M U

Hin nay, xng du l mt mt hng quan trng, n chnh l mu huyt ca nn kinh t quc dn v quc phng cho bt k mt quc gia no trn th gii .Ti Vit Nam , nhu cu tiu th sn phm du kh ang tng ln cng vi s tng trng ca nn kinh t quc dn v quc phng. Tuy nhin sn phm xng Vit Nam hin nay u c nhp khu t nc ngoi, phn ln t Singapore vi ba u mi tip nhn l H Ch Minh, Nng v Qung Ninh. T ba u mi tip nhn ny, sn phm c phn phi ti cc kho trung chuyn trn ton quc. Trong tng lai vic nhp sn phm xng du l iu khng c li cho nn kinh t ca c nc. V vy, c th p ng nhu cu xng du cho ngi tiu dng th nht thit phi c nh my lc v ch bin ,trong quan trng hn c l phi c phn xng sn xut xng du . Ngi ta c th sn xut xng bng nhiu cc qu trnh ch bin khc nhau nh l cracking xc tc, Reforming xc tc, izome ha ...v..v...trong cracking xc tc l qu trnh ch yu sn xut xng . Tiu chun quan trng ca nhin liu dng cho ng c xng l tr s octan . Tr s ny cng cao th kh nng chng kch n cng cao. Thot tin, ngi ta thc hin cracking phn on du m c nhit si trong khong 490 800 K bng nhit , nhng vi phng php ny th hiu qu rt thp v sn phm cha nhiu hydrocacbon phn t thp . n khong nhng nm 1930 , qu trnh cracking nhit c thay th bng Cracking xc tc, vi cht xc tc l Aluminosilicat t nhin. u tin ngi ta s dng lp xc tc tnh nhng n cng cha mang li hiu

sut v cht lng xng cao nh mong mun , li c qu nhiu nhc im, vy nn ngi ta thay th n bng qu trnh Cracking c lp xc tc chuyn ng . C rt nhiu cng ngh khc nhau cho qu trnh Cracking c lp xc tc chuyn ng. Nhng ngy nay ngi ta dng ph bin l cng ngh FCC. Vi cng ngh ny , ngi ta thu c nhiu xng v cht lng cng tt hn rt nhiu , phn no cng p ng c nhu cu xng du hin nay.

PHN I
TNG QUAN L THUYT QU TRNH CRACKING XC TC Trong cng ngh ch bin du m cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc di tc dng ca cht xc tc chim mt t l rt ln v ng vai tr v cng quan trng . Cht xc tc trong qu trnh chuyn c kh nng lm gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng v vy m tng tc phn ng ln rt nhiu . Mc khc , khi c mt cht xc tc th phn ng c kh nng tin hnh nhit thp hn iu ny rt quan trng i vi nhng phn ng c hiu ng dung nh phn ng hydro ha , alkyl ha , polime ha v.v... S c mt cht xc tc va thc y nhanh qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc , va c kh nng to ra nhng nng cn bng cao nht , c ngha l tng hiu sut ca qu trnh .iu quan trng nht l cht xc

tc c kh nng tng nhanh khng ng u gia cc loi phn ng m v phng din nhit ng l chng xy ra cng lc trong qu trnh , trong iu kin nh nhau , ngi ta gi y l tnh cht chn la ca xc tc. Ngi ta nghin cu rt nhiu loi cht xc tc v ngi ta cng li dng tnh cht chn la ca n m hng phn ng ca qu trnh ch bin theo chiu c li nhm thu c nhng sn phm chnh t hiu sut v cht lng tt nh mong mun. Chnh v l do do cho nn p ng ngy cng nhiu nhu cu dng xng du th ngi ta nghin cu v ci tin dn qu trnh cracking xc tc . Qu trnh cracking xc tc vi dy chuyn cng ngh FCC l u im hn c.

