mnhvMx AavcK

cvwbi : Characteristics of water

f~Mvj I cwiek wefvM ivRkvnx KjR, ivRkvnx|

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nqwb, Ze Kvb Kvb cvwb wevbxi gZ, cvwb nj GK aibi Zij c`v_ hv h Kvb Rxei Rb GKwU AZvekKxq Dcv`vb| Ges hv evqygj I jgji ga fvimvg iv Ki GKwU AbZg RwUj Pi gvag| cvwbi YvY ejZ cvwbZ emevmKvwi Dw` I cvYxi euP _vKv I ^vfvweK ewi Rb cvwbi mnbkxj AevK eySvq| cvwbZ wewfb aibi Mvm, hgbAwRb, bvBUvRb, Kveb WvB-AvBW, AbvqwbZ Avgvwbqv, nvBWvRb mvjdvBW Ges wg_b; ARe c`v_mg~n, hgb- dmdivm, Kvjwmqvg, cUvwmqvg, gvMbwmqvg, mvwWqvg BZvw`; `exf~Z Re c`v_, hgb- GgvBbv GwmW, Avwgl, kKiv, dvwU GwmW, wfUvwgb I UwbK GwmW; A`exf~Z Re
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c`v_mg~n, h_v- evwiqv, cvUvRvqv, Dw` I cvYx-cRvsKUb; A`eYxq Re c`v_mg~n, h_v- gvwUi KYv, BZvw` wewfb gvvq we`gvb _vK| Gjv QvovI wKQy fZ Dcv`vb, hgb- Zvcgvv, cvwbi MfxiZv, Avjv, NvjvZ BZvw` cvwbi YvYi Ici cfve wevi Ki|

cvwbi mvaviY ewkt

cvwb ^v`nxb, eYnxb Ges Mnxb c`v_| GwU cPyi cwigvY Zvc kvlY KiZ cvi| mKj Rxei wewfb wqvq Ask MnY Ki| Gi Abyi ga AvKlb ag we`gvb| GwU GKwU P AbymiY Ki| GwU wZbwU Aevq _vKZ cvi| hv nj, KwVb, Zij I evqexq| GwU GKwU DrK `veK| GwU Zjvbx mq Ki Ges enb Ki|

wbP cvwbi YvY wbqYKvix fZ-ivmvqwbK I RweK Dcv`vb mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv|

cvwbi bvejx t cvwbi mvavibZ `yB aibi bvejx wbqYKvix fZivmvqwbK I RweK Dcv`vb iqQ| h_v: K) fZ bvejx (Physical characteristics of water) L) cvwbi ivmvqwbK bvejx (Chemical characteristics of water)

(Collar)
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cvwbi fZi memgq Kg ewk AwZ m~ Re I ARe `evw` fvmgvb Aevq _vK| cvwbZ fvmgvb Gme `evw`i cwigvYKB NvjvZZv ej| Gi DcKvixZv ejZ eySvq Gi viv cvwbi Rxei AvZiv Ges AcKvixZv ejZ eySvq Gi Rb m~hi Avjv ewk Mfxi ch cQZ cvi bv dj evmsvbi mgmvi mw nq|

3. Avjv (Light)t
4

| mvavibZ m~hiwki h wewKiY cvwbi cfvM cwZZ nq Gi Askwekl cvwbi Mfxi cek Ki hv wbfi Ki cvwbi gmbZv Ges wewKiYi cZbi avivi Dci| wewKiYi evKx Ask wdi hvq evqygj|

