on non-recessed threaded fittings. For recessed threaded fittings and streamlined soldered fittings, one-half (l/2) the allowances given in the table will be ample.

A7 EXAMPLE A7.1
Assume an office building of four (4) stories and basement; pressure on the building side of the pressurereducing valve of fifty-five (55) psi; an elevation of highest

fixture above the pressure-reducing valve of forty-five (45) feet; a developed length of pipe from the pressurereducing valve to the most distant fixture of two hundred (200) feet; and the fixtures to be installed for water
Allowoncss based on non-recessed threaded finings. Use one-half (l/2) the ollowoncer for recessed threoded fittings or streamline solder fittings.

with flush valves

closets and stall urinals

as follows:

Fixture Units and Estimated Demands .

Building Kind of Fixhrres NO. of
fixtur.s

A4.2

If copper tubing or brass pipe is to be used for the supply piping, and if the character of the water is in the hydraulic characteristics may be expected, Chart A-4 may be used.

supply Demand NO.

Branch to hot-water system Fixture Demand (gallons minute)

pe

such that only slight changes

Fixture
units

galons fw
minute)

fz
brer

WiiS

Water Urinals

Closets. ...

130 30 12 130 27

1,300 150 48 260 81 1,839 310 12 130 27 (12x4)X3/4=36 (130x2)x3/4=195 (27x3)X3/4=6 292 1 86

Chart A-5 should be used for ferrous pipe with only the most favorable water supply as regards corrosion and caking. If the water is hard or corrosive, Charts A-6 or A-7 will be applicable. For extremely hard water, it will be advisable to make additional allowances for the reduction of capacity of hot water lines in service.

A4.3

Shower Heads Lavatories . . . . . . Service sinks .,. Total . . . . . . .

Allowing

for fifteen

(15) psi. at the highest fixture under

A5 SIZE OF PRINCIPAL RISERS

A5.1

BRANCHES

AND

maximum demand of three hundred and ten (3 10) gallons per minute, the pressure applicable for friction loss is found by the following: 55--[ The allowable pipe is therefore

The required size of branches and risers may be obtained in the same manner as the building supply by obtaining 3. A5.2 Fixture branches to the building supply, if they are sized for the same permissible friction loss per one hundred water (100) feet of pipe as the branches and risers to This may the highest level in the building, be controlled different lower the riser, pressure; a valve increasing branch by: (1) Selecting is approximately both friction may lead to inadequate the sizes of pipe for the loss in each equal to the total loss in by means of (3) by risers and the demand load on each branch friction losscomputed or riser and in Section Ausing the permissible

15+(45x0.43)1=20.65
loss per one hundred

psi

friction

(100) feet of

100x20.65+200= 10.32
If the pipe material A-5 applies, is three branch (3) inches, and water and

psi

supply are such that Chart of the building diameter supply of the

the required

diameter heater

the required

supply to the upper floor of the building. branches including so that the total friction

to the hot-water

is two (2) inches. and risers may be

The sizes of the various determined supply or the branch ing the demand A-3, chart. and branch, applying

branches

in the same manner as the size of the building to the hot water the total system-by estimate estimotfor the flow for the riser or branch demand thereof, from Charts A-2 or

loss and loss in static is obtained; supply

(2) by throttling until the preceding

each such branch balance

riser or section

to the appropriate

the size of the building

17

STANDARD

PDI-WH

201

FIXTURE-UNIT LISTING
1. KITCHEN AREAS
FIXTURE OR EQUIPMENT
Baine Marie Corbonator Cold Pan Compressor, Gander,

TOTAL

C.W. l/2 2 1

H.W. 2
-

FIXTURE OR EQUIPMENT
Sink, Sink, Sink, Dish Soak (non-mobile]

TOTAL

C.W.
2-l/2 2-l/2 3 2-l/2 z-1/2 2-l/2 l/2 2 2 6 l-l/Z

H.W.
2-l/2 2-l/2 3 2-l/2 2-l/2 2-l/2 -

...................
.................... .................... Refrigerator

..............
...............

2
1 2 1

...........

3 3 4 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 1 2

Sink, Meot Preparation Salad Preparation Soak..