1. MC CH , NGHA CA QU TRNH CRACKING XC TC.

Cracking xc tc chim mt v tr c bit quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du m . Lng du m dng ch bin bng cracking xc tc l tng i ln.V d nh : vo thng mt nm 1965 tng lng du m nc m ch bin l 1500 tn/ngy trong c 800 tn/ngy (tc khong 53%) c ch bin bng cracking xc tc. Qu trnh cracking xc tc l mt qu trnh ch yu sn xut xng cho t v mt t cho xng my bay.Chnh v vy m khng c nh my lc du no li thiu phn xng cracking xc tc.

Mc ch qu trnh cracking xc tc l bin i phn on du m c nhit si cao thnh cc cu t xng c cht lng cao, ngoi ra cn thu thm mt s sn phm ph khc nh gasoil nng , gasoil nh, kh,...Qu trnh cracking xc tc thc cht l qu trnh cho tip xc nguyn liu vi cht xc tc trong iu kin qui nh v ch cng ngh , cc phn ng c li xy ra nhm thu dc sn phm c cht lng tt v hiu sut ln, ng thi cc phn ng ph c hi cng xy ra nh phn ng to cc trn b mt cht xc tc lm cho xc tc gim hot tnh. Do vy m cn phi tin hnh ti sinh xc tc.

II. C CH PHN NG.

Trong iu kin m chng ta tin hnh qu trnh cracking xc tc, mt s lng ln cc phn ng ha hc xy ra v chng quyt nh cht lng hiu sut ca qu trnh. l cc phn ng sau: 1. Phn ng phn hu cc mch CC, phn ng cracking L phn ng phn hu b gy mch nhng phn t c kch thc ln (trng lng phn t ln) thnh nhng phn t c kch thc nh hn (trng lng phn t nh hn). y l phn ng chnh ca qu trnh. + Phn hu parafin to olefin v parafin c trng lng phn t nh hn CnH2n+2 CmH2m + CpH2p+2 (n = m + p)

+ B gy mch olefin to olefin nh hn CnH2n CmH2m + CpH2p (n = m + p)

+ Hydrocacbon thm c nhnh bn b b gy to thnh parafin v hydrocacbon thm c nhnh nh hn ArCnH2n+1 ArCmH2m+1 + CpH2p (n = m + p)

+ Naphten b b gy m vng to cc olefin (tr vng hexan) CnH2n naphtenolefin CnH2n CmH2m + CpH2p olefin naphten (n = m + p) olefin olefin

C6H12 + CmH2m + CpH2p (n = m + p+ 6) olefin xyclohexan olefin

naphten xyclohexan olefin olefin

2. Phn ng ng phn ho (izome ho) L phn ng to ra nhng hydrocacbon c cu trc mch nhnh (cu t lm tr s octan tng ln). n-olefinizo-olefin n-parafinizo-parafin n-parafin izo-parafin izo-olefin

3. Phn ng chuyn di hydro di tc dng ca xc tc Nh c xc tc m c s phn b li hydro cho nn lm no c mt s hydrocacbon i (sn phm phn hu), v vy lm tng c tnh n nh ho hc ca sn phm thu. Naphten + olefin Naphten + olefin hydrocacbon thm + parafin hydrocacbon thm + parafin

4. Phn ng trng hp Ch yu xy ra vi hydrocacbon i.

CnH2n

+ CmH2m

CpH2p

(n + m = p)

5. Phn ng alkyl ho v kh alkyl ho Phn ng alkyl ho xy ra nhit thp, lm gim hiu sut kh.

ArH

+ olefin

CnH2n alkyl thm

Aromat CnH2n+1 Hydrocacbon thm

Hydrocacbon thm olefin

alkyl thm

Phn ng kh alkyl ho ngc vi phn ng alkyl ho, xy ra nhit cao v to nhiu kh. 6. Phn ng ngng t to cc Phn ng ny ch yu xy ra i vi cc hydrocacbon thm a vng, xy ra khi nhit cao.

