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WAIER-BUFTAtO

THECHILDREN'S TREASURY KNOWLEDGE OF

Animals

THECHILDRENS REASURY KNOWLEDGE OF

Animal
from Translated Encyclopaedia Kodansha's Children's Colour

bY and Adapted edited Ltd' Pte' International of theeditors FEP

Books Distributed byTime-Life

in Printed flongKong

Text by Yoshinori lmaizumi Chief Department of of Zoology National Science Museum Mizuko Yoshiyuki Curator Department of ofZoology National Science Museum Takaji Matsui Curator Herpetology of The Japan Herpetology lnstitute Tatsuo Udagawa Chief, Division Wild Management, of Life Central Forest Experiment Station

Layout by Mitsumasa Anno

B o o d e s i gb y k n AD5

ACKNOWIEDGEMENTS PhOtographs, illustrations, data and appearing book in this have beenmade available through courtesy Eili Hamano; the of F u j i k a t o ; i r o s h i u g i u r a ;i r o s h ia n e m u rJ . ; . ;J u N o n o H S H T a0 g u c h i ;M a k o t ot o ; M a s a r u h i m i z u ; h i g e t a r oi r a s a w a ; l S S H S h i n T a k a n o ;h i n yM o r i ; h i n ylo a w aS y o s u k e k i h a r a ; li S a S g ; Ta Tadaaki lmaizumi; TakajiMatsui;Tetsuo Gyoda; Tetsuo Kamaoku; Institute Breeding The for Besearch, University Tokyo of Agriculture; Tokumitsu lwago;Tokutaro Tanaka; Toshi 0noda; Tourist Division Aomori prefectureJapan; of of Tourist Division Maisaka-cho, of prefecture Japan; Shizuoka of Ueno Zoological Gardens. publishers to thank Fay The wish Mrs palmer herassistance. for

@Ktun ttd. 1970, 1975, 1980, 1tS2,tg83, 1984, 1985, tSg6,1987, t98g Al riits rescrrcd

CO NTENTS
AMPHIBIANS Salamanders and their relatives Newts, sirens, caecilians and Frogs toads and Life stages amphibians reptiles of and REPTILES Turtles tortoises and Lizards Snakes Crocodilians BIRDS Flightless birds Grebes loons and Albatrosses petrels and Pelicans, cormorants,their and relatives Herons, egrets, bitterns and Flamingos, and storks, their relatives Water-fowl : Geese; Ducks and relatives Birds prey: Eagles hawks; of and Falcons their F o w l - l i k er d s :P h e a s a n t s bi Cranes their and relatives Waders their and relatives auks, their and relatives Gulls, Pigeons their and relatives Panots their and relatives Cuckoos their and relatives ()wls frogmouths ' and humming-birds, and trogons, colies Swiflq, Kingfishers, relatives hornbills, their and Wtiodpeckers, and toucans, their relatives and and swallows, orioles; Crows bowerPerching and Larks, birds:Flycatchers, lyre-birds, pittas; bulbuls, leafbirds; and Dippers, babblers, Nuthatche\, birds;Birds-of-Paradise andtitmice; Shrikes starlings; and Sun-birds, and wrens, thrushes, mocking-birds; Warblers wagtails; and white-eyes, vire-os, tanagers; and Seed-eaters MAMMALS (egg-laying Monotremes mammals) (mammals pouches) Marsupials with (insect-eating Insectivores mammals) Flying lemurs Bats Primates Edentates Pango Iins Babbits, hares, pikas and (gnawing mammals) Bodents Whales, dollhins, porpoises and (meat-eating Carnivores mammals) Th.e aardvark; hyrax; sea-cow the the Elephants 0 d d - t o e d . o f ea n i m a l s ho d Even-toed, animals hoofed INDEX Page 7 8 I 10 14 15 16 18 22 26

27 28 zg 30 31 32 33 34 38 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

65 66 68 70 72 73 75 80 81 82 84 88 90 98 99 100 104 111

A b b r e v i a t i ou s e d n t h i ss e r i e s : ns i

TENGTH metre - m centimetre: cm : kilometre km : millimetre mm MASS : kg kilogramme gramme : g : t tonne TIME : second s : minute min hour - h ABEA : mt square metle : square centimetro crTl2 : square millimetro mmz : ha hectare Y0tufE cubic metre : m3 : cubic centimetro cn't3 : I fitre : m/ millilitre

DENSITY kilogramme cubic per metre: kg/m3 gramme cubic per : centimetreg/cm' V E T O C I T Y DS P E E D AN per : metre second m/s k i l o m e tp e r o u r : k m / h r h POWEB : W WAtt kilowatt : kW h o r sp o w e r : h . p . e IEMPEBATUBE T e m p e r a t(u ro m m o n ) e g r e ee l s i u so C ce : d C : Absolute : temperature K (E P B E S S U BF 0 B M E T E o B o r o c Y ) m i l l i b a rm b : bar :b

s s a re b , A m p h i b i a n s ,p t i l e s ,i r d sa n dm a m m a l sr eg r 0 u po f l a n da n i m a lw i t h e s ar b a c k b o n e A.m p h i b i a n s et h e m o s tp r i m i t i v o f t h e s ea n i m a l a s t h e y s , e as a r en 0 t a s d e v e l o p e d t h e r e s t . T h e yi n c l u d f r o g st,o a d ss a l a m a n d e r s ' b t s a n e w t sa n dc a e c i l i a n T.h e i r k i n s r em o i s a n ds l i m y u tn o tw a t e r p r o o f . . s ar a t h B e s i d e s r e a t h i ntg r o u g hh e i r l u n g s , m p h i b i a n s e a b l e t 0 b r e a t h e b l un o o t h r o u g t h e i rs k i n s .T h e b o d i e s f a m p h i b i a n s d e r ga s p e c i ak i n do f h the (netanorphosis). young/alza (including tadpole), The development n g s w h i c hl i v e s i n t h e w a t e r a n d b r e a t h e t h r o u g h i l l s ,d e v e l o p is t o a l s l a n d - d w e l l i n g u l t ,w h i c h b r e a t h e t h r o u g h u n g s . M o s t a m p h i b i a n s ad by s a i l a yt h e i re g g s n w a t e r .T h ee g g s r el a i di n a m a s s u r r o u n d e d j e l l y . (able to Amphibians unable live in salt water. Theyare cold-blooded are to almost that of their surroundings). temperature to change their body

DERS SALAMAN AND THEIRRELATIVES

" S a l a m a n d e r s e a m p h i b i a nw i t h t a i l s . " T h e g i a n t s a l a m a n d e r . ar s which whichis about1.5 m long.is the largest.The pygmy salamander, (long. "Salamanders elongated is about5 cm long.is the smallest. haue poison-glands.M0st thin) bodies and moistskin whichoftencontains s a l a m a n d e rn d e r ga l a r v a s t a g e b u t s 0 m e o n o t d e v e l o lp n g s .. l f us o l u , d theirtails are broken theyare ableto grownew ones. . Salamanders off ponds, live in streams, caves, and places whichare darkand moist.

Thetigersalamander, about15 cm long,is foundin the lJnited and States Mexico. At times, the larvaof the tiger salamander does not change (metamorphose) the adultform. Sucha larvais calledthe axolotl. into young.Ttis condition called Like a fully grownadult,it can produce is neot0ny.

T h eg i a n t a l a m a n d e rb o u t . 2m l o n g . s t h e l a r g e slti v i n g m p h i b i ai n t h e w o r l d . l t i s s a, 1 i a n a t i v e0 J a p a n h e r e t l i v e si n m o u n t a is t r e a m s e e d i n g n s h e l l l i s h ,n a i l sf,i s h ,a n d t w i n f, o s (liuesin the water)but mustsurface breathe. worms. ft is entirely aquatic t0

T h ef i r e s a l a m a n d e rb o u t 5 c m l o n g ,i s f o u n di n E u r o p e , a, 2 n o r t h e rA f r i c a , n dA s i a l V l i n o rl.t l i v e si n m o i s to l a c e sn n a i lowfands, breeds water,andhihenates(becomes in inactive the during winter)in the ground.lt secretes p0ison a through itsskin.

+ T h e m u d - p u p p y ,b o u t3 0 c r i i l o n g ,d o e sn o t d e v e l o p a b e y o n dh e l a r v a lf o r m l t h a sw e l l - d e v e l o p le d sa n d t eg permanent gill tufts. lt is found in weedystreams red

T h e a m p h i u m a ,r c o n g o e l , i s a b o u t9 0 c m l o n g . l t o e lives in stagnant, swampy water in the easternUnited S t a t e s l t h a s v e r ys m a l lh i n d l e g a s w e l l a s f o r e l e g s . s

T h e b l i n ds a l a m a n d e rr, t h e o l m ,i s a b o u t 5 c m l o n g + 0 2 . It doesnot develop beyond the larvalform. lt lives in Europein underground streamsand caveswhere no l i g h t e n t e r s T h i s h a s r e s u l t e d n t h e a n i m a lb e i n g i c o l o u r l e s s db l i n d . l t h a sa n e e l - l i k e o d y i t h p o o r l y an b w d e v e l o p ee g s . ld

+ T h e h e l l b e n d efrr.o m 4 0 t o 6 0 c m l o n g ,h a s w r i n k l e d s k i n . l t i s a q u a t i c f e e d i n gm a i n l yo n s m a l l f i s h e s . , T h e r e d - b a c k e d l a m a n d e rb o u t1 2 c m l o n g ,h a s n o sa a, l u n g s .l t i s c o m m o n f y u n d n t h e e a s t e r U n i t e d t a t e s lo i n S w h e r e t s p e n d t h e d a yu n d e r o g sa n di n r o c kc r e v i c e s . i s l T h e m a r b l e d a l a m a n d eir e so n h i l l s i d e s e a rp o n d s n s l v andstreams the United in States.lt is about12 cm long

AND ]IIEWTS, SIRENS, CAECILIANS

the However, newt's are Newts,like salamanders, tailed amphibians. * taketo the landwithout tail is flatterthanthatof the salamander.Newts .The immature adult is knownas the elf fully developing adults. into y ls a g i l l s .- l t r e m a i no nl a n d o ra b o utth r e e e a r s n dd e v e l o p u n g s . f s a n dh a s . and livefor the rest0f its life. As It thenreturns the waterto breed to has gills. Newtshaverowsof teethin the roofs an adult,it no longer . worms,and snails. of their mouths. Theyfeed on insects,

is in Thespotted newt,about 5 cmlong, found theeastern 1 ljnited States During eft stage,it is knownas the its p r e de f t a n dl i v e si n d a m pw o o d e d l a c e s . ,

A newt

A caecilian.

in Themarbled is about cmlong.lt is found newt 13 ponds ditches which and Europe small, deep, in but plenty water-plants. have of

CAECILIANS . C a e c i l i a n sr,b l i n d w o r ma r,el i m b l e sa m p h i b o s s ians. .They have worm-like odies.-Their b s k i n i s s l i m y w i t h f i s h - l i k e c a l e se m b e d d e d s the in it. rThere is a smalltentaclebetween . eyeandnostril. Theeyes lidless. Caecilians are areburrowing animals whichlivein moistground.

slREtlts
. but Sirenshaveeel-likebodies. They havevery smallforelegs, no -Although hindlegs. t h e y l a c k t e e t h ,t h e y h a v eh o r n yp l a t e so n t h e i r . jaws to helpthemeat. . Sirens through haveno eyelids. Theybreathe p n t h r e e e r m a n eg itl l s . -

newt is about14 cm long. The male The greatcrested i s c r e s t e d n d b e a u t i f u l l c o l o u r e d u r i n gt h e m a t i n g a y season. The great crestednewt spendsmost 0f the from year on land,but lays its eggsin water. lt ranges Russia. and Euro0e central to northern central

greater isa b o u t 0 c ml o n g .l t l i v e si n s h a l l o w 7 siren The UnitedStates. ponds ditches the south-eastern of and

15 siren between and30cmlong.lt lives is Thelesser Uniled in the streams the south-eastern States. of

F R O GA N DT O A D S S

F r o g s n d t o a d sb e l o n g o t h e o r d e rA n u r aw h i c hf o r m st h e l a r g e s t a t g r 0 u p f a m p h i b i a n s .T h e yh a v el a r g e p o w e r f uh i n d l e gfs r l e a p i n g . l . o o . . T h e i rh i n d - f e e tr e w e b b e d . T h e yh a v en o t a i l s T h e yl i v e i n w a r m a , regions havemoistskin. Those tough, horny and that live in deserts have . s k i n . " F r o g s n dt o a d sc a nb r e a t h t h r o u g hh e i rs k i n . T h e i rt o n g u e s e a t . 0n arestickyandcanbe shotout t0 catch smallprey. Theyfeedmainly (change insects and worms. " Frogsand toadsundergo netanorphosis , i n f o r m ) d u r i n g h i c h h e y o u n g e v e l o i n t o a d u l t s .T h ey o u n gc a l l e d . w t d p t a d p o l e s ,o n o t r e s e m b lte e a d u l t s . d h

F I N G E B A N D T O E SO F T R E E . F R O G S S The fingersand toes of tree-frogs have p l a r g es u c t i o n a d sw h i c he n a b l eh e mt 0 t holdontothe branches barkof trees. and
Fingerc

The American tree-frogis aboul 2 . 5 c m l o n g I t i s f o u n di n N o r t hA m e r i c a .