.................... ..................

Coffee Urn Stand ...........................

Pot and Pan, (per faucet) ..........

...........
.................

1
3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 3 3 2

1
3 2-l/2 3

2-l/2 3

Sink, Silver

.......................

Food Waste .........................

Sink, Vegetable ........................... Soda Fountain Unit ....................... Steam Table .................................. Tray Moke-up Toble Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Water ..................... ......... Bottle with jet rinsers Can ................................. Glossware Nlpple Silver ......................

Hose, PreRinse Hose Station

ice Maker
Ketile Stand Milk

.............................. .............. ............... .................... .......... .................................

............... ................

1
2 1 3 l-l/2 2-l/2 2-l/2 l-1/2

2 l-1/2 2-l/2 2-l/2 l-1/2

!
-

2
1 6 3

Dispenser

........................ S nk, Back Bor ... ........ S$nk, Bakers Pan ........ .............. Smk, Cooks ................................
Sink, Diet Kitchen .............................

Peele:, Vegetoble

.....
.......

Pot and Pan

........ ...... ............

l-l* -

/ l-li2
;

..................

Station .............................

I
l-1/2

l-l/2

Soup Kettle ....................................

2:OTHER

: ;
-

AREAS
FIXTURE OR EQUIPMENT
Hose, Bibb, Interior Wall Wall Hydrant Hydrant, C.W. ....................... and H.W. ......

FIXTURE OR EQUIPMENT
Condenser, Condenser, Drinking Fountain ............. ................. ........................

TOTAL
1 1 1

C.W.
1 1 1

H.W.

TOTAL
4 4 4

C.W.
4 4 3

H.W.

Refrigeration..

.................................

ice Cuber and Flakers

3.

HOSPITAL AND LABORATOIJY AREAS

C.W.
2 3 2 2 3 2-l/2 l-1/2 2 2 7 4 2 10 3 2-l/2 1 -

FIXTURE OR EQUIPMENT
4splrotor

TOTAL
2 4 2 2 3 3 l-l/2 4 4 20 10 4 10 4 3 1 1 1 10 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 15 To Hospital ............

H.W.
2 2-l/2 3 3 15 7 3 3 2-l/2

FIXTURE OR EQUIPMENT
Sink, Animal Area ....................... Sing, B arium ....................... .......... .......... Sink, Central Supply.. Sink, Clinical.. Sink, Clinlcol, Sink, Sink, Sink, Sink, Sink, Sink, Sink, Sink, Sink, Floor

TOTAL
4 3 3 lo 10

C.W.
2 2-l/2 2-l/2 2-l/2 10 10 1

H.W.
2 2-l/2 2-l/2

.....................................
................ Hose ............. Rim .............. Disposol ...........

Autopsy Table, Complete ................... Autopsy Table, Aspirator.. Autopsy Toble, Flushing 4utopsy Table, Flushing Autopsy Table, Sink
sath,

......

Sink, Clean-up room ...................... ............................... Bed Pan Hose

...

j I

2-l/2

Faucet.................

...........
.............

4dropsy Table, Waste 3ath, Emergency iath, immersion 3oth, Snz

Sink, C u p .................

Arm ...................................... .......................

............................

.......... Formula Room ....... Loboratory ........................

Laboratory and Trough ............

............

.,; 2 3 3 2 4 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 5 6 4 4 4 2 4

; l-l/Z l-l/2 3 l-1/2 3 l-1/2 3 2-l/2 2-l/2 2 2 2 4 3 3 4 l-i;/2

l-l/2 2-l/2 3 l-1/2 3 l-l/2 3 2-l/2 2-l/2 2 5 6 4 3 2 3

3ath, leg ......................................... ......................................... Steam ..................... 3edpon Washer, Yeaner, Cuspidor, Cuspidor,

Sink, Mop ...................................... Pharmacy. .............................. Plaster ................................... Nurses Station ....................... ........................... Instrument ............. Scrub-up ................................ Soiled Utility ........................... Boiling Boiling Pressure Water Sterilizer Utensil .................. Instrument. ........... ............................. ............................

3tdet.. ............................................. Sonic .................................. Dental and Surgical Dentol Chair ..................... Flushing Type.. ................