H2

2H 2

S to cc trong qu trnh cracking xc tc l khng mong mun, v cc to thnh thng bm trn b mt xc tc, gim hot tnh b mt xc tc, gim thi gian lm vic ca xc tc. Hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng trn khc nhau v du cng nh v gi tr. a s cc phn ng phn hu l phn ng thu nhit mnh, cn

cc phn ng nh phn ng ng phn ho, chuyn v hydro, polyme ho v phn ng ngng t l cc phn ng to nhit yu. Hiu ng nhit tng cng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc l thu nhit, vi gi tr thay i t 100 n 400 kJ/kg nguyn liu, tu theo bn cht ca nguyn liu c s dng trong qu trnh. Hin nay, vn cha c s nht tr hon ton trong vic gii thch c ch xc tc qu trnh cracking.Nhng nhn chung th ph bin hn l gii htch theo c ch ioncacbonic.Cc ioncacbonic ny c to ra khi m cc phn t hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc.Theo thuyt ny th qu trnh cracking xc tc xy ra theo 3 giai on chnh sau y: a. To ioncacboni - Paraffin : Cc hydrocacbon paraffin, trong qu trnh tin hnh cracking xc tc, n s b hp th trn trung tm axit Lewis ca cht xc tc to ra ion cacboni : V d : Cracking n-hexan [2 - 109] CH3-CH+-CH2-CH2-CH2CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 in tch dng khng bao gi nhn c cacbon bc mt. Tng qut c th vit : +H2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-

A (H + ) CnH2n+2 Bronsted : CnH2n+1 +H2 CnH2n+2 + H+ CnH2n+3 CmH2m+1 + CpH2p - Olefin: y l thnh phn khng c trong nguyn liu ban u ca qu trnh m n c to ra do s phn hy cc hydroccbon thm ,Parafin , naphten ,...Olefin l hp cht rt hot ng ,nh vy m n tham gia vo phn ng to Ion cacboni do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axit Bronsted ca xc tc: CnH2n+1 + H2 Ngoi ra , Parafin cng c th b hp th trn nhng tm axit

R1 CH C R2 + H + (xt) H

R1 CH C R2 H H

+ (xt)

Ion cacboni to thnh do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axit Lewis ca xc tc:

O RH + olefin Al O Si O R
+

O H Al O Si O

hoc l

CnH2n + H+ C

Cn+H2n+1

CnH2n + L C

C+nH2n+1 + LH

Ion cacboni to thnh trong cc phn ng tun theo quy tc nht nh. Nh khi olefin tc dng vi H+(xt) th xc sut to alkyl bc 2 ln hn alkyl bc mt.
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 + H + (xt) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 dto thnh hn CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2
+ +

Khi olefin c lin kt i cacbon bc 3 th ion cacboni bc 3 d to thnh hn cacbon bc 2.

CH3 CH3 CH C CH3 + H + (xt) CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3 dto thnh hn CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3
+ +

T hydrocacbon naphten: Khi hydrocacbon naphten tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc hay cc ion cacboni khc s to ra cc ion cacboni mi tng t nh qu trnh xy ra vi parafin. T hydrocacbon thm :ngi ta quan st thy s to thnh ion cacbonil s kt hp trc tip ca H+ vo nhn thm
CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 H

H+

Cc hydrocacbon thm c mch bn di th s to thnh ion cacboni cng ging nh trng hp parafin. Thi gian sng ca cc ion cacboni c to ra dao ng t phn triu giy n hng pht. Cc ion cacboni ny to ra nm trong lp cc phn t hp ph, chng l nhng hp cht trung gian rt hot ng i vi nhiu phn ng xy ra khi cracking. b. Giai on bin i ion cacboni Cc ion cacboni l nhng hp cht rt hot ng ,chnh v vy khi c to ra t giai on trn li nhanh chng tham gia vo cc phn ng bin i khc nhau nh : Phn ng ng phn ho, chuyn di ion hydro, nhm metyl to cu trc nhnh.
+
+

+
+

RCCCC
CH3

CCCCR

R CH2 CH CH3

R CH CH2

R C CH2 CH3

n nh ca ion cacboni theo bc l gim dn nh sau : C3+ (bc 3) > C2+ (bc 2) > C3 + (bc 1)

- Ion cacboni tc dng vi phn t trung ho to thnh ion cacboni mi v phn t mi (hydrocacbon no hay i) theo phn ng vn chuyn ion hydrit.