White'stree-frog, aboutI cm long, is the mostwidespread the tree-frogs in of Australia.lt is an expert tree climber oftenperches and among leaves.lt feeds the m a i n l y n i n s e c t s , u t a t t i m e sm a vs w a l l o w s n a i lw h o l e . o b a

f T h er a r eN e wZ e a l a n t a i l e df r o g .a b o u t5 c m l o n g ,l i v e so n m o u n t a i r i d g e s a r d n p f r o m a t e r . l t l a y s t s e g g s n m o i s t l a c e s , n d e r o c k s r l o g s .I n s t e a 0 f h a t c h i n g i i d w u o i s i n t ot a d p o l e sh e e g g s a t c h n t os m a l f r o g sw i t h t a i l s T h et a d p 0 l e t a g e s t h u s t. h i l c o m p l e t e lb y p a s s e d s t h e n e w l yh a t c h e dr o g g r o w s , t s l o w l yl 0 s e si t s t a i l y A f i

T h eG o l i a t f r o gi s t h e g i a n t m o n gr o g s n dt o a d s l t i s a b o u 3 0 c m l o n ga n dm a y h a f a t w e i g h a s m u c h a s a d o m e s t iB e h it n d e a c h e y e i s a g l a n d t h a t s e c r e t e s a p o i s o n o u s cca . s u b s t a n c e h e G o l i a t hr o g l i v e si n w e s t e r n f r i c a . T f A

s 1 T h eg i a n t r e e - f r o ig a b o u t 1 c m l o n g l t i s f o u n d e e p d i n t h e j u n g l e s f S o u t hA m e r i c a , o

10

i l e T h ec o m m otn a d , b o u t 0 c m l o n g , s f o u n d n n o r t h e ra n dc e n t r aE u r 0 p a n d o a 1 i n c e n t r aA s i a l t l i v e si n w o o d sg a r d e n s ,n df i e l d s , o m i n g u t o n l ya t n i g h t 0 l , a c o h u n l l t h a s r o u g h m o i s ts k i n . l t f e e d so n i n s e c t ss n a i l s a n d w o r m s . , , ,

-llt

1 a A $ r n a n nt o a di s a b o u t 5 c m l o n ga n dl i v e si n T r i n i d a d n dS o u t h m e r i c al t h a sa fitrerer oodi andtriangular head. The malehelpst0 attacheacheggto little pockets p h x : n Ee r c r o f t h e f e m a l e T h e r e h e e g g s a t c h n ds m a l l o a d s m e r g e ,a v i n g a s s e d e t h a t t l i l E o x l ' : s t a g eb e n e a tt h e m o t h e r ' m o i s ts k i n T h eS u r i n a m a dr a r e l y e a v e sh e h s to m o r l g 1 : s o n gf i n g e r s a v e t a r - l i k ei p s w h i c hs e e m o a c t a s f e e l e r s l t f e e d s a i n l y h s t t x IST

w T h e c o m m o n o o d f r o g ,a b o u t6 c m l o n g ,i s f o u n di n n 0 r t h e r n n d c e n t r a lE u r o p e n d A s i a l t i s m a i n l y a a n o c t u r n aa n d l i v e s i n m o i s t o l a c e s . l t h a s s m o o t h , l wetskin

1 T h e c l a w e do a d i s b e t w e e n 0 a n d 1 2 c m l o n g 0 n t h r e e t w t h a t t o e so f e a c h i n d l e g r ec l a w s h i c h h et o a du s e s 0 s c r a t c h a f o r f o o d l t l i v e si t s e n t i r e i f e i n p o n d s n dl a k e si n c e n l r a l l i d t a n ds o u t h e rA f r i c a W h e n h e p o n d s r y u p , i t b u r i e st s e l f n a i n t h e m u da n dr e m a j nt h e r et i l l r a i nf i l l s t h e p o n d s g a i n . s

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g l l ' u m o r a n o r n e do a do f S o u t h m e r i c a r o w s o a l e n g t h f a b o u l2 5 c m l t h a sa h t A t o r r g m n u h .h o r n - l i kb u l g e s b o v eh e e y e s a n di s b r i g h t l y o l o u r e dl t u s u a l l ye m a i n s e r a t , c n i m e T r t h e s a n d r m u d , a i t i n g o r m i c ea n dl a r g ei n s e c t w h t c h r ei l s m a i np r e y . s a o w f

fr d 3 T h es i l v e r - s p e c k l eo gi s o n l ya b o u t c m l o n g l t i s a l e a f - f r o gl,i v i n gi n t r e e s i n t h e C a m a r o oa n d C o n g o n forests Africa of

11

v0cAL sAcs
Most male frogs and toads have vocal s a c st o h e l p t h e m c r o a kl o u d l y . S o m e frogs have a sac in the throat, while othershavea sac 0n eitherside of the head. Whenthe frog croaks, the vocal s a c i s i n f l a t e di k e a b a l l o o n n d a c t s l a as an amplifier.The loud croaks the of m a l e a t t r a ctth ef e m a l ed u r i n t h em a t i n g s s g seas0n.

I
f G o e l d i ' s r o g , a b o u t4 c m l o n g , l i v e s i n t h e f o r e s t s { P e r ua n d E c u a d oi r S o u t h m e r i c a o n A T h e f e m a l e a r r i e sh e e g g si n a p o u c h n h e r c t o b a c k . E v e n t u a lsy eg o e si n t ot h e w a t e rw h e r e lh t h e e g g s a t c h n t ot a d p o l e s . h i

t
The anow-poison of Central South frogs and America brighrly are coloured andabout cm long.Their 4 brilliant colours other warn animals that theyarepoisonous. Natives theirarrows thepoison tip is with which secreted through frog's the skin.Themale on carries eggs hisback. the Even after hatching, tadpoles to thefather's the cling until they back develoo further.

I
T h e N o r t h m e r i c a b u l l f r o ga b o u t1 9 c m t o n g ,i s t h e l a r g e s N o r t h m e r i c afn o g . 1 1 A n , l r A s 0 m e t i m e sa t ss m a l lb i r d sa n dt u r t l e s .T h ef e m a l ew h i c hi s l a r g e r h a nt h e m a l e , a s e , t h b e e n n o w n 0 l a y s e v e r a lh o u s a ne g g s t a t i m e . M a ne a t st h i sf r o g ' sl e g sw h i c ha r e k t t d a considered elicacv. ad A b u l l f r o g a d p o l e .T h i s t a d p o l e a b 0 u t1 4 c m l o n g , t . i s l a r g ea n d r e m a i n sn t h i s f o r mf o r o n el o t w o y e a r s . i

+ T h e m i d w i f e o a d ,a b o u t5 c m l o n g ,r s a w a t e r - l o aw h i c h t d l i v e s i n E u r o p e . u r i n g a t i n g t h e f e m a l el a y s t h e e g g s D m , w h i c h h e m a l e e r t i l i z ea n dt h e nc a r r i e s n h i sh i n d l e ga n d t f s o s o v e r h i s b a c k . F o r a b o u tt h r e ew e e k s , h e m a l ea c t s a s t m i d w i f et,a k i n gc a r e0 f t h e e g g s .W h e n h e l a r v a e r ef u l l y t a developed, toad enters the the water wherethe eggshatch i n t ot a d o o l e s . I I

T h e S o u t hA m e r i c a n u l l f r o gi s a b o u t b 2 0 c m l o n g . l t d o e sn o t l a y i t s e g g si n w a t e r . l t b u i l d s n e s tw i t h s l i m ea n d a leaves, laysits eggs and there, surrounded b yf o a m T h em e t a m o r p h oo f sa d p 0 l e s sit into frogs takes place in the foamy

12

T h e A s i a n h o r n e dt o a d i s a b o u t l 0 c ml o n ga n dl i v e s n s o u t h - e a s t e r n i A s i a l t l o o k sl i k e a d r y ,d e a dl e a f .

S c h r e i g e l 'g r e e nI r o g , a b o u t5 c m s l o n g .l i v e s o n f l a t g r o u n d l l o v e r a J a p a n .l t s e g g sl o o k l i k e a p i l e o f bubbles

h F o a m o v e r i ntg e e g g s c

T h er a r eh a i r y r o g ,a b o u t 0 c m l o n g , s f o u n d n w e s t e r n f r i c a D u r i n g f 1 i i A rhe matingseason, male develops the (projections) hair-likeprocesses 'hairs' m i r s t h i g h sa n d s i d e s T h e a r e a c t u a l l yo n g ,t h i n o u t g r o w t h s l o f t h e s k i n . T h e yh e l pt h e f r o g b r e a t h e o r eo x y g e n h e ni t b e c o m e s m w I0re acltve

T h eJ a p a n e sfe a m - n e s t i nrg e - f r o gs a b o u t c m l o n ga n d g r e e n n c 0 l o u r .l t b u i l d s o t e i 8 i i t s f o a mn e s to n b r a n c h e sv e r h a n g i wg t e r .A s t h e f e m a l es l a y i n gh e e g g st,h e m a l e o na i t u s e s h i s h i n d l e g s t o b e a t u p t h e e g g j e l l y i n t o a le fa m m h a r d e n s t o f o r m a p r o t e c t i v e Th o oa . c r u s tr o u n d h e e g g . W h e n h e e g g sh a l c h , h e f o a ms o t l e n s n dt h e t a d p o l e f a l l i n t o t t t a s t h ew a t e rb e l o w

l a l l a c e ' s f l y i n g f r o g . a b o u t7 c m l o n g ,i s a t r e e - f r o g 'oond in the rainforests of south-eastern Asia lt has p { o r m o u s , e b b e d e e t w h i c ha c t l i k e l i t t l e o a r a c h u l e s w f r f i e n t h e f r o g j u m p sf r o mt h e b r a n c h eo f t r e e s . L i k e s r l l f l y i n g r o g s i,t g l i d e s a t h etrh a nf l i e ss h o r t i s t a n c e s f r d

T h e c o m m o n d i b l ef r o g i s u s u a l l yf o u n d i n e s h a l l o w a t e r st h r 0 u g h o u te n l r a lE u r o p e n d w c a A s i a l t s h i n d l e g s r e c o n s i d e r ea d e l i c a c y a d

13

LIFESTAG ES O FA M P H I B I A N S AND REPTILES


AMPHIBIANS
FR0GS Frog ggs e Toad ggs e

" A m p h i b i a n s t c h n t h e f o r mo f l a r v a er o mj e l l y - c o v e r e g g s .- T h e d ha i f l a r v a e a v e x t e r n a li l l sa n dl i v ei n w a t e r .- A m p h i b i a n s d e r ga m e t a g h e un o m o r p h o siin w h i c h h e l a r v afl o r md e v e l o pi s t ot h e a d u l t o r m . " D u r i n g s t n f t h i s c h a n g el , g sd e v e l o p n dt h e g i l l s a r e r e p l a c eb y l u n g s .I n f r o g s e a d and toads, the tail growsshorter and eventually disappears. . R e p t i l els y t h e i re g g so n l a n d . " T h e e g g sh a t c h n t oy o u n g h i c h a w i . resemble their parents. The youngof reptilesdo not passthrough a larvalstage. " Somereptiles bearlive young.

i T a d p o l el sv ei n w a t e r h A d u l tJ r o g s a v el u n g s T h e yl i v e b o t hi n w a t e r a n do n l a n d Y o u n g a l a m a n d el rv ei n w a t e r s is

S a l a m a n de g g s er

L a r v a w i t h e x t e r n a li l l s e g A snake atching. h T h ee m b r y o f a s n a k e i n t h ee g g .

REPTITES

A sea-turtle its eggsin the sand lays Before returningto the sea, the t u r t l e c o v e r s h e e g g sw h i c h w i l l t hatchin the warmthof the sun.

A t u r t l eh a t c h i n g .

A n a l l i g a t oh a t c h i n g r

a S n a k e sa l l i g a t o r s ,n d c r o c o d i l e h a v e , s, a h a r db e a ko nt h e f r o n to f t h e i rm o u t h s , c a l l e d n e g g - t o o t ho b r e a k h e i rw a y a t, t out of the hard shell The egg-tooth falls off just after the animal has hatched.

A O U A T IA M P H I B I A N S C

S E M I - A O U A T IM P H I B I A N S AC

T E R R E S T IA M P H I B I A N S AT

T h eS u r i n a m a dl i v e s n t h e to i T h r o u g h o ui t e , t h e s ea n i m a l s e e pt h e i r g i l l s l f k a n dl i v e i n t h e w a t e r .

water. but comes the to surface breathe to through itslunqs

S m o o t h - s k io a d t n

A O U A T IR E P I I L E S C
Sea-snake

S E M I - A O U A T IE P T I L E S BC

A B B O B E A LE P T I L E S E R B E S T IR E P I I L E S DESERT-LIVING T AT R BEPTILES

Tree-snake. l W h i ! { a i l e di z a r d

RE BUBROWING PTILES
Chameleon.

P a n c a kte r t l e u

Wood turtle

Blindsnake(afarre) (felaw). Amphisbaena

14

Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, the lesser-known and formthe tuatara f i v e m a l o r r d e r s f t h e c l a s s e p t i l i aM i l l i o n s f y e a r s g o ,d u r i n gh e o o B . t a o A g eo f R e p t i l e sh e r e e r em a n y o r e s u c ha s t h e d i n o s a u r s o s to f t, w m , M g t h e s e i a n t s a v e e c o me x t i n c t T h eb o d i e o f r e p t i l ea r ec o v e r ew i t h h b e . s d s d r y ,s c a l y k i n s r h a r d b o n yp l a t e s .L i k et h e a m p h i b i a n h , ya r ec o l d s o , tse b l o o d e dT h e y r et h e r e f o rfe u n d a i n l yn t h e t r o p i c s n dw a r mp l a c e s . . a o m i a T h o s en c o l dr e g i o n h i b e r n a td u r i n g i n t e r .R e p t i l eb r e a t h t h r o u g h i s e w s e l u n g s A q u a t irce p t i l em u s t u r f a cte b r e a t ha i r . M o s tr e p t i l els ye g g s . . s s o e a

TURTLES D AN
TORTOISES

and legs, Thebody theturtleis enclosed a hard of in shell. 0nlyits head, *When t t a i l c a nb e s e e n . i n d a n g e r , e t u r t l ew i t h d r a wis s h e a d l,e g s , th and tail within its shell for protection. Turtlesare toothless. Most turtleslive in ponds, lakes, rivers, somelive on landor in the sea. or but -All t t u r t l e s a y e g g s .T h e e g g sa r e l a i d i n t h e m u do r s a n dw h e r e h e y l arewarmed hatched the sun. " There over300kinds0f turtles. by are and seaThe smallest are the mud turtles. The largestare the leathery turtles. Some turtlesare verygentle animals and makegoodpets.

(ABD0MTNAT) 0F A TURTTE vENrBAr V|EW


part of the turtle'sshellis calledlhe plastron. The bottom The top pafi of the shellis called carapace. the livingin the waterhave smaller Turtles plastrons webbed and feet to makeswimming easier.Landturtleshave plastrons. larger

Thesoft-shelled livesin lakes, turtle rivers, streamslts and bony shell thinand and a leather-like is flat has covering. This turtle fleshy anda long. has lips flexible snout.