1
1 10 l-1/2 1 l-1/2 1 l-1/2 l-1/2 1 1 2 6 Plumbing

l-1/2 1 l-1/2 1 l-1/2 1-l/2 1 2 2 3 11

Sink, Clean Utility Sterilizer, Sterilizer, Sterilizer, Sterilizer, Washer Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer, Washer,

Drinking Fountain .............................. loor Drain, iose, iose, Bed Pan General ...................... Bed Pan Private. ....................... Barber Nursery.. Scrubup .............................. ............................ ............................. ........................... Dental ................................

avotory, ovatory, ovotory, avotory,

Flask ................................ Formula Bottle ................... Glove.. ............................. Needle ............................ Pipette .............................. Syringe Sterilizer,

avatory, Treatment nicroscope, )onltizer, ionltizer, jhower, Electron Boiling Boiling

.........................
............. ....................

Instrument.. Utensil

........................
Utensil.. ..............

4
4 2

4 l-1/2

Obstetrical..

...................... .......................

Tube ................................

hhower. Therapeutic Abriracwd

from A ouii

by lawronco Gum, Air Conditioning, noafing & ventilating,

october,

1% I.

23

DEFINITIONS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9.

Air Chamber A closed section of pipe or other container designed to trap air at atmospheric pressure mounted vertically in a tee in a water supply line intended to reduce water hammer pressures. Air Chamber, Calculated An air chamber designed in accordance with the Dawson & Kalinske formula for reducing water hammer pressures. Atmospheric Pressure Pressure, in Ibs. per sq. in., of atmospheric air above absolute zero pressure at ambient conditions (14.7 psi or 0.0 psig at standard conditions). Branch Line A water supply line connecting one or more fixtures to a water supply main, riser or other branch. Calculated Air Chamber See Air Chamber, Calculated. Fixtures Sanitary plumbing fixture or related item of equip ment which can demand water from a branch line. Fixture Unit See definition on Page 1 1. Flowing Pressure The gage pressure in a flowing plumbing supply line immediately upstream of a fixture valve. Gage Pressure Pressure, in Ibs. per sq. in., above atmospheric
indicated by a pressure gage.

electric signal proportional to the pressure to which it is subiected, the signal being capable of amplification. 17. P.S.I; Pounds per Square Inch. P.S.I.G. 18.
Pounds per Square Inch Gage; pounds per square inch above atmospheric pressure.

19. Reaction See Page 2. Remote Fixture 20.

A single fixture located on a branch line at a distance from the upstream end of the branch line.

21. 22.

Residual Pressure pressure. Riser

Same as flowing A water supply main in a building conducting water vertically from one floor to another.

23.

Shock
The force generated in a piping system by water hammer.

24. 25. 26.

Shock Absorber Water Hammer Arrester. Shock Intensity See Page 2. Static Pressure
The pressure in Ibs. per sq. in., in a dormant or nonflowing branch line.

27.

Surge
The pressure increase, in Ibs. per sq. in., in a branch line caused by water hammer.

10. Fps.
Feet per second.

11. F.U. Fixture Unit. 12. G.P.M. U.S. Gallons per minute. 13. Kinetic Energy Energy available from a flowing column of water due to its velocity. 14. P.D.I. The Plumbing and Drainage Institute. 15. Point of Relief Point of Relief is a larger mass of water in the system, to which the branch is connected. Point of Relief could be a larger diameter main or riser, water tank, or hot water boiler. A larger diameter pipe is a main, which is at least two (2) nominal pipe sizes, larger than the branch line in question., See also page 2, paragraph titled Reaction. 16. Pressure Transducer A pressure sensitive device that will produce an

28.

Surge Pressure
The maximum pressure, in Ibs. per sq. in. gage, in a branch line caused by rapid valve closure.

29. 30.

Water Hammer See Page 2. Water Hammer Arrester A device other than an air chamber or calculated air
chamber designed to provide continuous protection against excessive surge pressure.

Waterlogged
Condition of an air chamber when all or part of its normal air content has been displaced by water.

Total Pressure The sum of the surge and flow pressures.

24