C+nH2n+1 + CmH2m C+nH2n+1 + CmH2m+2 C+mH2m+1

C C

CnH2n

+ C+mH2m+1 CnH2n+2 +

Phn ng cracking: Cc ion cacboni c s nguyn t cacbon ln xy ra s phn hu v t mch v tr so vi nguyn t cacbon tch in. Sn phm phn hu l mt phn t hydrocacbon trung ho v ion cacboni mi c s nguyn t cacbon nh hn
[A] [B]
+

R C C C C C C C [C] C

Nu ba lin kt CC v tr th lin kt CC v tr [A] l c xc sut t mch ln nht, sau n v tr [B] v cui cng n v tr [C]. Vi ion cacboni mch thng:
CH3 CH CH2 R
+

CH3 CH CH2 + R

i vi ion cacboni l ng ng ca benzen, v d nu p dng quy tc v tr bnh thng th v tr rt bn vng. Chnh v vy m ngi ta cho rng proton phi c kt hp vi mt trong nhng lin kt CC trong nhn thm to thnh nhng hp cht trung gian, sau mi

phn hu theo quy tc nu trn. Khi phn hu, in tch ion cacboni s dch chuyn theo s sau:
H C C C
+ +

C C C C

CH C C

Nh vy trong hydrocacbon thm hiu ng tch in nhn thm l nguyn nhn quan trng hn so vi nguyn nhn l s bin i ion cacboni bc hai thnh bc ba. Cc ioncacboni l ng ng ca Benzen m c mch nhnh cng di th tc xy ra cng lnv cng d. V d nh ioncacboni izobutylbenzen c tc ln hn 10 ln so vi ioncacboni izopropyl-benzen . Cc nhm metyl , etyl , rt kh b t ra khi nhn Benzen ( v l nng lng lin kt ln ) v do kh to c ion CH 3+ v C2H5+. iu ny gii thch c v sao trong xng cracking xc tc li c hm lng hydrocacbon c mch nhnh bn ngn l ln v cng gii thch c l v sao trong sn phm kh ca qu trnh cracking li nhiu hydrocacbon mch nhnh. c. Giai on dng phn ng Giai on ny xy ra khi cc ion cacboni kt hp vi nhau hoc chng nhng hay nhn nguyn t hydro ca xc tc to thnh cc phn t trung ho. Nhn chung , nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking xc tc l rt phc tp.

PHN 2 XY DNG I. CHN A IM XY DNG

1. Nhng c s xc nh a im xy dng Do phn xng cracking xc tc l mt phn ca nh my lc du, v vy vic chn a im xy dng nh my lc du c ngha l c chn xy dng phn xng cracking. Vic chn a im xy dng l vn ht sc quan trng, kh khn vi cng vic thit k, i hi nhng nh thit k v qun l u phi tm hiu v kt hp nhng s liu, nhng thng s k thut ca nhiu ngnh, nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: a cht, thu vn, kinh t, cng nghip, xy dng... Vic xy dng mt nh my lc du c lin quan n chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi ca mt vng, mt t nc. V vy vic la chn a im xy dng cn c xem xt v cn nhc k lng. a im xy dng phi tho mn nhng yu cu sau: + V mt quy hoch: a im xy dng phi ph hp vi quy hoch chung ca c vng v c th m rng hn l cc cm kinh t, cng nghip ca c nc. + V iu kin t chc: - Thun li cho vic cung cp nguyn liu. - Thun li cho vic tiu th sn phm. - Gn ngun cung cp nng lng in, hi t, nhin liu... + V iu kin k thut h tng:

- a im xy dng h thng phi gn ng giao thng quc gia, quc t nh: ng b, ng st, ng thu v ng khng. - Thun li v thng tin lin lc. + V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh nh my: - a im xy dng phi m bo vn cung cp nguyn vt liu, vt t xy dng. - C kh nng cung cp nhn cng trong qu trnh xy dng nh my trong vn hnh sau ny. + V iu kin chnh tr, x hi a im c chn phi thuc vng c iu kin chnh tr x hi n nh. * Chnh ph ta xy dng nh my lc du s 1 ti Dung Qut Qung Ngi, v th em chn a im xy dng ti Dung Qut s tho mn cc yu cu trn. 2. c im ca a im xy dng a im xy dng nh my lc du ti Dung Qut - Qung Ngi. Phn xng cracking xc tc c xy dng trong nh my lc du. + c im ca khu vc Qung Ngi: - Nn kinh t nhn chung cha pht trin, cc ngnh dch v, thng mi cha mnh. - Kh hu: mt nm thng c hai ma l ma ma v ma kh. Kh hu ni chung khng n ho.