T h e s n a p p i n gu r t l e i s l a r g ew i t h a l o n g t a i l a n d a t c a r a p a c e b o u t4 5 c m i n l e n g t h . l t i s a n a g g r e s s i v e a a n i m a lw h i c h c a n i n f l i c t s e v e r ew o u n d s . l t l i v e s i n NorthAmerica. Plastronof a land turtle

D I F F E B E N IA Y S U R T T E SI T H D B A W T O H E I BS H E I - L S W T IN I W
The box turtle withdrawsits head enand legs so they are completelY i c l o s e dn i t s s h e l l . T h i s i s p o s s i b l e which because its hingedplastron of the carapace can shut tightlyagainst at the front and back.

Thematamata South of America belongs the familyof long-necked to s t u r t l e s .l t h a sa n e c k h a ti s l o n g etrh a ni t s b a c k - b o na l,o n g n o r k e l t e f m l i k e n o s e , n d f r i n g e s f s k i n o n i t s h e a d . T h e s e r i n g e s o v ei n a o its fish which the turtle catchesby 0pening the water, attracting l a r g e o u t h n ds u c k i n gnt h ef i s h . m a r

its The gopher turtlefirst bends head and downwards thentucksit in. However, its claws and a small part of out. its headare left sticking

ed T h e s n a k e - n e c k t u r t l e h a s s u c ha to longneckthat it is unable withdraw it entirely into its shell. This turtlecanbendits longnecksideways partlyits headin the loose t0 conceal however. The skinof itsshoulder. neck, is exoosed beneath the front of the cara0ace,

T h e c o m m o n u s kt u r t l ee m i t sa s t r o n g u s k y d o u r .l t g r o w st o m m o a l e n g t h f a b o u t 2 c m a n df e e d so n s m a l la m p h i b i a n s df i s h e s . o 1 an I t i s f o u n da l o n gt h e A t l a n t i c o a s t l i n o f t h e s o u t h - e a s t eUn i t e d c e rn States.

16

Thered-eared turtle's carapaceabout is 20 cm long. Theturtlegetsits name from the red bandbehind eves its It is often kept a petas

Tb radiated tortoiselives in the grasslands southern of Madagascar, d is strictlya landtortoise.lts carapace about40 cm long,andeach is radiating fromit. Thistortoise lae hasa yellowspotwith yellowbands i:rds on cacti.

T h e h a w k s b i ltlu r t l e ' sc a r a p a c ie a b o u tg 0 c m l o n g . l t s b e a k l o o k s s l i k e t h a t o f a h a w k . l t s l e g sa r ep a d d l e - s h a p p o r s w i m m i n gl.t l i v e s f ed i n t h e P a c i f i a n dl n d i a n c e a n s n di s v a l u e do r i t s s h e l l . h i c hi s u s e d c a 0 f w forornaments.

-Er

re two species giantlandtortoise. 0ne is foundin the Aldabra of and Seychelle sad n the Indian0cean. otherin the Galapagos the lslands the Pacific in 0cean.The gr Gafapagos tottoise(ablve) is the largest. lts carapace abouta metrelongand is r rlrlCrs about230kg. Giantt0rtoises s0 gentlethat children permitted ride are are to fiw in zoos.

Thegreen turtleis edible.lt grows a length 1.2m andweighs to of between 1 3 5 a n d 1 8 0 k 9 l t i s t h e b e s t - k n o ws e a - t u r t l e n d l i v e si n t r o p i c a l n a waters.

Th loggerhead a sea-turtle is uqhing about 300 kg. lt has plile-shaped legs f or swimmg. hs carapace over a is EoE long. lt lives in tropical rl srttrooicalseas.

The leather-back turtle's carapace about2 m long. This turtleweighs is about650 kg. lts hardbonyshell is covered a leathery by skin. lt lives in thewarmwaters around Equator is the largest thesea-turtles. the and of

LIZARDS

L i z a r da r es c a l y e p t i l ew i t hw e l l - d e v e l o p e g s n dl o n g a i l s . - M o s t s r s l da t l i z a r d h a v ee a r o p e n i n ga n d m o v a b le y e l i d s . M o s ta r e a b l et o s h e d s s e . . theirtails,whichcanbe regenerated (grown again). Lizards, except the g i l a m o n s t e ra n d t h e b e a d e di z a r d sa r e n o n - p o i s o n o u s h e r ea r e s l , T a b o u 2 5 0 0s p e c i ev a r y i n ig s i z e r o ma b o u 5 c mt o 3 m . . L i z a r dlsv e t s n f i t i n t h e w a r mr e g i o n o f t h e w o r l d s

GECKOS " M o s t g e c k o a r ef r o m1 0 t o 1 5 c m l o n g - U n d e r h e i rt o e sa r ec l i n g i n p a d s h a t s t g t enable themto walk up walls,trees,andvery smooth surfaces withoutfallingoff. .Almost geckos (active night)."Theyhave all arenocturnal at papils(black vertical p a r ti n t h em i d d l e f t h e e y e ) .- T h e e y e l i d0 f m o s t e c k o a r en o tm o v a b l e..T h e y o g s s e a r e a b l et o p r o d u cs o u n d r a n g i n f r o ma c h i r p o a b a r k . * T h e r e r e a b o u t 0 0 s g t a 3 s p e c i eo f g e c k o s . s
* 'cheeThebenl-toegecko r d o c h a k r s c o m m o n l yo u n d i n f h o u s e sr n A f r i c a a n d s o u t h eastern sia lt is from7 t0 A '10 c m l o n g a n d i s a c t i v ea t ni g h t . T h e g r e e n r e e - g e c kio a b o u t+ t s 2 0 c m l o n ga n d i i v e si n s o u t h ' eastern sia andMadagascar A I t i s b r i g h tg r e e n , n u n u s u a l a , c o l o u rf o r g e c k o sa n d m o v e s a b o u t m o s t l yi n t h e d a y t i m e .

T h et o k a y ,o r g i a n t ,g e c k o s a b o u t3 0 c m i l o n ga n d i s t h e l a r g e s o f i t s k i n d l t h a s t a l o u dv o i c ea n d g e t s i t s n a m ef r o m t h e 'to k a y .t o . . k a y 'c r y i t m a k e s l t i s v e r y c o m m o nn s o u t h - e a s t e A s i a w h e r e i t i rn l i v e si n t r e e sa s w e l l a s i n h o u s e s

DIFFERENT FEETIN THE TIZARDFAMITY

U n l i k em o s t o l h e r l i z a r d s t h e g e c k od o e s n o t h a v e , m o v a b le y e l i d sl.t se y e s r ec o v e r eb y aw e t t r a n s p a r e n t e a d m e m b r a nw h i c hi t c l e a n s i t h i t s t 0 n g u e G e n e r a l l y . e w geckos that are nnctunal (activeat night)havevertical pupils The geckos that are diurnal(activeduringthe p d a y ) h o w e v eh,a v e o u n d u p i l s , r r

A f o o to f t h e a g a m i di z a r d I

A f o o to f t h e f a n - f o o t eg e c k o d

A f o o to f t h e

'flying' g e c k oi s a b o u t2 0 c m l o n g The a n dl r v e s n t h e f o r e s t s f s o u t h - e a s t e r n i o A s i a . 0 n e i t h e rs i d e o f i t s b o d y a n d head are wide flaos of skin which s p r e a d u ta n de n a b l eh e g e c k oo g l i d e o t t f r o m h i g h e rt o l o w e r l e v e l sw h e n i t j u m p s T h e e e to f t h i sg e c k o r ew e b b e d . f a

[ ) t h e rl i z a r d sl,i k e t h e a g a m i d h a v em o v a b l e y e l i d s , e T h ep u p i l s f t h e e y e s r er o u n d . o a

ago. +lt is called living fossil a * p r e h i s t o r ia n c e s t o r sl.t n o w c o f N o r t hl s l a n dN e wZ e a l a n d . , " * a n d m o l l u s c s . l t s e g g sw h i c h , a b o u to n ev e a rt o h a t c h .

/ T H ET U A T A R A *Thetuatara a lizard-like reptile that belongs i toifiorder of reptiles that,except thissingle for years species, became exti;ifr100million
it loo,K:almost exactlylike its t h p l s m a lils l a n d o f I t h e c o a s t s i, e , 6 6 l i z a r d s n s e c t s ,a r t h w 0 r m s , , i n h o l e sn t h e g r o u n dr e q u i r e i

--es-climbing l i z a r d h a v ew e l l - d e v e l o p e d s ' r g e r s a n dt o e s , n dl o n g a i l s . a t
T h eD r a c o

-re

haco in flight

g o T h ec o m m oin u a n a r o w so a l e n g t h { a b o u2 m l t l i v e s n t h et r o p i c aflo r e s t s f S o u t h g t t i o A m e r i c a l.t i s a t r e e - d w e l l i n g i m ab u t w i l l t a k e r e a d i l yo w a t e rw h e na l a r m e d . an l t

T h e J a p a l u r ar e e l i z a r di s a b o u t2 5 c m l o n gi n c l u d i n g t l i t s v e r y l o n gt a i l l t h a s p o w e r f uc l a w sa n d a j a g g e d crestextending from its headdownits back TheJapal u r a t r e e l i z a r dl i v e si n s o u t h e r n s i a . A

-l*

l r a c o . a b o u t2 5 c m l o n g ,i s a s m a l lt r e e - d w e l l i n g ; r - : ' o u n d i n t h e j u n g l e s f s o u t h - e a s t eAn i a . l t o rs r e x n n g s ' w h i c h a r e a c t u a l l y c a l ym e m b r a n e h a t s ts = r s r e a d o p e nt 0 e n a b l e h e D r a c o o g l i d e t t

r , T h eA u s t r a l i afn i l l e dl i z a r da b o u t 0 c m l o n g .i s f o u n d+ 7 a o n t h e g r o u n d s w e l l a s i n t r e e s .A t i t s n e c ki s a l o o s e f s c a l y m e m b r a nw h i c h i s n o r m a l l y o l d e d n e a t l yi n e p l e a t s . W h e nt h e l i z a r di s a l a r m e di,t s m o u t ho p e n s e w i d e a n d t h e s c a l ym e m b r a ns t a n d su p l i k e a f r i l l . f s T h u s , h e l i z a r d r i g h t e n a w a yi t s e n e m i e s . t

-:trds lhat liveon the ground have strong feet andtoes. Some !r ihem can run on their hindlegs with their forefeetraised rorrre ground. the

J e m a f l n e g u a n aa b o u t1 . 5 m l o n g ,i s f o u n d i , m n u n t h e G a l a p a g ols l a n d s h e r e i t l i v e s s w m --reseashore. swims lt well andtakesrefuge ff :?e sea when frightened,but never goes m -il out t0 sea or too far inland lt has long :iar: :o tear ofi the seaweed that it feedson -ru npnne iguanais the only lizardthat makes rrr u: the sea.

T h e c o m m o n a s i l i s ka b o u t7 5 c m l o n g ,l i v e si n t r o p i c aA m e r i c a+ b , l I t i s a b l et o r u nv e r yf a s t o n i t s h i n d l e g sl.t s b o d yi s s 0 l i g h tt h a t i t the can evenrun across surface waterfor shortdistances of

-;afds that live in deserts oftenhavefringed toes so that they are able quickly u npsr overthe sand. Somehaveveryshortlegsand someare 3tv tegless.Desert lizards activeat nightand can burrowbeneath are $rxg surface the sarid. of
-ru *nge-toed l i z a r d s a b o u t1 0 c m l o n ga n d c a n r u n* i D n- ' t D y e lro o s e a n d l t l i v e s n t h e M 0 i a v e n dS o n o r a s i a ieser: of NorthAmerica T h e h o r n e do a d ,a b o u t 1 c m l o n g ,l i v e si n t h e d e s e r t s t 1 , o f N o r t hA m e r i c a l.t i s r e a l l va l i z a r d b u t h a s a t o a d it l i k e a p p e a r a n c W h e ni t i s a n g r y r a l a r m e d , s h o o t s e. o o u tt e a r s f b l o o d . o

19

CHAMETEOTIIS -Chameleons prehensile (grasping) have a strong, tail, and havetoes -They t h a t a r ee s p e c i a lay a p t e td c l i m b i n g . ld o a r et h e o n l yr e p t i l e tsh a t canshoot theirtongues for a distance, theirprey, quickly retract out hit and -Their the tonguewith the prey. colourfrom green skins can change yellowto darkgrey. -Eacheyemoves through independentlythe other. of so the chameleon lookin different can directions the same at time.

T H EI O N G U EO F I H E C H A M E T E O N The chameleon shootits t0ngueout of its can mouthwith great accuracy. The sticky end of t h et o n g u e a np i c ku p a n i n s e c t T h ec h a m e l e o n c . quicklyretracts tongueand eats the insect. its

0utwards

A forefoot of the chameleon.

T H EF E E T F I H E C H A M E L E O N O Each foot has two digits (toeslthat are opposite two digits face three digits. 0n the forefeet, outwardsand three digits face inwards. 0n and three two digitsface inwards the hind-feet enables This arrangement digitsface outwards. t h e c h a m e l e o n g r a s pb r a n c h ea n d m a i n t a i n to s i t sb a l a n c e .

t A h i n d J o oo f t h e c h a m e l e o n .

J a c k b o n ' c h a m e l e o nr.o m 2 0 t o 2 5 c m l o n g , s f l i v e so n l v i n A f r i c a . T h e m a l eh a st h r e eh o r n s on its head.

SKINKS -Skinks errerally g i v eo n t h e g r o u n d-.T h e i rl o n gb o d i ea r es m o o t h s andcovered shiny, scales. Most with flat short legs whilst skinks have length others legless. They are have tapering and their totalbody tails rarely exceeds cm. -There about species skinks. 30 are of 600

i i a . t I' T h eg r e e n n o l ea b o u 2 0 c m l o n g , s f o u n d n t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n n i t e d t a t e st,h e B a h a m a s ,n dC u b a .l t l i v e s U S a i n t r e e sa n di s a l s ok n o w n s t h e A m e r i c a c h a m e l e o n . a n H o w e v e ra n o l e s c t u a l l y e l o n g o t h e i g u a n a a m i l y , f a b t T h e g r e e na n o l ec a n c h a n g et s c o l o u r .T h e m a l eh a s i a t h r o a ts a c w h i c hb e c o m e ls r g e rw h e nt h e a n o l ei s a al a r m e d .