water flow

turbulent flow Cohesive adhesive

Cohesive adhesive

wPt cvwbi Avmb gZv

6

Surface tension

viscosity viscosity

8.KwkKZv ev Capillarityt

wPt cvwbi KwkKZv 9.NbZ (Density) t

cm | NbZ, =
m |GLvb, m= fi, v= AvqZb v
3

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1 11

fvM ew

cvq| G RbB eid cvwb Avq nvjKv nq| cvwbi NbZi GB wekl ag Rjvkq ZI Rb LyeB iZc~Y| Zvcgvv QvovI Aviv AbK KviY cvwbi NbZi ZviZg nZ cvi| cvwbZ `exf~Z wewfb aibi c`v_ cvwbi NbZ wewfb fve cfvweZ Ki _vK| cvwbi ga AwaK cwigvb jeb `exf~Z _vKj cvwbi NbZ ew cvq| G RbB mvgyw`K cvwbi NbZ AZvwaK nq _vK| hgb MU m jK| wZbwU cavb welqi Dci cvwbi NbZ wbfi Ki| hgb: Zvc, Pvc I cvwbZ `exf~Z wewfb c`v_i cwigvb| cvwbi NbZ wbYqi mePq ewk f~wgKv
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cvjb Ki Zvcgvv| 40 m.Zvcgvvq Ges 1 atmosphere Pvc cvwbi mevP NbZ 1|

10.AvcwK myZvc t
Zvcgvvi cwieZb bv NwUq GKK fii Kvb e GK Aev _K Ab Aevq iycvwiZ nZ h Zvc Mnb ev eRb Ki ZvK H c`v_i H Aev cwieZbi AvcwK myZvc ej| cvwbK Zij Aev _K evxq Aevq i~cvi KiZ h cwigvb Zvci cqvRb nq ZvK cvwbi exq febi AvcwK myZvc ej| 40 C Zvcgvvq cvwbi AvcwK myZvc mevwaK 4200 JKg-1 Gi A_, 40 C Zvcgvvq 1Kg cvwbK ev cwibZ KiZ 4200 J cwigvb Zvci cqvRb|

wPt cvwbi AvcwK myZvc

11.Zvcgvv t

thermocline
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wPt eQii wewfb mgq mgy`i cvwbi Zvcgvvi ZviZg I MfxiZvi mv_ cvwbi Zvcgvvi mK L) cvwbi ivmvqwbK bvejx (Chemical characteristics of water) t 1| cvwbi PH t we cvwb ev Kvb `eYi nvBWvRb Avqbi Nbgvvi FbvZK jMvwi`gK H `eYi PH ej| H+ Avqbi NbgvvK H +
viv cKvk Kiv nq| PH = -log H + 250 m Zvcgvvq we cvwbK AvqbvwqZ Kij mgmsLK H+ Ges HO- we`gvb _vK| G Rb we cvwbi AvqwbK bdj= 1 10-14 aiv
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nq| hnZz GK Aby cvwb _K GK Aby H+ Ges GKwU HO- Zix nq, mnZz we cvwbZ Zv`i Nbgvv mgvb A_vr, H + = HO - H P =7 A_vr, we cvwb wbic| wbb cvwbi PH j `Iqv nj:

wPt PH j

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2| cvwbi AZ(Acidity of water)t cvwbZ H+ Avqbi Nbgvv ew

cj cvwbi AZ ew cvq| ZLb PH Gi gvb 7 Gi wbP bg Avm| Avi cvwbi AZ Ges viKZ wbfi Ki cvwbZ `exf~Z wewfb ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb hgb Na, K, Mg2+, Ca++ Ges cvwbi jebvZvi Dci GQvovI ewcvZ, Zvcgvv iZc~Y fywgKv cvjb Ki _vK| myZivs cvwbi PHGi gvb 7 Acvq Kg nj H cvwbK Axq cvwb ejv nq|

3| cvwbi viZ (Alkinity of water)t cvwbZ HO- Avqbi Nbgvv

ew cj cvwbi viZ ew cvq| A_vrGi PH gvb 7 Acvq AwaK nq|myZivs cvwbi PHGi gvb 7 Acvq ewk nj H cvwbK vixq cvwb wnme weewPZ Kiv nq|