- a hnh: dc nh hn 1%, khng nm trn cc m khong sn, c chu nn tt. + u im: Dung Qut ni ring v Qung Ngi ni chung nm trong vng trng im pht trin kinh t ca Chnh ph vi d n pht trin khu cng ngh cao. Thun li v giao thng ng b, ng thu v ng hng khng. + Nhc im: Xa ngun nguyn liu, kh hu khc nghit, thng c bo, l. * Kt lun: Mc d cn nhiu im cha ph hp khi chn Dung Qut lm a im xy dng nh my lc du, tuy nhin, nu xt mt cch tng th th cng c nhiu thun li nh: nm trong quy hoch pht trin khu cng nghip, c cng nc su, sn bay...v iu quan trng na l chnh ph ta mun xy dng nh my lc du y thc y kinh t min Trung pht trin hn na.

II. CC NGUYN TC KHI THIT K XY DNG

Vic xy dng cn phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau: + Vic b tr cc hng mc chnh trong dy chuyn mt cch thch hp m bo cc hng mc hot ng thun tin v hp l nht. + Khi b tr cc cng trnh trn mt bng cn phi d kin trc hng mc s xy dng giai on sau to iu kin thun li cho vic m rng sn xut. Trnh gy nh hng n sn xut khi cn m rng

v khng t cc ng ng i qu xa. + Cc cng trnh ph tr cn t gn cc cng trnh chnh gim chi ph vn chuyn. + Cc cng trnh c hi nn b tr ring bit, xa cc cng trnh chnh v cui hng gi, t ngi qua li. + Trm bin th in nn t gn ni s dng in nhiu nht nh my bm, my nn. + ng giao thng trong nh my phi m bo chiu cao, chiu rng xe t v con ngi lu thng. + m bo m quan nh my.

III. B TR MT BNG
Trn khu t chn xy dng, b tr cc cng trnh chnh, cc cng trnh ph v cc cng trnh phc v. Ngoi ra cn b tr h thng ng ng, chiu sng. Tt c cc hng mc ca cng trnh cn c b tr hp l, m bo iu kin k thut v m quan cng trnh. 1. c im ca dy chuyn sn xut + Qu trnh hot ng ca dy chuyn l lin tc. + Trong khi vn hnh c th thi kh c v nc nhim. + Ton b dy chuyn u l thin. + Xng cracking xc tc l mt phn ca nh my lc du do qu trnh hot ng khng th tch ring c.

2. Mt bng phn xng Tng din tch thit k:11,5 ha; din tch dnh cho sn xut l 50%, din tch dnh cho d tr 30%, cn li dnh cho trng cy xanh v b tr cc hng mc khc. S nguyn tc dy chuyn ca phn xng:

Nguyn tc:
Nguyn liu L phn ng L ti sinh xc tc

Thp tch chnh

Thp tch kh

Thp tch xng

Thp tch LCO

Thp tch HCO

Cn

Cc hng mc cng trnh. Cc cng trnh trong phn xng c th hin bng di y : Bng : Cc hng mc cng trnh trong phn xng cracking S TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tn cng trnh Phng bo v Nh xe p, xe my Garage t Nh hnh chnh Hi trng Sn xut nc Nh phng chy cha chy Nh c kh Nh bm v nn Nh iu khin Nh x l nc thi Trm in L ti sinh L phn ng Thp chng ct chnh Tuabin kh Sn xut hi nc L t CO S lng 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kch thc 6 24

Din tch, m2 108 288 288 432 432 216 108 288 108 108 216 72 144 144 144 144 144 144