The little brown skink is found in the UnitedStates. I t i s a b o u t1 2 c m l o n g a n d p a l e b r o w ni n c o l o u r i t h w d a r kb r o w n i d e s . s

THETAITOFTHEI-IZARD lf a lizard caught thetail,the tail breaks is by The off andwiggles while lizard runs away. the lizard then is able grow new tail. to a

T h e A f r i c a nf i v e - l i n e d k i r i k ,a b o u t2 5 c m l o n g ,l i v e s + s a r o u n d u m a n w e l l i n gIs e d i n g a i n l y n i n s e c t sT h e h d e m . o b l a c kb o d yo f t h e y o u n g s l i n e dw i t h f i v e b l u es t r i p e s i a n dt a p e r s0 a b e a u t i f u l l u e a i l . T h ea d u l t s d i f f e r e n l l y t b t i c o l o u r e d T h e f e m a l eh a s g o l d e n t r i p e s n a b r o w n . s 0 w b o d y h i l s tt h e m a l eh a sa y e l l o wl i p a n da b l a c k h r o a t t on its brownbodv.

T H EE Y E L I D FT H ES K I N K O
Lizards have lower eyelids that are movable and scaly. Someskinks, 'window' plateor however, have transparent a in theirlowereyelid.When 'window' protects eye and enables skink the skinkburrows, the the the to see.
+

Thesizeof the window varies the different in skinks. The little brown skinkhas a small 'window' in each its lower evelids of

T h e F l o r i d a a n d - s k i na b o u t c m l o n g ,i s a b u r r o w i n g s k, 5 l i z a r d .l t h a sa w o r m - l i kb o d y i t hv e r y m a l l e g s .W i t h e w s 'swim' i t s w r i g g l i n m o v e m e n tis , a n t h r o u g hh e s a n d . t g tc I t h a s v e r y s m a l le y e sa n d n o e x t e r n ae a r 0 p e n i n g s l An S a n d - s k i na r ef o u n d n F l o r i d a n ds o u t h - w e s t e r s i a ks i

'window' occupying TheTravancore hasa skink evelid. more thanhalfof each lower

T h e g i a n ts k i n ko f t h e S o l o m o ns l a n d ss t h e l a r g e s t l i o f t h es k i n k s . t g r o w s0 a b o u 6 0c m . l t h a sa p r e h e n s i l e l t t

'window T h e l i d l e s s k i n kh a sn o e y e l i db u t a s , l y i n gi n p l a c e v e rt h e e y ea t a l l t i m e s . o

20

l. Some lizards liveonthe ground that have short l e g s n dl o n g a i l s . a t

F
2. Somelizards havevery small legsthat look l i k ef i n s .

T h ea l l i g a t olri z a r ds f o u n d n N o r t h m e r i c al.t l 0 0 k s i i a A l i t t l e l i k e a n a l l i g a t ow i t h i t s s c a l yb o d y . l t r a n g e sn r i size from 25 to 50 cm.

3 . In sometypesof ground-dwelling lizards, the


legs have completely disappeared. Legless lizards slitherlike snakes canoftenmove and awaymuch fasterthan lizards that havelegs.

The cylindrical skink,from 25 t0 40 cm long,is foundin n o r t h e rA f r i c a n ds o u t h e rE u r o p e n a n

e, T h e g l a s s - s n a ka b o u t1 . 2 m l o n g ,i s r e a l l ya l e g l e s s + l r z z r d l t h a st h e l i z a r d ' s b i l i t v o b r e a k f Ji t s t a i l a n d a t o gntw a new one. lt is found in Europe. Africa, Asia, andNorth America.

o 2 T h eg i a n tl i z a r d f M a l i ,a b o u t m l o n g ,l i v e si n s o u t h - e a s l e r n a s h A s i a - l t e a t ss m a l l n i m a l a n db i r d s 'e g g s 1 1 a sa v e r ys t r o n g tail that il uses to orotectitself T h ec o m m o r e dw o r ml i z a r da b o u l 0 c m l o n g , n . 4 i s a b u r r o w i na n i m atl h a t r e s e m b l e h e e a r t h g ts worm. lt has no legsand its longcylindrical b o d yi s r i n g e d .l t i s f o u n di n S o u t hA m e r i c a .

(/e/f) lives in Mexicoand in the deserts The gila monster o f A r i z o n aN e v a d aa n d U t a hi n t h e U n i t e d t a l e s l t i s . . S a b o u t6 0 c m l o n g l t s s k i n h a s a b e a d e d p p e a r a n c e a s I t s b i t ei s p o i s o n o ua l,t h o u gn o ta s d e a d l y s t h e v i p e r ' s . h a T h e g i l a m o n s t em o v e s a t h e rs l o w l ya n d c a n n 0 p u r s u e r r t i m o s i t s p r e y .T h e r e f o r et,f e e d s a i n l y n a n i m a l t h a t c a n n o t r u n a w a y ,s u c ha s n e s t l i n g a n d b a b ym a m m a l sl.t a l s o s f e e d s n e g g s f r e p t i l e s n db i r d s . o a o

(righi is the largest lizard the world. in TheKomodo dragon a a I t i s o v e r3 m i n l e n g t h n dw e i g h s b o u t1 3 0 k g . l t h a s t o s t r o n g l a w s , h a r p e e t h ,a n da l o n g ,s n a k e - l i kte n g u e . c s f T h e K o m o d o r a g o ne e d so n s m a l ld e e r ,p i g s ,a n d d e a d d l s a, a n i m a l s l.t l i v e si n t h e S u n d as l a n d o l I n d o n e s i p a r t i c u l a r l yt h e i s l a n d s f K o m o d oR i n j a .a n d F l o r e s o ,

STTAKES

or eyelids, openings, breastbones. ear withoutlimbs, Snakes reptiles are a " Theyhaverowsof scales theirskinswhichtheyshedat leastonce on (spinal year. -Their bodies bones).Larger of consist ribs and vertebrae (tightening) snakes haveup to 400 vertebrae." Theymoveby contracting their This makes alternately. the muscles eitherside of their spines on (move horizontal can in waves). All snakes swim. Snakes hodies undulate havelangswhich Poisonous snakes haveteeth whichslantbackwards. . andforkedat of are cafiyvennn(poison). The tongues snakes narrow . do sense smell. Snakes not chew of the tip. Theyalsohelpthe snake's their preywholeas their iaws are their food. Theyare ableto swallow are extendable. All snakes carnivorous.

, i t i T h er e l i c u l a t ep y t h g na b g u g m l o n g , s t h e l g n g e ss n a k e n t h e w o r l d . l t c a ns w a l l o w d t s As a p i g .b u tu s u a l lf e e d s ns m a l l em a m m a l s t l i v e s n t h ej u n g l e o f s o u t h - e a s t e r n i a i y l o r

p , s h a 6 T h eI n d i a n y t h o na b o u t . 5m l o n g , a sa t h i c kb o d y n di s a g o o d w i m m e rl.t i s f o u n d , n r n I n d i a s o u t h - e a s t eA n i a ,a n ds o u t h e r C h i n a rs

P Y I H O N S B O A S ,A N D A N A C O N D A S , are snakes primitive Boidae. These Pythons, boas, anacondas upthelanlly and make (traces organs function) the hip girdle of and havethe vestiges of whichno longer * . a s s g a n dh i n dl i m b s , T h el a r g e s tn a k e b e l o n t o t h i sf a m i l y . T h e y r en o n - p o i s o n o u s (strangling) them. and kill their prey hy constricting in andlives + boa 60 Therubber is onlyabout cm long coast NorthAmerica of on damo forests the Pacific
i t a W h e na n e n e m y p p r o a c h ei s ,h i d e si t s h e a du n d e r t s l u b o d y n ds t i c k s p i t s t a i l w h i c hl o o k s i k ea h e a d .T h u s a t v le i t e x p o s eiss l e a s t u l n e r a b p a r t .

l t M e x i c o o t h e c e n t r a p a r t s o f A r g e n t i n a l.t l i v e s i n and scrub treesin dryforests

have verY Pythons,boas, and anacondas r e d u c e di m b sw h i c h a r e n o l o n g e ru s e f u l l i n h e l p i n g h e s n a k et o m o v e S u c hl i m b s t a r ec a l l e d e s t i g i a l . v

T h e e m e r a l dr e e - b o aa b o u t2 . 5 m l o n g ,l i v e si n t h e t r o p i c a l t , j u n g l e s f S o u t h m e r i c aW h e n t i s r e s t i n g r w a i t i n g o r p r e y , f o A i o r t b a l a n c ei ss c o i l so v e r b r a n c h l t c a nt h e ne a s i l y n c o i lh a n g t a u . o f r o mi t s t a i l , a n d q u i c k l y t r i k ea t i t s p r e y l t f e e d sm a i n l y n s b i r d ss q u i n e l s ,n dl i z a r d s . , a

T h eh i pg i r d l e .

'quadrate the Part of the skeletonof a pythonshowing the bone' attaching lower s j a w t o t h es k u l l .T h i sb o n e c t sa s a m o v a b lje i n ts 0 t h a tt h e j a w b o n ec a nu n h i n g e o a n l m t o e n a b lte em o u t ho o p e n i d e .T h ep y t h o i st h e r e ba b l e o s w a l l o wa r g e a m m a l s . h t w y t

Hind linb r a T h e a n a c o n d a ,b o u t7 . 6 m l o n g ,t h o u g hs h o r t e t h a n py i i s t h e r e t i c u l a t e d t h o ns t h e h e a v i e s tn a k en t h e w o r l d . s I t f e e d s a i n l v n b i r d sa n dm a m m a la n dl i v e si n S o u t h m o America. I I

i
j

COTUBBID NAKES S . p0lsonous.These are Manysnakes harmless onlyslightly or snakes, -They collectively calledcolubrids, formthe lanily Colufuidae. total * about two-thirds the world's of snakes. Some colubrids terrestial are (land-dwelling), yet olhersarborcal(tree-dwelling), othersbarrowing (underground-dwelling), (waler-dwelling). or aquatic

bronze tree-snake, about1.5 m long,has r or4 narrowbody well-suited its life to l r r e e s . l t i s f o u n di n I n d i a . -nr

-.lt

e T h ep a r a d i ss n a k ea b o u t . 2m l o n g , a sa h , 1 colourful oatternon its skin lt livesin the forestsof Malaysia and Indonesia + Themangrove snake, about2 m long,livesin south-eastern Asia. lt preys on birds and t h e i re g g s .

l o n g - n o s e dh i p - s n a kie a b o u t1 . 4 m + w s rm,e4th lt lives in trees in south-eastern As,a"

t common hog-nosed snake, from 60 to 80 cm long,pretends r be fierce,but is actually harmless. appears lt dangerous. lt rrsses. and often puffs its neck,threatening strike lf these to lkcats fail, the snake rolls over and plays dead. lt has an whichit uses digging.lt feeds for mainly toads, on forned snout d is foundin the eastern UnitedStates. +

T h eA f r i c a n g g - e a t i n g a k ea b o u7 6c ml o n g i,s a b l e o s w a l l o w e t sn , t a h e n ' s g g h o l e .l t h a sa s p e c i a lo wo f n e c k - b o n wst hp o i n t e d e w ei r ends in the throat passage.These bonespuncture the egg, so that only its contents swallowed.The snakethen spits are

T h es t r i p e d a n d - s n a ks a b o u t s ie 4 0c ml o n g n dl i v e s n t h ed e s e r t a i of central Australia.

The red racer is a fast-moving NorthAmerican snake. and feeds on lizardsand other 1 lt is found in deserts, I s m a la n i m a l s . l

ke a 1 s s T h ec h e q u e r e d e l b a c k ,b o u t 2 m l o n g , p e n d m u c h o f i t s t i m e i n w a t e r . l t l i v e si n s o u t h e r A s i a . n

The common water-snake, found in wet areasof + south-eastern feeds Asia. uoon fishes amohibians and It is about cmlong. 65

g e, T h e c o m m o n a r t e r - s n a ka b o u t6 0 c m l o n g ,l i v e s i n g r a s s yi e l d sn e a rl a k e so r . p o n d s l t i s f o u n di n N o r t h f . America

Thewart snake, about m long,livesnearwaterin south-+ 2 eastern Asia. This snakedoes not seek its prey, but waits for the preyto approach springs and uponit.

P O I S O N O US N A K E S S * i i sn c P o i s o n o u s a k e s a nb e d i v i d e dn t ot w o g r o u p s . ( ) n eg r o u p n c l u d e s a n d k r a i t sw h i c ha l l h a v e c s c o b r a ss e a - s n a k em,a m b a s ,o r a ls n a k e s , , .The w s o t h e rg r o u pi n c l u d ev i p e r sa n d r a t t l e s n a k e sh i c h f i x e df a n g s . havefangsthat canbe foldedbackwhennot in use.

o a 2 m T h eb l a c k a m b a , b o u t m l o n g ,i s f o u n d n l y sn t i n A f r i c a l t i s a t r e e - d w e l l i n g a k eh a ta t l a c k s w i t h u n b e l i e v a bs e e e d .l t f e e d so n b i r d sa n d lo smalmammals. l

I h e k i n g c o b r a ,a b o u t 5 m l o n g . i s p r o b a b lty e l a r g e sv e n o m o u s a k ei n sn h t a t h e w o r l d l t l i v e si n j u n g l e s s w e l l a s C , o n p l a i n si n I n d i a ,s o u t h e r n h l n aa n d s o u t h - e a s t eAn i a . T h e k i n g c o b r ai s rs sn an a v e r ya g g r e s s i v e dd a n g e r o u s a k e . v I t f e e d s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l0 n o t h e r snakes. lt is the only nest-building cobra

n c , T h e s p i t t i n g o b r a a b o u t1 . 6 m l o n g .l i v e si n s o u t h e r A f r i c a . fromthe openings the front of its fangsto at It can ejectvenom a a a d i s t a n c o f 1 . 5t o 3 m . l t a l w a y s i m st h e v e n o m t t h e e y e s e o o f i t s a g g r e s s o rt,h u s b l i n d i n gt h e l a t t e r t e m p o r a r i l y r permanently

