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CHNG II. KNH HIN VI LC NGUYN T (AFM)

I. LCH S KNH HIN VI LC NGUY N T AFM ln u tin c pht trin vo nm 1985 khc phc nhc im ca STM ch c th thc hin c trn mu dn in, bi G. Binnig, C. F. Quate v Ch. Gerber, kt qu ca s hp tc gia IBM v i hc Stanford. n nm 1987, T. Albrecht ln u tin pht trin AFM t phn gii cp nguyn t, cng trong nm MFM c pht trin t AFM. Nm 1988, AFM chnh thc c thng mi ha bi Park Scientific (Stanford, M).

nh chp chic AFM u ti n lu gi ti bo tng khoa hc Lun n.

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II CU TO CA AFM Gm c 6 b phn chnh Mt mi nhn. Cn qut (cantilever). Ngun Laser. Phn x gng (miroir ). Hai na tm pin quang in (photodiod) B qut p in 1. Mi nhn: c lm bng silic nitrit(Si3N4), kch th c khong mt nguyn t.

2. Cn qut: (cantilever). cng c cu to t Si 3N4

3.Ngun laser

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4.Miroir( phn x phng)

5. Hai na tm pin quang in

6.B qut p in:

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III. NGUYN L HOT NG CA AFM Khi mi nhn qut gn b mt mu v t, s xut hin lc Van der Waals gia cc nguyn t ti b mt mu v nguyn t ti u mi nhn (lc nguy n t) lm rung thanh cantilever. L c ny ph thuc vo khong cch gia u mi d v b mt ca mu.

Mt tia laser c chiu vo mt phn x ca cn qut. Khi u d qut ln b mt mu, do s mp m, n s rung ng theo trc z, chm laser phn x trn cn qut s b x dch tng ng vi rung ng . c trng dao ng ca chm laser phn x s c h thng photodetector ghi li v chuyn thnh tn hiu in th. Tn hiu in th li c x l v din gii theo chiu cao z c trng cho tnh cht a hnh ca mu. Qu trnh hi tip s khc nhau v tn hiu gia nhng cm bin quang hc, qua s x l ca phn mm my tnh, cho php duy tr hoc l mt lc khng i, hoc l mt cao khng i trn b mt mu. Vic ghi li lc tng tc trong qu trnh thanh rung qut trn b mt s cho hnh nh cu trc b mt ca mu vt. Trn thc t, ty vo ch v loi u d m c th to ra cc lc khc nhau v hnh nh cu trc khc nhau. V d nh lc Van der Waals cho hnh nh hnh thi hc b mt, lc in t c th cho cu trc in t (knh hin vi lc t), hay lc Casmir, lc lin kt ha hc, v dn n vic c th ghi li nhiu thng tin khc nhau trn b mt mu.

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IV. CC CH GHI NH AFM c th hot ng nhiu ch khc nhau, nh ng c th chia thnh cc nhm ch : Ch tnh (Contact mode) Ch ng (Non-contact mode) Ch nh du (Tapping mode) 1. Ch tip xc (ch tnh) Ch contact l ch m khong cch gia u mi d v b mt mu c gi khng i trong qu trnh qut, v tn hiu phn hi t tia laser s l tn hiu tnh. khong cch ny, lc ht s tr nn mnh v cantilever b ko li rt gn b mt (gn nh tip xc). Tuy nhin, b iu khin phn hi s iu chnh khong cch gia mi v b mt l khng i trong sut qu trnh qut. Mi u d c ko l trn b mt mu v cho nh a hnh. Chnh v vy nhc im ca ch ny l d ph hy b mt mu v mi u d. Ngoi ra cn chu nh hng nhiu ca lp vt cht hp ph tr n b mt mu. Ch c th khc phc nu AFM hot ng trong mi tr ng chn khng cao 2.Ch khng tip xc (ch ng) Ch ng (hay ch khng tip xc) l ch m cantilever b kch thch bi ngoi lc, dao ng vi tn s gn vi tn s dao ng ri ng ca n. Tn s, bin v pha ca dao ng s b nh hng bi tng tc gia mu v mi d, do s c thm nhiu thng tin v mu c bin iu trong tn hiu. Ch khng tip xc l k thut to nh phn gii cao u ti n c thc hin trn AFM trong mi tr ng chn khng cao. Trong ch ny u d lun c gi mt khong cch rt nh ngay st b mt mu (10-15nm) s thay i lch ca l xo do thay i lc ht s c ghi nhn v to nh ba chiu trn b mt mu Khuyt im cu ch ny l lc ht qu yu v u d phi t st b mt mu d b ko xung b mt mu do lc cng b mt ca nhng lp kh hp ph trn mt mu. Hnh nh c phn gii km v d b sai lch

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3.Tapping mode Tapping mode thc cht l mt ci tin ca ch ng khng tip xc. Trong ch n y, cantilever c rung trc tip bng b dao ng p in gn trn cantilever vi bin ln ti 100-200 nm, v tn s rt gn vi tn s dao ng ring. Ch ny trnh c ko l u d trn b mt mu lm hng mu cng nh trnh c lc bm dnh gia mu v u d, trnhh c nhiu hnhnh do nhng lp cht lng bm v o trn b mt mu

S bin i ca lc tng tc gia mi d v b mt mu theo khong cch.