6 12

24 12 36 36 18 12 24 12 12

12 12 12 9 12 9 9

18 12 12 12 12

6 12 12

12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Tng

ng khi Trao i nhit Lm ngui B cha nguyn liu u B cha xng B cha kh nh B cha LPG B cha LCO
B

1 1 1 6 4 3 2 2 2 2

12 12 12 12

144 144 144 15000 6400 4800 3200 3200 3200 3200 42960

12 12

50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

cha HCO

B cha du cn

3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu k thut c bn - Chiu di phn xng: 460 m - Chiu rng phn xng: - Tng din tch phn xng (F): F = 115.000 m2 250 m F = 115.000 m

460 m

- Din tch chim t ca nh v cng trnh (A): A = 42960 m2 - Din tch sn btng (B): B = 10.000 m2 - Din tch chim t ca ng giao thng, ca h thng ng ng vn chuyn vt cht, rnh thot nc, va h v t d tr C = 27.000 m2 B = 10.000 m

- Xc nh h s xy dng (Kxd): Kxd =

115000

A B 100 F

Kxd = 42960 10000 . 100 = 46,1 % - Xc nh h s s dng (Ksd): Ksd =

115000

A B C 100 F

Ksd = 42960 10000 27000 .100 = 69,5 % Theo tiu chun Vit Nam th cc ch tiu kinh t k thut xy dng Kxd v Ksd ca phn xng cracking xc tc hon ton tho mn v m bo yu cu quy nh. Do qu trnh sn xut hu ht c tin hnh trong cc thit b kn, kch thc thit b rt cao v to, vn chuyn bng ng ng, cc qu trnh c c kh ho t ng ho ton b, vic iu khin c tin hnh trong phng iu khin trung tm. Do thit k nh sn xut l thin - bn l thin. - Nh sn xut l thin - bn l thin c thit k bng khung thp. Bn trong c nh iu khin trung tm v t cc thit b ph tr cho qu trnh sn xut nh thit b lm lnh ni hi, bm, cc thit b chnh nh thit b phn ng, thit b ti sinh, thit b tch sn phm c t ngoi tri. + Nhp nh L1 = 6 m, L2 = 6 m. + Bc ct B = 6 m. + Chiu cao nh: H = 6 m.

- Nh c hai mi dc hai pha thng gi t nhin trong nh do i lu khng kh. - Nn nh l loi nn xi mng v b tng, loi nn ny chu c khong cht, hp cht v c v kim yu. - Ct nh bng thp dng mng n di ct. Loi mng ny c t trn mt lp lt mng dy 100 mm. Nu t kh cng c th dng lp lt bng dm, nu t t dng b tng gch v hoc b tng mc 50. - Ct c kch thc 400 mm, dm chnh chy dc theo chiu dc nh c kch thc 300 mm, c 3 m s c mt dm ph theo chiu ngang dy 200 mm. Hai bn thit b s c dm ph chu lc v gi thit b ng vng. Dm chnh c gn vo ct nh bt bulng qua gi ta, dm ph gn vo dm chnh bng bulng. - Mi nh dng loi mi 30% v gc nghing va h l 150. - ng giao thng trong phn xng ch yu l ng b, ng t. ng t c bng b tng nha c hai ln xe, mi ln 3 m mt u ni vi ng chnh trong khu lin hp mt u ni vi ng ph xung quanh phn xng. ng giao thng l loi ng cp 3, va h i b c chiu rng 1,5 m. Trong phn xng c ng ni lin cc khu vi nhau bo m mt giao thng vn chuyn cc vt t nguyn liu c d dng v thun tin. Hai bn ng trng cy cnh v cc vn hoa m bo cnh quan cho mi trng phn xng. Cc ng ng chnh trong phn xng

nh ng ng cp nc phc v sn xut, sinh hot, ng ng nc thi, cc ng ng dn nguyn liu lng, kh t trn mt t v ngm di mt t.

PHN 3 : AN TON
Trong cc nh my cng nghip, an ton l mt vn ht sc quan trng v vy khi thit k mt nh my cn ch n vn an ton. * Yu t v sinh mt bng. * Giao thng trong nh my. * Phng chng chy n. * Nhng yu cu khc.