4| cvwbi `eb gZv(Dissolved power of water) t cvwbi

mePq eo b nj Gi `eY gZv |cvwbZ wewfb aibi c`v_ mnR `exf~Z nZ cvi ej GK mveRbxb `veK ejv nq(Universal solvent)| Rxebi Rb AZvekKxq LwbR c`v_ jv gvwU KwkK cvwbZ `exf~Z nq Ges Zv nZ g~jivg KZK kvwlZ nq| GwmW, viK, jeY I wewfb Mvm cvwbZ `ebxq| NaOH, KOH, Mvp H2SO4 cf~wZ cvwbZ `exf~Z nIqvi mgq Zvc Drcb nq| cvwbZ NH4Cl, KNO3, NH4CNS cf~wZ `exf~Z nIqvi mgq cP~i cwigvb Zvc kvlY Ki| gvU ivmvqwbK c`v_ mg~ni ga 50% c`v_ cvwbZ mnR
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`eYxq| we cvwb wbic nIqvq cvwbZ `exf~Z `ewUi Kvb cKvi ivmvqwbK cwieZb nq bv|

wPt cvwbZ `exf~Z wewfb ivmvqwbK c`v_ mg~n 5| cvwbi nvBWvRb e t cvwbi GKwU Aby Ab AviKwU Abyi mv_
nvBWvRb e ev eb viv hy _vK| cvwb ^vfvweK Aevq Zij _vK| cvwbK evxf~Z Kivi Rb ZvccqvM Kij nvBWvRb e f cvwb ev cwiYZ nq|

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Physical properties of water

wP t cvwbi nvBWvRb e

6| AwKRb t cvKwZK cvwbZ h mKj ivmvqwbK `evw` cvIqv hvq

AwKRb Zv`i ga AZ Zvrchc~Y| AwKRb GKw`K hgb cvwbZ emevmKvix Rxe`i wecvK wbqb Ki, Aciw`K cvwbi Drcv`b gZvi gvcKvwV wnmveI KvR Kiv nq| cvwbi Zvcgvv hZ Kg ne H cvwbi AwKRb `exf~ZKiY gZv ZZ ew cvq| 25 0 m nZ 00 m ch Zvcgvv nvivevi mgq cvwbZ `exf~Z AwKRbi cwigvb kZKiv 40 fvM eo hvq| Avevi cvwbZ jebvZv ew cj AwKRbi cwigvb nvm cvq| wewfb DPvq Rjvkqi cvwbZ wewfb cwigvb AwKRb `exf~Z _vK| cvwbZ `exf~Z AwKRb Gi mnvqZvq RjR cvbx I Dw` euP _vK|

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inversely proportional

7| Kveb-WvB AKvBW (CO2)t cvwbZ AwKRb Gi cvkvcvwk CO2

`exf~Z _vK| Ze cvwbi h mKj Avavi chv cwigvb Re Dcv`vbi mieivn iqQ m mKj Rjvavi ev cvwbZ CO2Gi cwigvb AwaK nq| Ze cvwbi MfxiZv ewi mv_ mv_ cvwbZ `exf~Z AwKRb I CO2 Gi cwigvb AvbycvwZK nvi cwiewZZ nq| cvwbZ CO2 Avigq KvewbKGwmW ic `exf~Z _vK| wbb wewqvwU `Lvbv nj: CO2 +H2O=H2CO3 (KvewbK GwmW) wbb wPi mvnvq Zv `Lvbv nj:
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wPt cvwbZ `exf~Z O2 I CO2 MfxiZv Abymvi ZviZg|

Primary production

8| cvwbi Abyi ivmvqwbK MVbt `yBwU nvBWvRb IGKwU AwKRb

cigvby wbq GK Aby cvwb MwVZ nq| `yBwU ivmvqwbK eb `yBwU cigvbyK
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GKwU AwKRb cigvbyi mv_ H-O-H ic mshy KI ivL| nvBWvRb I AwKRb Gi `ywU cigvbyi `yB cv wecixZ agx PvR we`gvb _vKvq cvwbi Abyi AvKwZ AbKUv KwbK AvKwZi nq _vK|

wP: cvwbi Abyi ivmvqwbK MVb AvKwZ

9| jebvZvt ^v`y cvwbi jebvZv ejZ eySvq cavbZ AvUwU abvZK

Ges FbvZK yjvbyi(Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+,K+ HCO3-,CO2-,SO42-, Cl) DcwwZ hLb, fi wgwj BKzBfvjU cwZ wjUvi wnme cKvk Kiv nq Zvi cwigvbK eySvq| f~ci DcwifvM cvwbZ Mo jebvZvi cwigvb 120 wgwj Mvg cwZ wjUvi| mvMii cvwbi Mo jebvZvi cwigvb 30 Mvg cwZ wjUvi|
jebvZv Mvg cwZ wjUvi