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V. . PHN TCH PH AFM V AFM hot ng da trn vic o lc tc dng nn n c mt ch phn tch ph, gi l ph lc AFM (force spectrocopy), l ph phn b lc theo khong cch: lc Van der Waals, lc Casmir, lc lin kt nguyn t... vi thi gian hi p nhanh c ps (10 12 giy), chnh xc ti pN (10 12 Newton) v phn gii v khong cch c th ti 0,1 nm. Cc ph n y c th cung cp nhiu thng tin v cu trc nguyn t ca b mt cng nh cc lin kt ha hc. VI. U IM V NHC IM CA AFM 1. u im ca AFM AFM khc phc nhc im ca STM, c th chp nh b mt ca tt c cc loi mu k c mu khng dn in. AFM khng i hi mi trng chn khng cao, c th hot ng ngay trong mi trng bnh thng. AFM cng c th tin hnh cc thao tc di chuyn v xy dng cp tng nguyn t, mt tnh nng mnh cho cng ngh nano. ng thi AFM cng hot ng m khng i hi s ph hy hay c dng in nn cn rt hu ch cho cc tiu bn sinh hc Mu chun b n gin, cho thng tin y h n so vi hnh nh ca hin vi in t truyn qua. 2. Nhc im ca AFM AFM qut nh trn mt din tch hp (ti a n 150 micromet). Tc ghi nh chm do hot ng ch qut. Cht lng nh b nh hng bi qu trnh tr ca b qut p in. u d rung trn b mt nn km an ton, ng thi i hi mu c b mt sch v s chng rung. VII. NG DNG CA AFM AFM c cc ng dng nh: Chp nh ct lp nhanh. M t, phn tch, xc nh c im b mt. Kim sot cht lng, kim tra khuyt tt vt liu,. o c hc n phn t. AFM c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh: cng ngh nano(nanotechnology), cng ngh bn dn, d c phm, sinh hc,cng ngh vt liu.v.v. nh ba chiu ca b mt mu.

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Mt s hnh nh v ng dng ca AFM

y l hnh nh ca hnh cu GaAs ng knh trong o c l 30 nm. Hnh nh ny c o trongch Close-Contact.

Lp vng dy 400 nanometer bc hi trn mt lp b mt silicon. Sau khi ngm trong dung dch axit KI va I2, hnh nh ny c chp bi my AFM ch tapping mode vi phng i 20000

Hnh nh 2-D ca a ghi DVD hin th cc lin kt ca bit. Bt k khuyt tt trn b mt c d dng xc nh trong hnh nh 2-D.

Hnh nh ca mt khi vt cht b khim khuyt chp bng my AFM

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Hnh nh chp bng AFM ca lp ph polymer mm trn cnh ca mt li dao gip lm sng t c ch ca s tch t polymer trn b mt thp

Hnh chp bng AFM ca mt chui DNA c hnh dung nh mt phc hp mng RecA protein. C 2 hnh l ca cng mt phn t, ngoi tr mu sc khc nhau Scan courtesy J. Brockman, F. Harmon and S. Kowalczykowski, University of California, USA

VIII. SO SNH AFM VI CC THIT B KHC Khi nim v phn gii ca AFM l khc vi cc knh hin vi dng cc tia bc x, bi v AFM s dng k thut hnh nh ba chiu. R rng l c mt s phn bit c bn gia cc hnh nh c xy dng bi quang hc sng v cc k thut qut d. 1. Knh hin vi qut ng ngm(STM) Trong mt s trng hp, phn gii ca STM l tt hn AFM, do s ph thuc hm m ca dng tunnel vo khong cch. S ph thuc ca lc vo khong cch trong AFM l phc tp hn nhiu khi k n hnh dng u d v lc tip xc. STM ni chung l ch p dng c vi i vi cc mu dn in, trong khi AFM p dng c cho c cc vt dn v vt cch in. Hn na, AFM c c u im l in th v khong cch gia u d vi mt nn c th c iu khin mt cch c lp, tri li, STM, hai tham s n y li ph thuc vo nhau. 2. Knh hin vi qut in t (SEM) So vi knh hin vi qut in t (SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope), AFM cung cp nhng php o cao trc tip v a h nh ca mu v nhng hnh nh kh r rng v nhng c trng b mt mu (khng cn lp bao ph mu). 3. Knh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) So vi knh hin vi in t truyn qua (T EM - Transmission Electron Microscope), cc hnh nh AFM ba chiu c th thu c m khng cn chun b mu qu phc tp, n cho thng tin y h n nhiu so vi cc hnh nh mt ct hai chiu ca TEM.