1. YU CU V SINH I VI MT BNG NH MY
Mt bng ca nh my phi m bo iu kin thi cc cht c thun li, vy th mt bng phi cao mi tiu nc d dng v trnh hin tng ngm nc t ngoi vo. Mt bng phi ch n hng gi v hng mt tri. Cc b phn sn xut c bi, kh c, c ting n cn b tr cui hng gi. B tr hng nh my theo hng mt tri sao cho chng nng tt nhng iu kin chiu sng t nhin l tt nht, khong cch chiu sng t nhin gia cc nh c xc nh theo cng thc sau: B = 1/2 (H + h); m

B: Khong cch gia cc nh H, h: Chiu cao ca cc to nh ng cnh nhau. Khi xy dng nh my kiu ch U hay ch E th khong cch gia cc nh s = 1/2 tng chiu cao nhng khng c di 15 m; B > 15 m.

2. YU CU V PHNG CHNG CHY N TRONG NH MY

Phng chy n l mt vn ht sc quan trng ca ngnh du m, v trong cc nh my ch bin du m c rt nhiu ngun nhin liu d gy ra chy n. Do vy, trong nh my cn ch cc bin php phng chng chy n nhm t hiu qu cao nht khi c s c xy ra. Khi b tr cc nh kho b cha cn ch cc yu cu v phng chy n nh sau: Kho ngm th khong cch gia chng gim i: 1/2 theo yu cu:- 5 m (chu la tt)- 10 m (chu la km) Nhng kho cha na chm na ni th khong cch gim i: 1/4 theo yu cu:- 1,5 m (chu la tt), - 15 m (chu la km) Cc bin php phng chy trong nh my: Phi c cc thit b phng chy t c nh trn cc b cha xng du, khi c s c v chy n xy ra n t ng lm vic v cc thit b lu ng nhm h tr vi cc thit b c nh nhm dp tt ngay sau khi c chy n xy ra.

i vi cc nh my ho cht th phi c nh cu ho v b phn cu ho thng trc. Nh cu ho l ni ct gi cc phng tin, dng c phng v cha chy. Nh cu ho phi t v tr thun tin s dng nhanh nht khi c s c xy ra. Thit b trong phn xng lm vic iu kin p sut cao, sn phm ch yu l xng d gy ra chy n. Do vy phi c khong cch gia cc nh xng thch hp nhm m bo an ton cho ngi thi hnh cng vic cng nh m bo hn ch nh hng n cc thit b khc. Nh xng phi thong, cn ch n hng gi. Cn phi c cc cng tc bo h lao ng v c bit l phng chy n. An ton lao ng: i vi cc thng, b cha, phi c kim tra nh k cc thit b an ton nhm khc phc nhng hng hc kp thi. i vi mi ngi khi ra vo nh my phi xut trnh giy t v khng c mang cht gy n, cht d chy vo nh my v phi c s ng ca ban bo v mi c vo khu vc nh my, nhng ngi khng c nhim v khng c vo khu vc nh my. i vi cng nhn vin, phi thc hin ng quy nh v an ton lao ng, cng nhn phi hc tp o to v an ton chy n trc khi vo nh my. Phi kim tra nh k v kin thc an ton thm kin thc cho cng nhn vin trong nh my. Trong nh my khng dng ngun la h, khng ht thuc l trong khi lm vic, khng mang theo cc vt liu chy n vo ni lm vic

nhm m bo cho ti a an ton v chy n.

3. CC YU CU V AN TON GIAO THNG TRONG NH MY

Trong nh my c rt nhiu ng giao thng v vy vic b tr cho ng i li phi m bo khoa hc khng xy ra tai nn, m bo cho vic i li khi c s c chy n xy ra. Mun t tt iu cn b tr ng i li trong nh my cho hp l. ng t phi c l ng v va h dnh cho ngi i b; ng mt chiu phi c chiu rng ti thiu l 3,5 m; ng hai chiu phi c chiu rng ti thiu l 6 m. m bo cha chy tt th ng phi dn v bt k phn xng no c hai pha. Nh my cn b tr xe cha chy c th ra vo bn pha, ca ti thiu cho xe l 6 m. Nu nh ng ct th phi c bi quay xe, mi b rng l 12 m.

