1. What is pain? 2. Please describe the treatment methods of pain. Chapter 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

How to divide fluid compartment of the body with the weight of 70 kg What are the determinants of fluid movement between vasculature and tissues, intracellular and extracellular? What are the factors to keep acid-base balance? How to make the diagnoses of hyponatremia or hypernatremia? What are the typical ECG of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia? How to make analysis of arterial blood gases? What are the Principles to treat acid-base disturbance?

What is induction of anesthesia? Give an example. What are complications of general anesthesia?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

what is the diagnosis and treatment of local anesthetic toxicity? what are complications of epidural anesthesia? what are major contraindications of epidural anesthesia? what is total spinal anesthesia? how to deal with deleterious cardiovascular effects of intrathecal anesthesia?

1. The primary contents of preanesthetic assessment 2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification 3. The purposes of preoperative preparation

Figure 1-1 Typical spirometric flow diagram

Volume (L) Time (s)