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wPt mgy` ci jebvZv 10| cvwbi Zwor cwievwnZvt cvwb we`yr cwievnx| cvwbi ga w`q Zi

ev BjKUb cevn AvKvi we`yr cwievwnZ nq| Ze cvwbi ga `exf~Z jeYi cwigvb hZ Kg _vKe we`yr cevn ZZ `Z MwZZ cevwnZ ne| jebv cvwbi Zzjbvq we cvwbi we`yr cevn gZv AbKb ewk|

11| LiZv t LiZv cvwbi AviKwU AbZg ivmvqwbK ewk| cvwbZ

Kvjwmqvg I gvMbwmqvg Aby DcwZ _vKvi Kvib cvwb KvwVb cv nq| AwaKvsk cvKwZK cvwbi LiZv Kvjwmqvg evB KvebUi DcwwZi Kvib nq _vK|

12| GwmW wqv t GwmWi mv_ we cvwbi Kvb ivmvqwbK wqv

NU bv,-mKj AbycvZ cvwbi mv_ wgwkZ Kiv hvq|
HCl, HNO3, H2SO4

cf~wZGwmW

NH4 + NH3

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20

Plankton

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

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(Water pollution )

Water pollution involves the release into lakes, streams, rivers, and oceans of substances that become dissolved or suspended in the water or deposited upon the bottom and accumulate to the extent that they interfere with the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. It may also include the release of energy in the form of radioactivity or heat, as in the case of thermal pollution. -Raymond F. Dasmann, Emeritus Professor of Ecology, University of California, Santa Cruz. Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems. It occurs when water is contaminated by such substances as human and other animal wastes, toxic (poisonous) chemicals, metals, and oils. - Gene E. Likens, Director, Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Water pollution is the contamination of water by sewage, toxic chemicals, metals, oils, or other substances. It can affect such surface waters as rivers, lakes, and oceans, as well as the water beneath Earth's surface, called ground water. Water pollution can harm many species of plants and animals. According to the World Health Organization, nearly one-sixth of the world's people have no access to safe drinking water. - Marian R. Chertow, M.P.P.M., Director, Industrial Environmental Management Program, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Water Pollution, contamination of streams, lakes, underground water, bays, or oceans by substances harmful to living things. -John Hart, Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005.

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Workers wash the shoreline on Latouche Island, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in 1989, dumping more than 38 million liters of oil into Prince William Sound. -Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005.

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25

cvwb `~lY
`exf~Z `~lK KwVb c`v_ ARe jeY Re wewfb Mvm ARe jeY, cwj evwj &BZvw` cPbkxj Rxe fvmgvb `~lK Re

Kvjwkqvg, gvMwkqvg, mvwWqvg, Avqib, wR

cPbkxj Rxe`n

H2S, CO2, NH4, N2, O2,Cl2

Rxe `ni fvBivm, evKUwiqv

26

ppm TDS ppm Calcium ppm Magnesium ppm Potassium ppm Sodium ppm Iron ppm Bicarbonate ppm Cliloride ppm Sulfate ppm Nitrate ppm

PH

27

 Hypoxia; methane globinemia asphyxia (reduced O2 supply) Blue Baby Development

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ppb WHO

American Waterworks Association (AWWA EPA

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FeS2

BGS

31

WHO

WHO WHO
UNESCO, IAEA, UNICEF, UNIDO, FAO, WORLD BANK

32

Rapid Action Program

R WHO

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pH pH As III pH As(V)As(V)-

34

adsorption

As(III pH As(V)

dose pH

As(III) As(V)

As(V)As(III) C/F As(V dosage

35

As(V)-

pH Lime Softening Ion Exchange) TDS

RO EDR EDR NF

As(V) dose) detention pH

Community System

Water Station
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mnhvMx AavcK
f~Mvj I cwiek wefvM ivRkvnx KjR, ivRkvnx|

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