4. NHNG YU CU KHC
a. Chng c hi cho cng nhn Kim tra sc kho nh k cho cng nhn kp thi pht hin v iu tr, thay i mi trng lm vic cho cng nhn. Thc hin ng nhng quy nh v sc kho cho cn b cng nhn vin. Khi lm vic cng nhn phi mang cc thit b phng c nh: mt n, gng tay, qun o bo h, ng trnh nhim c.

b. Bin php an ton chung i vi cc thit b Khi thit k phi tho mn iu kin an ton thun li v nh nhng. Khi thao tc phi ph hp vi th lc, thn kinh v cc c im c bn ca ngi s dng. c. An ton v in Khi s dng cn phi dng dng in an ton, cch ly dy dn, che chn c hc, cc thit b in u phi c dy ni t, phi s dng gng v ng bng cao su.

PHN 4: Mt S S C Trong Nh My Lc Ha Du. (1).Khi ng li phn xng cracking xc tc sau s c mt in

(Tuoitre.vn - 08:50 (01/04/2010) TT - Tin t Cng ty TNHH lc - ha du Bnh Sn (Qung Ngi) cho bit n chiu 31-3, phn xng cng ngh cracking xc tc - phn xng quan trng nht ca Nh my lc du Dung Qut - khi ng tr li sau hn ba ngy xy ra s c mt in. Trc , Tp on Du kh quc gia VN gi vn bn bo co Th tng Chnh ph v vic mt in gy dng hot ng Nh my lc du Dung Qut trong m 28-3. S c xy ra lc 21g26 m 28-3 khin ton nh my phi dng hot ng. n ngy 29-3, mt s b phn ca cc phn xng cng ngh chnh mi bt u khi ng tr li.

Nguyn nhn ban u gy ra s c l do h thng cung cp in cho cc bm du bi trn ca cc my pht in b chm t. Tnh n cui thng 3, Nh my lc du Dung Qut vn cha th xc nh c th s c bn giao vo thi gian no. Trong khi , chiu 31-3, ng Nguyn Hoi Giang, tng gim c Cng ty lc - ha du Bnh Sn, khng nh y khng phi s c m ch l li k thut nh. Theo ng Giang, li k thut ny l bnh thng trong qu trnh vn hnh th v nh my hot ng bnh thng ngay sau . ng Giang khng cho bit bao gi nh my vn hnh th xong v khi no chnh thc bn giao sau khi "li hn" nhiu ln.

(2).Th tng yu cu khn trng khc phc s c nh my lc du Dung Qut.

- Sng 20/9 Th tng Chnh Ph Nguyn Tn Dng dn u on cng tc n th st v ch o khc phc s c Nh my lc du Dung Qut. Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng trc tip kim tra s c hng van ti phn xng cracking xc tc (RFCC) thuc khu Cng ngh NMLD Dung Qut. ng Trng Vn Tuyn, Trng Ban QLDA NMLD Dung Qut bo co vi Th tng tnh hnh thc hin d n cng nh nhng vn lin quan v bin php khc ph s c k thut ti Nh my. Nguyn nhn s b ban u ca s c k thut khin Nh my Lc du Dung Qut phi tm dng vn hnh ngy 18/8 c xc nh l do xc tc (catalyst) lt vo trong thn van do giong van b hng bi cc t hp sau: thit b cp kh (MAB: Main Air Blower) dng t ngt nhiu ln v vy xc tc nng ri vo thn van; p sut kh thi vo khoang van lm kn khng nn xc tc lt vo bn trong. Bt u t ngy 5/9 n nay, Nh thu tin hnh hn p b thn van, tp 2 lp tole bn ngoi thn van, ngay sau kim tra v th thy lc.

D kin, ngy 26/9, bt u gia nhit, a xc tc vo v tun hon xc tc trong phn xng RFCC. Ngy 30/9, khi ng li ton b nh my, a nguyn liu vo phn xng ch bin vi cng sut 65%.