TYPES F FANGS O c 1. A fangof the Indian obra. of 2. A fang of the spittingcobra. It showsthe passage venom froma holeat t h e f r o n t o f t h e f a n g . whichis ejected

a T h e b l a c k a n d v e l l o ws e a - s n a k e ,b o u ta a t m e t r el 0 n g ,i s h i g h l y d a p t e do l i f e i n t h e l s e a . l t l i v e si n t r o p i c aw a t e r si n t h e G u l f ( a o f M e x i c ot.h e I n d i a n ) c e a n . n dt h e P a c i f i c T O c e a n . h i s s n a k ed o e sn o t l a y e g g s ,b u t t g i v e sb i r t ht o l i v e y o u n g h a t l o o k e x a c t l y l i k et h e i rp a r e n t s . An i a t T h eI n d i a n o b r aa b o u 1 , 5m l o n g l.i v e s n I n d i a n ds o u t h - e a s t e rs i a l t h a sa s p e c t a c l e c , a a t a d o s h a p e d r c i r c u l ap a t t e r n n i t s h o o d W h e n n n o y eo r e x c i t e di . r a i s e s b o u t t h i r d o r sound beforeit strikes. lts venom its a spreads hood,andmakes loudhissing of its body, t m a vc a u s e e a t h o m a n . d

, An l a t T h eb a n d e k r a i t , b o u 1 . 5m l o n g , i v e si n s o u t h - e a s t e r s i a ' l t h a sb r i g h tw i d ey e l l o w d sn a a n db l a c k a n d sa n di s c o n s i d e r e dd a n g e r o u s a k e . b ,

()thers America. in and are Truecoralsnakes foundmostly Central South n b b A . . i a r ef o u n d n A s i a . f r i c aa n dA u s t r a l i aA l l h a v e o d i e s a n d e id b l a c k , y e l l o wa n dr e d ,t h e b l a c k a n d s o r d e r eb y y e l l o w .T h e ya r ep 0 i s o n o u s , b b d b s n a k e s ,u ts e l d o m i t ep e o p l e . b

t t c T h e c o m m o n o r a ls n a k e , 7 5 o 1 0 0 c m l o n g ,i s r e l a t e d o t h e c c o b r a s l t s h e a d h a s c h a r a c t e r i s tiin d i g ob l u e , y e l l o w ,a n d a S i n d i g o l u eb a n d s .l t l i v e si n t h e U n i t e d t a t e s n d M e x i c o . b

24

VIPEBS Vipersare poisonous snakeswith enl a r g e df a n g s . " W h e n n o t i n u s e , t h e fangsare foldedbackagainst roof of the the skull. Theyare erected onlywhen a s t r i k ei s m a d e .- T h e r ea r e t w o f a m i l i e s the of vipers, pit-vipers the truevipers and

( o f t e n a l l e dh e 0 l d W o r l d i p e r s ) - T h e v . c t pit-viperis distinguished two facial by pits situatedbetweeneach nostril and -The pits eye. are sensitive heatand t0 enable the viperto detectwarm-blooded prey.

TheGreen Viperisabout metre Pit a it Although is a small long. snake, its venom dangerous.has strong, is lt a grasping and lives trees. is tail in lt found in Taiwan and south.eastern Theside-winder from40 to 60 cm long lt livesin the deserts the south-western is 0f AsiaU n i t e d t a t e s n dm o v e s i d e w a y se a v i n S - s h a p e r a c k s n t h e s a n d .l t h a sa h o r n S a l, g i td o v e re a c h y ea n di s s o m e t i m e s l l e dh eh o r n e da t t l e s n a k e . e ca t r

B u s s e l l ' v i p e r ,a b o u t1 5 m l o n g ,l i v e s* s m I n d i a l t i s n o c t u r n aa,n d f e e o so n l frogs and small mammals.lt bearsits younglive and is said to be able to give birth to almostsixty at a time.

Vipers have folding fangs,unlike other pois W sonous nakes. hen fangs are not erected theycanbe foldedin the mouth. closed

The puff-adder, abouta metrelong, i s f o u n di n A f r i c aa n d A s i a M i n o r I t m a k e w h e e z i n g dp u f f i n g o u n d s s an s w h e na l a r m e d . I

Pits pit-vipersbetween of lie nostril theeve and each

The cottonm0uth. water moccasin, 0r a b o u t1 . 2 m l o n g , i s a s w a m ps n a k e foundin the south-western United States. I t f e e d s nf i s h , r o g sa n d m a lm a m m a l s f , s o l W h e na l a r m e di,t o p e n si t s m o u t he x p o s i n g h e c o t t o n yw h i t e l i n i n g .h e n c e t , r t sn a m e

n T h eg a b o o v i p e r a b o u 1 . 5m l o n g , a sa b r o a d e a d n da t h i c k , t h h a b o d y h i c hi s p a t t e r n eid d e t a i l . l t h a s l 0 n gl a n g sa n dp o t e n t w n v e n 0 m F o r t u n a t e il t i,s n o r m a l ls l u g g i s hl f i t a t t a c k s .o w e v e r , . y y h i t s t r i k e s w i f t l y n dm a yn o t l e t g ot i l l i t s v i c t i m s d e a d .l t l i v e s s a i in the rain-forests Alrica of

T h ee a s t e r d i a m o n d - b a c k t l e ra b o u 2 m l o n g , s t h e l a r g e srta t t l e s n a k et l i v e s n t h e n rat , t i l i south-easternited tates. U S

Battlesnakes pit-vipers. rattlesnake are The derives name its fromthestructure which forms rattleat theendof its tail. Therattleconsists upto 10hollow, a of l o o s e l i n t e r l o c k i nh o r n y e g m e n t s . w o t o f o u rn e w s e g m e n t sr e a d d e d y g. s T a y e a c h e a r , n ee v e r yi m et h e s n a k e h e d st s s k i n . W h e n h e s n a k e h a k e s 0 t s i t s i t s t a i l r a p i d l y , e r a t t l e a k e s n o i s e h i c h e r v et 0 f r i g h t e t h e s n a k e ' s th m a w s s n enemres. T h e r e r e a b o u t 0 s p e c i e 0 f r a t t l e s n a k eh r o u g h o uh e A m e r i c aa n d a 2 s ts tt s Canada. Theyarefoundmainly the drierpartsof the south-western in United States.

25

CROCODILIANS

C r o c o d i l e sl , i g a t o r a , dt h e l e s s e r - k n o wa v i a l a n dc a i m a nb e l o n g a l sn gn s s -They to the order Crocodilia. arethe surviving relatives the dinosaurs of a n da r et h e l a r g e so f t h e l i v i n g e p t i l e s- T h e yl i v ei n t h e t r o p i c s . A l t r . though bestadapted the water, to theyoftengo on landto lie flat on their b e l l i e s n db a s ki n t h e s u n . - T h e vc a nw a l ka n de v e n u ns h o r t i s t a n c e s a r d o n t h e i r f o u r s h o r tl e g s - C r o c o d i l i a n s v el e a t h e r y k i n w i t h h o r n y ha s scales. Their bodies taper heavy, tailswhich used swimming to flat are for andalsoas a powerful jaws prey. -They havestrong weapon batting for and cone-shaped teeth,usednot for chewing for seizing but and holding p r e y .- T h e f o o di s , h o w e v e r , ' c h e w e d 'a s p e c i ap a r to f t h e s t o m a c h . by l . jaw Theupper is movable.- Crocodilians eggs. lay

A lest African dwarfcrocodile

S o u t h m e r i c ac a i m a n s . A n

The eyes,ears,and nostrilsof the crocodilian are situated the top of the head. The animal at cantherefore theseorgans use whilethe rest of its body is underwater. Whenit is completely s u b m e r g e id s e a r sa n d n o s t r i l s r e c l o s e d y t. a b protects valves and a transparent membrane the eyes.As the mouth not watertight, is flapscover the windpipe andgullet (passage leading the to stomach) ring ives. du d

T h eA m e r i c ac r o c o d i lie f r o m3 . 6t o 6 m l o n g l t l i v e s n s i n t h es o u t h e rp a r t s f N o r t h m e r i c( F l o r i d a ,o u i s i a n a , n o A a L a n d M i s s i s s i p p i ) ,e W e s tI n d i e sC e n t r aA m e r i c a , n d th , l a C o l o m b ia n d E c u a d o r S o u t h m e r i c a . t s r e a d i n e s s in A l t 0 t a k et 0 t h e s e ae x p l a i nis s w i d er a n g e . t

DIFFEBETCES BETWEEIII CBOGODITES AIIIDATTIGATOBS Themostmarked difference between crocodile the alligator in the the and is position the teeth. Thefourth of toothon eithersideof the crocodile's lower pr is large. Whenits mouthis shut, thesetwo teeth ptotrude(stick out) andeach be seenclearly either can on sideof the jaw. Theteethonthe lower however, cannot seen be lar of the alligator, whenits mouth shut. Another is difference that the alligator is has a broader, morerounded snout.
C r o c oId ' s ie head Fourth tooth of lower jaw A lI ig a t o r ' s head

A l t h o u g ht s n a m ei s t h e M a l a y a n a v i a l t h i s c r e a t u r e i g , i s o f t e nk n o w n s t h e f a l s eg a v i a l e c a u s ie d o e sn o t a b t b e l o n go t h e g a v i a l a m i l y . l t i s a c t u a l l y c r o c o d i l e . t f a from 3 to 5 m long,and lives in the riversof the Malay P e n i n s u aa dI n d o n e s i a ln

* T h e s a l t - w a t e r r o c o d i l es f o u n d c i i n s o u t h - e a s t e An i a a n d N e w rs G u i n e a l t i s f r o m4 . 2 t o 6 m l o n g a n d h a s t h e r e p u t a t i o o f b e i n ga n man-ealer

EAYIAI-S
6 a r i a l s r e s e m b l e r o c o d i l ea n d a l l i g a t o r s , c s hrt havelonger, narrower muzzles. Bothjaws hare close-set teeth. Gavials feed almost ertirelyon fish.
g , T h eI n d i a n a v i a lb e t w e e n . 5 a n d6 m 4 l o n g ,l i v e si n t h e w a t e r s f t h e G a n g e s . o M a h a n a d iB r a h m a p u t r a n d I n d u s , a, Bivers.

T h e M i s s i s s i p p il l i g a t o ra b o u t3 m l o n g ,l i v e s a , i n t h e s w a m p s f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i i v e rd e l t a o R a n d t h e E v e r g l a d eo f F l o r i d ai n t h e s o u t h s easterunited tates n s

Birdsarethe onlyanimals with feathers. Likemammals, birdsare warmblooded. teeth. Theyhave beaks whichcontain nostrils. Theydo n0t have Theforelimbs mostbirdsare modified themt0 of into wingsthat enable f l y . T h es k e l e t o o f b i r d s s l i g h tb e c a u sm o s to f t h e b o n e s r eh o l l o w . n i e a All birdshave two legs. When standing, birdsaresupported theirtoes on T o n l y .T h e i r e e l s r er a i s e d f f t h e g r o u n d B i r d s a y e g g s n n e s t s . h e h a i o l p a r e n t t a k e c a r eo f t h e i r y o u n g o r c h i c k s . s , (dead) Many species birds nowextinct are of because hasinterfered man g i n t h e i rn a t u r as u r r o u n d i n g se c a u so f g r o w i n c o n c e rfn r t h es u r v i v a l l o B. e and protection birds,reserves, sanctuaries, parkshavebeen of bird and e s t a b l i s h e d ,w e l la s l a w sg o v e r n i ntg e h u n t i n o f b i r d s . as h g

F L I G H T L EB I S D S SR
; : - . - - i - ' : f e o r d e r p h e n i s c i f o r m eef,l i g h t l e s w,a t e r - d w e l l ib ig d s o u n d n l y S ar s s nr f o - : - : S : - : - : . rH e m i s p h e r e

The kiwi (abovel, the order Apterygiformes, rarebirdfoundonlyin New is a oI Zeafand. tinanou The of Tinamiformes, is foundonlyin South lbelowl, the order and Central America.

l s : - : - e s a b o y e l ,o f t h e o r d e r S t r u t h i 0 n i f o r m e s ,e t h e l a r g e s tl i v i n g b i r d s , ar ':--: :'r in , A f r i c a a n d A r a b i a .T h e r h e a l r b e l o w lo f t h e o r d e r B h e i f o r m e ss i, ':--: :- , n South merica A

(aboveland the emu (belowl, the orderCasuariformes, The cassowary are of large, flightless birds.Theemuis found Australia, in whilethe cassowary lives in New Guinea, Australia. adjacent and islands.

AND GREBES TOONS

.They are medium-sized -Grebes belong the orderPodicipediformes. to . goodat swimming diving. Froma distance they look water-birds and necks m0re and likeducks, theysit higher thewater, in longer but andhave .Theirfeet are -Grebes s l e n d e rp o i n t e d i l l s . , b h a v ev e r ys h o r tt a i l s . by Instead beingconnected a web, different from mostwater-birds. of feedmainly small on the toesof the grebe fringed are separately.Grebes fish. .All grebes breedaround fresh water.

gr T h e b l a c k - n e c k e d e b el i v e s i n r e e d f r i n g e d a k e si n E u r o p e , s i a ,s o u t h e r n l A Africa. and westernNorth America. lt has vellowish ear tufts and its beak is slightly pturned. u

g m a D u r i n c o u r t s h itp ,em a l e n d h ef e m a l e r e b ets g e t h e ru i l d n e s t a d e g h a t o b of grasses. Four five eggsarethenlaid in the nestwhichfloatson the or to the surface the water. When oarent of the birdshave leave nestto look be for food,theycoverit with grass that the eggscannot seen.After so the share task of feeding chicks. the the eggshavehatched, bothparents food or are Grebes very quickand agile in the water. Whenseeking for avoiding waterwhere theycanremain as longas danger, diveunder they t i 3 0 s e c o n d s . r e b ec a na l s os i n ks l o w l y n t ot h e w a t e r i l l o n l yt h e i re y e s G s andbillsarelevelwiththe surface.

i T h e r e d - n e c k eg r e b eb r e e d s n q u i e t ,m a r s h y d p o n d sb u tw i n t e r s ns e a c o a sitn N o r t h m e r i c a , , A s o A s i a ,a n d E u r o p e The little grebe lives in lakes with d e n s e e g e t a t i oin E u r o p e ,f r i c aA s i a . v n A . A u s t r a l i aa n d s o m eP a c i { i c s l a n d s .l t . l d h a s a y e l l o w - t i p p eb i l l . l t s b o d y i s a b o u 2 5c m t

lt pied-billed lives grebe along shores ranges lake The lts Argentina. bill is fromNorth America southern to grey and black.

The great crestedgrebegets its name from its orominent tufts. lt is lound ear i n t h e E a s t e r n e m i s p h e f r o mE u r a s i a H re and Africa t0 Australia lt is large' measuring out 8 cmin length ab 4

A floating nestof the little grebe

r00Ns
" Loons, divers, or belong the orderGaviiformes. to . powerful and legs have They water-birds.They are -They s l a r g e w e b b e de e t . , f a r e e x c e l l e n tw i m m e r s . t b a n dd i v e r s . T h e i rl o n g ,p o i n t e d i l l sa r e s u i t e d o . loons season, catching fish. During the breeding of live in the northern forestsand tundras America and Europe.They migratein winter to northern Africa andCentral America.

Theyoung a little grebe. of

nests lakes northern on of loon The black-throated lt United States. Europe, andthewestern Asia, grey head. can lt and has black a throat a light lt a t0 for stay under water over minule. grows a 68 length aboul cm of

ld o T h er e d - t h r o a t eo o ni s t h e s m a l l e s t f t h e l o o n s .l t h a s tna r a r e d d i s h - b r o w r i , n g u l ap a t c ho n i t s t h r o a t .l t l i v e s in tundraareasand growst0 a lengthof about63 cm.

29

AND ALBATROSSES

tS PETRE

.They " A l b a t r o s s e s d p e t r e l s e l o n g o t h e o r d e rP r o c e l l a r i i f o r m e s . t an b in islands the and on aremarine birds that live on the ocean breed remote -They -Their f f e e ta r ew e b b e d . S r , u t P a c i f i c" T h e va r ee x c e l l e nlti e r s . h . .They sw t b a r e o f t e nc a l l e d u b e - n o s e d i m m e r s h a v es t r o n gh o o k e d i l l s . , .They mostof theirtime in spend of because the structure the nostrils. 0f t0 the air and water.and come landonlvto nest.

Albatrosses bestadapted life on the ocean.Theycango to seafor are to sea-water, drinking weeks months, or sleeping the surface the ocean, 0n of ha a n dr e t u r n i ntg l a n do n l yt o b r e e d .A l b a t r o s s e s v el o n gw i n g sw h i c h o i t h e yu s ef o r s o a r i n g n dg l i d i n g n a i r c u r r e n t sT h e b e s tk n o w n n t h e o . a t H st al si S o u t h e r ne m i s p h eir e h ew a n d e r i n g b a t r o sw , t ha g r e a w i n g - s p r e a d o f 3 . 6m . fs D u r i n g h e d a y so f s l o w s a i l i n g - s h i p s ,i l o r s i l l e da l b a t r o s s eo r t sa k f r e s hm e a td e s p i t eh e b e l i e f h a t k i l l i n g n a l b a t r o sb r o u g hb a dl u c k . t t t a s te T h ep o p u l a t i o na l b a t r o s sw s sf u r t h erre d u c eid t h en i n e t e e nc h n t u r y ea n of stuffing.The whentherewas a demand their feathers mattress for as NorthPacific albatrosses were almost wipedout until a law madetheir n e s t i ng r o u n d sr e s e r v a t i o n ,d h ed e m a nfd rf e a t h e rd e c l i n e d . g a o s an t

w S t e l l e r ' sa l b a t r o s s a s o n c e c o n s i d e r e d man had huntedit almostextinctbecause in for its feathers.lt wasfound lar!e numbers a l o n g h e c o a s t s f t h e B e r i n g e aa n de v e n o S t a i n n o r t h e r n a l i f o r n ia c e n t u r y g o . l t i s C n o w n u m e r 0 uo n l y i n J a p a nw h e r e i t i s s protected law bv

s s i s T h eL a y s a a l b a t r o sb r e e d sn t h e L e e w a r ld l a n d n e a r n d l t h e H a w a i r a ns l a n d s .l t h a s a w i n g - s p r e ao f n e a r l y a 2 1 m . l t i s a N o r t hP a c i f i c l b a t r o s s .

T h eb l a c k - f o o t e db a t r o sb r e e d m a i n l y al s s i n t h e M i d w a v s l a n d s n do t h e ri s l a n d s l a o n t h e s a m el a t i t u d ea s J a p a n . l t i s d a r kg r e y n c o l o ua n dh a sa w i n g - s p r e a d i r of21m. s T h e w a n d e r i na l b a t r o s is t h e g best known of its kind in the of P S o u t h a c i f i c l t sw i n g - s p r e a d t 3 . 6 m i s t h e l a r g e so f a l l l i v i n g b i r d s . T h e a d u l t i s p u r ew h i l e with blackwing tips.

f"

-*.

PETRELS . . h s P e t r e l s r e s m a l l er e l a t i v eo f t h e a l b a t r o s s e s L i k et h e m ,o e t r e l s a v eh a r d , a r .They i a r e s t r o n gn f l i g h t ,b u t f l a p t h e i rw i n g s h o o k e d i l l s ,a n dt u b u l a n o s t r i l s . r b . live on all oceans, especially the Anin moreoftenthan albatrosses do. Petrels .They t g a l a y o n l yo n ee g gd u r i n gh e b r e e d i ns e a s o n n db o t hs e x e s tarctic egion. r y f c a r e o rt h e i r o u n g .

T h e s n o w yp e t r e lh a s a s n o w - w h i tb o d yw i t h e a i b l a c k y e s n db i l l . l t i s t h e o n l yp e t r efl o u n d n e pa o e i n t h es o u t h e r n m o s tr t s f t h eA n t a r c t irc g i o n

c
T h e g i a n t p e t r e li s t h e l a r g e s to f t h e p e t r e l s of w i t h a w i n g - s p r e a d a b o u t2 4 m . l t l i v e si n o a t r e g i o n s r o u n d h e A n t a r c t i cf.e e d i n g n f i s h , a y s h r i m p s , n d o c c a s i o n a l la y 0 u n g p e n g u i n

tICANS, PE
COBMORANTS, AND THEIR

P e l i c a n s ,o r m o r a n ta n dt h e i rr e l a t i v eb e l o n go t h e o r d e rP e l e c a n i c s, s t formes. .They are largeaquatic feet. bitds (water-birds) with webbed -They h a v es h o r tl e g sa n d l a r g e i n g s . . T h e y c a nf l y a n d s w i mw e l l . w .Their -Pelicans a beaks relong. a n d c o r m o r a n es t f i s h a s d o t h e i r ta g r e l a t i v ets e a n h i n g a s ,o o b i e s , a n n e t s , n d f r i g a t e - b i r d sT h e y l i v e h b a . m a i n l yn t e m p e r a t e g i o n s . i r

BE TATIVES
Pelicans goodswimmers divers.Theyhavea pouch are and whichhangs fromthe lowerbill andthroat.Theyfeedmainly fish whichtheycatch on 'S' byplunging thewater. In flight,theirnecks curved an into in shape. are When landtheywaddleclumsily their short,stoutlegs. Theynest on on in marshes on islets of lakesand lagoons. or

Cormorants usedby Japanese are fishermen helpcatch to fish. Thefishermanties a cordround the cormorant's throat, tight enough that it can so breathe cannot but swallow fish. Whilethe fisherman the remains the in boatandholds cord, birddives the the intothe water. When cormorant the pu t c a t c h ea f i s hi n i t s l o n g , o o k e b i l l ,t h e f i s h e r m a n l l s h e b i r db a c k o s h d t the boat and takes the fish. At intervals. fisherman rewards the the cormorant a f ishto eat. with
l h e w h i t ep e l i c a ns a l m o s1 . 5m i n l e n g t h , h et i p so f i t s w i n g s r eb l a c k l t i s f o u n d n i t T a i NorthAmerica and nestson islandsin freshwater lakes and ponds.

Thegreat, common, or cormoranl is foundin Europe, Asia,Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and North America. lt nests in colonies rockvcliffs. on

is TheGuanav cormorant foundin t a C h i l e n dP e r u .l t i s a b o u7 6 c m o i n l e n g t h .T h e d r o p p i n g sf t h e Guanaycormorantare a rich source fertilizerin Peru. of

T h e r e d - f a c e d o r m o r a nits l a r g e r t h a n t h e c p e l a g i c h a g ,b u t r a r e r l t b r e e d s n i s l a n d s s o i n t h e n o r t h e r n o r t h P a c i f i c0 c e a na n d t h e N Bering ea. S

A f l o c ko f T e m m i n c kcs r m o r a n t s 'o

The pelagicshag is a dark, red{aced cormorant with two crests0n its head. t t b r e e d si n c o l o n i e so n i s l a n d si n northern Japan, Seaof Okhotsk, the the B e r i n g e a , h e A r c t i cO c e a n , n da l o n g S t a the western coast 0f North America.

a T e m m i n c k 'c o r m o r a n s c a o t u r e d n d s it u s e d b y J a p a n e s ei s h e r m e no c a t c h f t f i s h . l t b u i l d si t s n e s t o n c l i f f s o v e r l o o k i n gh e o c e a n . t

H E R O NE G R E T S , S, AND BITTERNS

Herons theirrelatives egrets, and the bitterns, ibises, flamingos and storks, .They b e l o n go t h e o r d e r i c o n i i f o r m e s . t a r ew a d i n g i r d s ." T h e yh a v e b C l o n gn e c k sp o i n t e d i l l s ,a n dl o n g t h i n l e g s . . T h e yf e e dm a i n l y n f i s h , o b , a n dl i v ei n m a r s h e s . .Herons - T h e yn e s t a n de g r e t s a t f r o g sa n ds n a k e s s w e l l a s f i s h . e a .The high on the branches strongtrees. of hunting egretsf0r their of beautiful feathers reduced numbers somespecies. has the 0f

p H e r o n r(y l a c e h e r e e r o n b r e e d ) w h s The cattle egret is found in f i e l d si n t h e c o m p a no f c a t t l e , y p s o m e t i m e s e r c h i n go n t h e i r b a c k s ,f e e d i n go n i n s e c t s .l t has spread lrom Eurasiaand Africa to South America and t h e s o u t h e rU n i t e d t a t e s . n S

The little egret nests colonies in around marshes, river deltas, swamps. is found southand lt in eastern Europe, south-eastern AIrica, Asia, and ia. Austral
great white egret,with a wing-spread of The Eastern a b o u t . 3m , i s o n eo f t h e l a r g e se g r e t s l t w a s a l m o s t 1 t extinctbecause thousands were shot lor lhei plunes ( f e a t h e r s )H o w e v e rp r o t e c t i v m e a s u r eh a v eh e l p e d . e , s t0 restore their numbers. Thegreatwhite egretis f0ufld in south-eastern Asia,Africa,and Europe, south-eastern Australia.

T h er e e fh e r o ns b l a c k n c o l o u r . i i I t l i v e s o n t h e b e a c h e so f A u s t r a l i a .N e w Z e a l a n d .a n d south-eastern Asia.

Thenight-heron roosts trees in a r o u n ds a l t o r f r e s h w a t e r marshes swamps. and Species of the night-heron found are around world. lt hunts the for foodat night.

The greyheronis the most common widesoread and of the European herons. lives lt around lakes, lagoons, rivers, and swamps.
I T h e b o a t - b i l l eh e r o nh a s a b r o a d f l a t d . b i l l a n d l a r g ee y e s O t h e r w i sie l 0 0 k s t l i k e a n i g h t - h e r o nt i s n o c t u r n a ln d l. a p r e y s n f i s h ,c r a b sa n d s m a l lr o d e n t s . o , I t l i v e s h i d d e n i n m a n g r o v e sr o m f southernMexic0to Peru and southern Brazil.

T h el i t t l eb l u e e r o ns o n eo f t h es m a l l e s tf t h eA m e r i c a n h i o h e r o n s l,t i s f o u n d n t h e e a s t e r n n i t e d t a t e s n df r o m i U S a P e r uo U r u g u a y . t

T h e g r e a tb l u e h e r o n , h e l a r g e s t m e r i c a n e r o n ,i s t A h o f t e nc a l l e d c r a n e l t i s J o u n dn N o r t h m e r i c a r o m a i A f, A l a s k a o M e x i c o .l t f e e d so n f i s h a s w e l l a s f r o o s . t craVfish. and water-snakes.

T h e l i t t l e b i t t e r n n e s t s s i n g l y i n r e e d sa n d m a r s h y v e g e t a t i 0a l o n gl a k e sa n d r i v e r s . I t i s a s m a l lh e r o n n with a wing-spread about43 cm. I t b r e e d sn E u r o p e , of i A s i a . I n d i a ,A f r i c a .a n d A u s t r a l i a

TheAmerican bittern foundin North from is America Indies. CanadaMexico, to America, theWest and Central points Toescape attention anenemy, bittern the of the its beak breast, skywards, revealing heavily its streaked (hiddenl and stands still. Inthis it iscanouflaged very way among reeds the where lives. it

32

FLAMINGOS,ORKS, ST AND THEIRRETATIVES

.Storks h a v es t r a i g h b i l l s ,a n d a r e u s u a l l y o [ 0 u r eb l a c ka n d w h i t e . t c d outstretched. Theadults nute (voiceless). ate They slowly, fly withnecks "They are foundin warmer regions around world,in Africa,Eurasia, the andthe Americas. " Ibises spoonbills and have faces bareof feathers, Mostof the adults -lbises - S p o o n b i l hsa v e l a r em u t e . h a v e h i nb e a k s u r v i n d o w n w a r d s . t c g b r o a d ,p o o n - s h a p elds . s bi l

-._

-re

rfrite stork of Eurasia well knownfor is re huge stick nests which it builds on roofs r i r r o u s eis F r a n c eH o l l a n da n d G e r m a n yl . n , , t milgraies southern t0 Africa in winter.

stork thelllewWorld in Thejabiru thelargest is (the amphibians. Americas). lt feeds fishand on It is found Mexico Argentina. from to

T h e r o s e a t e p o o n b i lils a b e a u t i f u lw h i t e b i r d w i t h s , pink wings andflanks(sides) lt nestshigh up in mangroves lt is found in the south-eastern UnitedStates andfromthe WestIndies Argentina Chile. and t0

FLATIIIGOS Filamingos hooked have billsandextremely long r e c k sa n d l e g s . - W i t ht h e i r b i l l s u p s i d e o w n , d ' a m i n g o s c o o pn t o m u df o r f o o d . - T h e yh a v e s i p n k p l u m a g a n dl i v e i n l a r g e l o c k s n s h a l l o w e f i 'S' * rater. In flight,their necks are bentin an 5"n a0e.

Tle greater flamingo a deeppink,with brightred legs is a d f e e t l t h a sa b l a c k - t i p p e dl l . l t n e s t s n c o l o n i e s bi i r m m u d - f l a t s n d i s f o u n di n t h e W e s t l n d i e s . o u t h a S {rnerica.Eurasia.and Africa.

The common is spoonbill found in Eurasia Africa. and northern It usually in nestson the ground marshes on islands coastal in or l a g o o n s .D u r i n gt h e b r e e d i n g season develops crestat the it a nape(the backof the neck).

-.j'j.:.=

h i o T h e g l o s s yb i s h a sa b r o n z e r g r e e n i s s h e e n . n s t o i t s p l u m a g eB r e e d i nig m a r s h ea n dr e e d s , it lays greenish-blue gs lt is widelydiseg o i t r i b u t e dn t h e w a r m e r e g i o n s f t h e w o r l d .

T h es c a r l e itb i s i s a h a n d s o m e r d . l t s o l u m e s bi are all red exceptfor its wing tips which are b l a c k . l t l i v e si n l a r g ec o l o n i e sn t h e c o a s t a l i mangroveswamps of South America, from Venezuela north-eastern to Brazil-

WATER-FOWL

" W a t e r - f o w le l o n go t h e o r d e r n s e r i f o r ma n di n c l u d e u c k sg e e s e , b t A es d , . s w a n s a n d s c r e a m e r s T h e y h a v ew e b b e de e t , s h o r tl e g s ,a n d l o n g . . f n e c k s . T h e i rb i l l sa r ef l a t w i t ht o o t h - l i ke d g e sh a ts e r v e s s t r a i n e r s . e t a -Soft, downy feathers keeptheir bodies warm. .They makeuseoI dlwn (soft. fluffyfeathers) linetheirnests.- Their young swimsoon to after can hatching. Except the screamers, for water-fowl foundall overthe are world.

SWANS . " Swans the largest the water-fowl. Theirnecks longer are of are thantheir b o d i e s " T h e ya r e g r a c e f u l o t hi n t h e w a t e ra n di n t h e a i r . - S w a n s l y i n . b f V-formation in lines. -Except the blackswanof Australia, or for have swans . m a i n l y h i t eb o d i e s . T h e yd i p t h e i rh e a d s n d e r a t e rw h e nf o r a g i n f o r w u w g p a q u a t i c l a n t st,h e i rm a i nf o o d . . S w a n s e e da n dm i g r a t en f l o c k s ." B o t h f i m a l e n df e m a l en c u b a ta n dc a r e o r t h e y o u n g . a i e f

A f l o c ko f w h o o o es w a n s . r

The whooper swan breeds aroundsalt-water lakes and r i v e r si n n o r t h e r n u r o p e n d A s i a . l t i s a l a r g eb i r d . E a a b o u t . 5m l o n g , n dh a sa b r i g h y e l l o w n db l a c k i l l . 1 a t a b W h e n w i m m i n gt h o l d si t s n e c ks t r a i g h t . s i,

A mute swan.

The mute swan is found on the Asian continent, in northern Europe, the United and States lt is a beautiful 'S' b i r d w h i c hs w i m sw i t h i t s n e c kh e l d i n a g r a c e f u l r c u r v e .l t c a nb e e a s i l y e c o g n i s e d t h e b l a c kk n o ba t by the baseof its bill. Themuteswanis oftenkepton lakes p i n p r i v a t e a r k s .l t s b e a u t y a se v e n n s p i r etd ef a m o u s h i h ballet SwanLake.

SCREAMEBS S c r e a m e as e t h e S o u t h m e r i c ar e l a t i v eo f d u c k sg e e s ea n d s w a n s . rr , A n s , . S c r e a m eg e t rs t h e i rn a m er o m h e i rl o u d r i e s . T h e y i v eo n l y n t h et r o p i c a l f t c l i f o r e s t s r w e t g r a s s l a n d s S o u t h m e r i c a..A p a i ro f s p u r s r o j e ca t t h e o p t of A f o r e p a ro f t h e i rs t r o n g i n g s ." T h e yh a v es h o r t . u r v e d i l l s . . S c r e a m e r s t w c b . a r e v e g e t a r i a nfs ,e d i n g a i n l y n w a t e r - p l a n t sT h e y a r e a b l et o f l o a t e m 0 . e a s i l vn w a t e r e c a u so f t h ea i rs a c s n d etrh e i r k i n .- U n l i k eh o s e f o t h e r i b e u s t o w a t e r f o wiln t h i so r d e rt.h et o e so f s c r e a m ea sen o tw e b b e d . rr

T h eb l a c k - n e c k s w a ni s f o u n d ed in southernSouth America E x c e o f o r i t s b l a c k n e c k ,t h i s t s w a n h a s w h i t e p l u m a g e .A t t h e b a s e f i t s b i l l i s a r e dk n o b o

T h e h o r n e ds c r e a m e lri v e s i n m a r s h e s n d f l o o d e d a t r o p i c aflo r e s t s f S o u t h m e r i c a . n i t s f o r e h e a d a o A 0 is s p i k e ,a b o u t1 5 c m l o n g ,c u r v i n go r w a r d . f

T h eb l a c ks w a ni s f o u n d n l a k e s n dr i v e r s n s o u t h e r n o a i A u s t r a l i a n d T a s m a n i al.t h a s a b o d yo f b l a c k ,c u r l y f e a t h e r sa n d i t s b i l l i s b r i g h tr e d . .

34

GEESE

" t , w l G e e s e r el a r g ep l u m p i r d s i t hl o n gn e c k s . T h e i r e g sa r es h 0 r a n d a b . are placed farther forward thanthoseof ducks. Theirfeet are webbed. . td T h e i rb i l l s a r e b r o a d n d r 0 u n d i p p e da n d a r e w e l l - a d a p t e0 t h e i r a t . habits. Geesefeed 0n grain,grassshoots,and somewater-plants. t A l t h o u gth e ya r e e x c e l l e n tw i m m e rt s e yd o n o t s p e n d s m u c h i m e h a h s in the wateras their relatives, ducks the andswans, do. " Theyarevery a g i l e n l a n d n df l y w e l l . o a

goose breeds * in The greylag and Eurooe central Asia. northern on lakes. and It is found moors.
i s l a n d si n s u m m e r .I n w i n t e r , i t p r e f e r ss a l t a n d f r e s h w a t e r r m a r s h e s l.t i s t h e a n c e s t oo { t h e d o m e s t ig o o s e . c

g T h e C h i n e s e o o s ei s l o u n d i n o r t h e s o u t h e r ne g i o n s f S i b e r i a a n d n o r t h e r nC h i n a . l t w a s n d o m e s t i c a t eid C h i n aa l m o s t a 3 0 0 0y e a r s g o

r $ite-fronted goose.

T \ e w h i t e - f r o n t eg o o s eb r e e d s n t h e A r c t i ct u n d r a .+ d i it Slrrngthe non-breeding season, is foundin southern i u o p e . t h e M i d d l eE a s t ,n o r t h e r nn d i a ,C h i n aJ a p a n , I , i r d M e x i c o .l t l i v e sa l o n gc o a s t s n d l a k e s , n t u n d r a a - e g i o n sf.i e l d s ,a n d m a r s h e s

-re C a n a dg o o s e r e e d sn C a n a da n d * a b i a :re northern UnitedStatesand winters sauh in Mexico. lt is the most widesqreadof the geesein North America g rd is a favourite ame-bird. l w d T h e l e s s e r h i t e J r o n t eg o o s e i v e si n + r o t h e f a r n o r t h e r ne g i o n s f t h e A r c t i c d u r i n gs u m m e a n d f l i e s s o u t hf o r t h e r t winter. lt is smaller han the whitegoose fronted

on The brent breeds the coasts A , o f N o r t hA m e r i c aE u r o p e , s i a , n s a n di s l a n do f t h en o r t h e rA r c t i c region. It wintersalong the N o r t h S e a i n E u r o o ea n d i n a C a l i f o r n i a n d V i r g i n i ai n t h e United States.

go T h e b a r - h e a d e d o s ei s f o u n d i n A s i a . l t i s g r e yi n c o l o u r n d a c a n e a s i l yb e i d e n t i f i e d y t h e h two blackbarson its whitehead.

l{agellan'sgooseis grey with u,ackbarson its belly. lt is so rrdespreadn SouthAmerica i a n d t h e F a l k l a n ds l a n d s h a t l t 'rmers consider a pest. it

< .
T h e s n o w g o o s eb r e e d si n t h e A r c t i c A r e g i o n o f N o r l h m e r i c a n dG r e e n l a n d . s I t i s p u r e w h i t e w i t h b l a c kw i n g - t i p s .

* f b T h e b e a ng o o s e r e e d sr o mG r e e n t l a n d t h r o u g hn o r t h e r nE u r o p e o e a s t e r n s i a l t h a s a b l a c kb i l l A with an orange and lt flies south b a s s o o na s t h e A r c t i cw a t e r sb e g i n to freeze

DUCKS

. D u c k s r es m a l l etrh a ng e e s e n ds w a n s * I n m o s t y p e s f d u c k st,h e a a o male, dnke. hasmorecol0urful or feathers have thanthe female. Ducks -They f l a t b i l l s h i c h c ta s a s i e v eo d r a i n f f m u d n dw a t e r . w a t o w a swim ell -Some andare strong fliers. ducks live in shallow, freshwater,suchas ponds. and lakes, andmarshes. Some live in deepsaltwatersuchas bays (Jthers in trees river-m0uths. live

A c o m m otn a l e T h e s p o t - b i l l e d u c k o f e a s t e r n s i a l o o k sv e r y m u c h A like the brown,female mallard As with most freshw a t e r d u c k s ,t h e s p o t - b i l l e d u c k h a s a d i s t i n c t i v e d speculun(brightpatcheach on wing). lts speculum blue. is T h e m a l l a r di s f o u n d i n t h e N o r t h e r n e m i s o h e r e H g I t h a s a g l o s s y r e e n e a d . b l u es p e c u l u m ,n d c u r l y h a a f e a t h e r s b o v e t s l a i l T h em a l l a r ds o f t e nh u n t e do r a i i l s p o r to r f o r f o o d M o s td o m e s t i d u c k s r e d e s c e n d e d c a f r o mt h e m a l l a r d T h e B a i k a t e a l n e s t si n n o r t h - e a s t eAn i a . T h ed r a k e l rs n h a s s t r i k i n p a t t e r o f b l a c kb e i g ea n dg r e e n ni t sf a c e a g , , o T h ep i n t a iils f o u n d n n o r t h e rE u r o p e ,s i a , n dw e s t e r n i n A a N o r t h m e r i c aI.nw i n t e r t m i g r a t es o u t h n di s c o m m o n A i s a i n t h eu p p er e a c h eo f t h e N i l ei n A f r i c a . s T h ec o m m otn a l i s o n eo f t h e s m a l l e sm e m b e ro f t h e e t s d u c k a m i l y .l t n e s t sh r o u g h o u t0 s lo f E u r o p e ,o r t h e r n f t m n A s i a ,a n d N o r t hA m e r i c a l T h eg a d w a lh a sa b r o w nb l a c k , n dw h i t ep a t c h n i t s , a 0 , w i n g . l t l i v e si n f r e s h w a t e a k e s p o n d sa n dr i v e r s .l t lr , b r e e d sn E u r 0 p e e m p e r a tA s i a ,a n dN o r t h m e r i c a . i t, e A T h e m a l er u d d ys h e l d u c i s r u s t - c o l o u r e d t h a l a r g e k wr w h i t ea r e ao n i t s w i n g s l t b r e e d sr o ms o u t h e rS p a i n f n e a s t w a r d c r o s s o r t h e r n f r i c aa n d A s i a . l t n e s t si n a n A b u n o w s n dh o l e s a T h e f a l c a t e d e a l i s f o u n di n n o r t h - e a s t eAn i a . T h e t rs m a l e a s b r i g hp a t c h f g r e e n ni t sw i n g h a t o o T h em a n d a r id u c ki s f o u n d n e a s t e r A s i aa n ds o u t h e r n n i n E n g l a n w h e r er t w a s i n t r o d u c e dl,t f e e d sm a i n l yo n d l a n da n d e s t snt r e e . h o l e s .h ed r a k es m o s h a n d s o m e . , n i T i t w i t h w i n g sc u r v e di k e a f a n l A m a n d a r id u c k . n T h em a n d a rdn c k iu

I h e B a i k a le a l . t

T h ef a l c a t e d

o a i T h ec o m m os h e l d u clkv e si n t h e c o a s t a l r e a s f S p a i n , n a E B r i t a i n ,a n d t e m p e r a t e u r o p e n d A s i a . l t n e s t si n b u r r o w sn t h e g r o u n d T h e d r a k eh a s a r e d k n o bo n i itsbill. and Europe northern is Thewigeon foundin north-eastern o A s i a . l t w a l k sw e l l a n d o l t e ng r a z e s n l a n d ,a l t h o u g h i t f e e d s a i n l y nw a t e r - p l a n t s . m o el l T h e s h o v e l l eh a s a s p e c i as p o o n - s h a pb idl w h i c hi t r for uses forage foodin the water. lt is foundin Europe, to northern Asia.and NorthAmerica a T h e t u f t e dd u c k l i v e sn e a rs w a m p s n d t h e s e a s h o r e i a d I t f e e d s a i n l v n s h e l l f i s h n ds e a w e ea n di s f o u n d n m o Boththe maleandthe female northern AsiaandEurooe. crest. havean overhanging e T h e g o l d e n - e yd u c k l i v e s i n b a y so r r i v e r sn e a rt h e E n s c o a s ti n t h e n o r t h e r r e g i o n o f N o r t hA m e r i c a , u r o p e , and Asia. lt swims fartherout to sea than any other h , h d u c k T h ef e m a l e a sa b r o w n e a d b u tt h e m a l eh a sa e g r e e n e a d i t h a w h i t es p o tb e n e a t e a c h y e . w h h

e T h e s m e wi s a h a n d s o md u c kw i t h w h i t e a n d b r o w n p l u m a g el . i s f o u n d n n o r t h e rE u r a s i a . i n t i m n h T h eh a r l e q u id u c k a sc o l o u r f u l a r k i n gl sk et h ep a i n t e d t r c s f a c eo f a c l o w n .l t l i v e s e a r o c k y o a s t w h e r e h e s u r f n a ro i s h e a v y l t i s f o u n di n l c e l a n d n dn 0 r t h - w e s t eNn r t h America. l is T h er e d - b r e a s t e d r g a n s e r a b e a u t i f uc,r e s t e d u c k me i n I t i s f o u n dn t h e n o r l h e rp o l a r e g i o n s . a T h e c o m m o e i d e rn e s t so n t h e s h o r e s f L a b r a d o rn d n o Norway.lt linesits nestwith down(soft,flu{fyfeathers) m t o k e e pi t s e g g s a r m . M a n h a ss i m i l a r l y a d eu s eo f w o a e i d e r d o wfn r w a r mc l o t h i n g n d b e d c o v e r i n g s . d T r e e - d u c k s v el o n g e r e g st h a n a q u a t i c u c k s T h e y ha l t e h r e s t a n d i g h ea n dm o r e r e c t .T h eb l a c k - b e l l i erd e - d u c k w h a s a b o d yo f b r o w np l u m a g e i t h a b l a c kb e l l y a n d w h i t eo n i t sw i n g s .l t s b i l l a n dl e g sa r ep i n k . l t i s f o u n d A i n M e x i c o n dS o u t h m e r i c a . a s t t T h ef u l v o u sr e e - d u cik t h e s m a l l e s0 f t h e t r e e - d u c k s . A , I t i s f 0 u n di n N o r t ha n d S o u t h m e r i c aa s w e l l a s i n A f r i c a n dI n d i a a
JI

BIRDSOF PREY

-Vultures, hawks, eagles, falcons, their relatives and belong the order to - sh F a l c o n i f o r m eT . e ya r ea l l b i r d s f p r e y .- T h e i rh o o k e d i l l sa r es h a r p o b " They possesscere(soft, anddowncurved. a naked skin)at the base the of upper bill. Theyhave strong, clawed feet. Each foot hasfourtoes,three of whichfaceforwards with the hindtoe pointing backwards.Theosprey . is an exception having reversible in a outer as well. Birds preyare toe of carnivorous, feeding mainly warm-blooded on animals. are Some carrioneaters; thatis,theyeatthedecaying fleshof dead birds animals. They and have keensense sightandcandetect preywhilehovering a of highabove . theground. Thefemales usually are larger thanthe males. Birds prey of a r e d i v i d e dn t o f i v e f a m i l i e s :N e w W o r l d u l t u r e st;h e s e c r e t a r y - b i r d ; i v 0ldWorld vultures, hawks, eagles, theirrelatives and and ; ospreys; falcons.

VUTTURES . Vultures scavengerc (animals feedon decaying arc that matter) " Unlike otherbirdsof prey,their clawsare weak and unsuited capturing to live a n i m a l s..T h e yh a v e a r g e i l l sf o r t e a r i n gl e s ha n du s u a l l e a t c a r r i o n . l b f y -Their h e a d s n dn e c k s r ew h o l l y r p a r t l y a r e f f e a t h e r s*.T h e r e r e a a o b o a two groups vultures the (JldWorldandthe New World(American) of v u l t u r e sT h o u g hh e i rg e n e r aa p p e a r a n a e d l i v i n gh a b i t s r e s i m i l a r , . l t cn a certain placethemin separate features their anatomy of families.

Thegriffon vulture found Europe, is in Africa, southand western Asia. lts headand neckare covered with white down

T h e A n d e a n o n d o r s t h e l a r g e s to f t h e N e w W o r l d c i v u l t u r e s . t i s a b o u t1 . 3 m i n l e n g t ha n d l i v e si n t h e l A n d e s .T h e m a l e ,u n l i k eo t h e rb i r d so f p r e y ,i s l a r g e r t h a nt h ef e m a l e .

T h e A m e r i c a k i n gv u l t u r ea b o u t7 6 c m l o n g ,i s l o u n d n , , f r o mM e x i c oo A r g e n t i n al.t h a sa y e l l o w f l e s h y r e s t t c p o nt h e b a r e a t c h t t h eb a s e f i t s u p p e b i l l r a o

The turkey vulture themost is widely distributed of the New Worldvultures. ranges lt frfln southern It Canada southern t0 Argentina. has a wing-spreadabout cm. of 73

Thewhite-backed vulture a characteristic has whitepatch o n i t s b a c k l t i s o l t e ns e e n a t i n g e f u s e nt h eo u t s k i r t s e r o o f v i l l a g e isn I n d i a n dP e n i n s u l Mra l a y s i a . a a T h e E g y p t i av u l t u r ea b o u t5 8 c m l o n g ,i s t h e n , s m a l l e s t f t h e 0 l d W o r l dv u l t u r e s .l t o f t e n o i n h a b i t ls w n sa n dv i l l a g e sn s o u t h e r E u r o p e , o i n A f r i c aa n dI n d i a . ,

38

EAGLES AND HAWKS

.They -Eagles havebroadwingsand birdsof prey. are largepowerful .They -Most b u i l dt h e i r n e s t so n tails. e a g l e s a v ed a r k c 0 l o u r i n g . h . a td b c h i g hc l i f f s n dm o u n t a i n s . a g l eh a v e e e n o n s i d e r eh e k i n g s m o n g a E s p 0n b c h t h eb i r d s f p r e y ." T h e s m a j e s t ib i r d s a v e e e n o r t r a y e d t h ee m b l e m s o e * e g t n s o f s e v e r a l a t i 0 n s . E a g l ea r e b e c o m i ne x t i n cb e c a u so f p e r s e c u t i o n .The golden lr e, by man. e a g l eS t e l l e r ' s e a - e a g l a n dt h e b a l d - e a g ae e , e s p e c i a lpy o t e c t e d . lr -They -Hawks r s a r e c l o s e e l a t i v eo f e a g l e s . a r e c o m m ob i r d so f p r e y . n powerful, and claws sharp fliers. " Theyhave Hawks swiftandstrong are -Thev , hookedeaks f e e dm a i n l v n s m a l m a m m a a n db i r d sa n dh a v e o l ls b a t b e e n n o w n0 p r e y na n i m a lls r g etrh a n h e m s e l v e s . k t o

l,*)

t.rn \
l T h e i m p e r i ae a g l el i v e s m o s t l yo n t h e A s i a n nd t , ft c o n t i n e nr o mn o r t h - w e s t eIr n i a o C h i n aa n d e i n t h e M e d i t e n a n e arn g i o n . l t h a s s t r i k i n g p l u m a go f w h i t ea n db l a c k e a t h e r s e f

, b S t e l l e r ' s e a - e a g lh a sa h i g h y e l l o w i l l ,d i s t i n g u i s h i n g e i t f r o mt h e o r d i n a rs e a - e a g l e t f e e d so n f i s h ,r a b b i t s , l. y t a n db i r d s .l t b r e e d sn e a s t e r n i b e r i aa l o n g h e s h o r e s i S . a lu o f t h eB e r i n g n d0 k h o t s k e a sa n di s o c c a s i o n afl oy n d S . inAlaska.

s T h e b a l d - e a g lie t h e n a t i o n a l S o emblemf the United lates lt w , i s a c t u a l ln o tb a l d b u th a s h i t e y o f e a t h e r s n t h e h e a da n d n e c k I t m e a s u r ea b o u t8 6 c m . l t i s s f o u n d i n N o r t h A m e r i c aa n d north-eastern eriaSib

T h e m a r s h - h a r r ilev e si n o p e nc o u n l r y ir a n d m o o r s n E u r o n e n dw e s t e r n s i a i a A I t h u n t s n m a r s h ea n ds w a m o s i s ab T h e h a r p y - e a g l e , o u t9 5 c m l o n g , r a n g e sf r o m s o u t h e r n lVlexico Argentina lt hasverY to l s t r o n g e g sa n d a c h a r a c t e r i s l i c c r e s to n i t s h e a d . l t f e e d so n a m o n k e y s n d s m a l lm a m m a l s

T h es w a l l o w - t a i l e id ei s f o u n dr o m h es o u t h e m k t f t t A U n i t e d t a t e s 0 n o r t h e r n r g e n t i n al t i s o n e S o f t h e 0 r e t l i e so f t h e A m e r i c ah a w k s l t f e e d s t n a sn m a i n l y n i n s e c t s ,n p h i b i a n a , ds m a lr e p t i l e s o l

lives in both open sparrow-hawk The European north-western and forestedcountryin Europe, p A f r i c a a n dl a r g e a r t so f A s i a . ,

A g s i i T h e o s h a wlkv e s nt h ef o r e s t o f N o r t h m e r i c a , A s i a . n dE u r o p e ,x c e p t i nB r i t a i n .T h ef e m a l e a e g h a sa w i n g - s p r e a d o v e ra m e t r e of

39

AN FALCONS D THEIRRELATIVES

.Falcons, hawks, belong a familyof theirown. to theyresemble although .They i d i f f e rf r o m h a w k sa n d e a g l e s n t h a t t h e y h a v eh o r n y ' t e e t h ' 'teeth' . f h e l pi n t e a r i n gl e s h . b o n t h e s i d e so f t h e u p p e r e a k . T h e s e . * are in Falcons found mostpartsof the world. They the mostpopular are *The to belong the family caracaras birdsusedin the sportof falconry. are from but of falcons, differin appearance the true falcons.Caracaras flesh of otherbirdsand that cauion-feeders, is, they eat the decaying A a n i m a l s T h e y i v ei n S o u t h m e r i c a . . l

from Brazilto Chile. lt caracara ranges The Chimango i s a b o u 6 0 c mi n l e n g t h . t a f T h e k e s t r eo f t h e f a l c o n a m i l yl i v e so n t h e p l a i n s n d l i n w o o d s f E u r o p e , s i a ,a n d p a r t s0 f A f r i c a .l t f e e d s o A o n b i r d sm i c e a n di n s e c t s . , ,


I

I
e i T h e p e r e g r i n f a l c o ni s v e r y p o p u l a r n t h e s p o r t 0 f o t i om f a l c o n r yl . l i v e s n o p e n c o u n t r y , f rc 0 a s t s tm o u n t a i n s , s o a n dn e s t s n r o o f s f t a l l b u i l d i n ga n dc l i f l l e d g e s l.t i s o Antarctica foundin mostpartsof the w0rldexcepting + f , T h e p y g m y a l c o n e ta b o u t1 6 c m l o n g ,i s t h e s m a l l e s t i l o i t h el a l c o n s . t i s f o u n d n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . unlikeotherbirdsof prey,has a reversible The osprey, o f o u l e rt o e . 1 1 e e d sm a i n l y n f i s h . l t h u n t si n s u d d e n

t T h e g y r f a l c o n ,b o u t5 0 c m l o n g ,i s t h e l a r g e s 0 f t h e a o r h u n t i n ga l c o n s .l t i s f o u n di n t h e n o r t h e r ne g i o n s l f , N o r t hA m e r i c aE u r o p ea n d A s i a ,

FATCONRY birds is with trained Falconry the sportof hunting falconry been has traced back of prey.In the East, t lo d t o 1 2 0 0 . C .l t w a se s p e c i a lpy p u l a ru r i n gh e B 'the MiddleAgeswhen it cameto be knownas f s p o r t 0 f k i n g s ' . T r a i n e d a l c o n sw e r e h i g h l y prized the gift 0f a falcon fromthe kingwas and c0nsidered mark of favour. Now. however, a is sport. falconry not a widelypractised
r F a l c o n r ys e d o b e a p o p u l as p o r t n t h e M i d d l e g e s . u t i A

, s i , s p e c t a c u l d irv e s n t ol a k e s r i v e r sa n da l o n g e a c o a s t s . a e f b h T h eo s p r e y a ss t r o n ge e tw i t h s c a l e s e n e a t h ,n a b l i n g it to havea firm grip on its prey. The ospreyis noted its for its courage defending home.lt is foundin most* in p a r t s f t h ew o r l d . o id d T h e s e c r e t a r y - b i r s l o n g - l e g g ea n d s t a n d sa b o u t o o 1 2 m h i g h . T h ec r e s t n t h e n a p e f i t s n e c kr e s e m b l e s ear quills lpenslprojecting a from behind secretary's rd h e n c ei t s n a m e . T h e s e c r e t a r y - b i f e e d s o n s m a l l a , a a n i m a l s n d i n s e c t sb u t s n a k e s r e i t s m a i np r e y . l t t b w a s t r i k e s t s n a k e s i t h i t s s h a r p i l l w h i l ep i n n i n gh e m with its strongclaws. Unlikeother birds of prey,the ,! s e c r e t a r y - b i rh u n t s o n f o o t l t i s f o u n d i n t h e d of savannahs Africa.

FOWL-LIKE BIBDS

quails, partridges, pheasants, grouse, curassows, Fowl-like birdsinclude . a n d m e g a p o d e s i c ha l l b e l o n g o t h e o r d e rG a l l i f o r m e sT h e y a r e wh t . -They attractive. heavy-bodied. birds. land can fly only a few hundred -They metres. r u n w e l l o n l a n d ,b u t c a n n o s w i m . " T h e i rs h o r tb e a k s t * for curve downwards. In searching food,the birdsscratch ground for the are colourful seeds insects. Thecocks, males, most and 0r of species more and in thanthe hens."Theyarefoundall overthe worldexcept Polynesia Antarctica.

GBOUSE t G r o u sa r es t o c k b i r d s " T h e i lre g s n d o s t r i la r ec o v e r e di t hf e a t h e r s e y . w a n s 'Ptarmigans a r e g r o u s eo u n d n t h e c o l d e r e g i o n s D u r i n g i n t e rt h e i r f i w . f e a t h e ra r ew h i t e . s

p f R o c k t a r m i g a nn t h e i rc o a t s f w h i t ew i n t e r e a t h e r s . is o

T h e p r a i r i e h i c k e no r p i n n a t e d r o u s eh a sy e l l o wa i r g . c , s a c s n e i t h e r i d eo f i t s t h r o a t .T h e s e a c s r ei n f l a t e d o s s a 'dances' d u r i n gc o u r t s h i p i n t h e m a t i n gs e a s o n .T h e g r o u s e l s om a k e s b o o m i n c a l l w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e s e a a g a i r s a c s l t i s f o u n d n w e s t e r n a n a da n dt h e s 0 u t h e r n i C a United tates S

T h er o c kp t a r m i g ai n b r o w n n dw h i t ed u r i n g u m m e r , s s a b u t t u r n sw h i t ew i t h a b l a c ks t r e a k c r o s sh e e y e i n a t winler This changeof colour helps to eanouflage ( h i d e ) t h e p t a r m i g a n g a i n s t i t s b a c k g r o u n dh a . l i v e s i n t h e n o r t h e r n m or e g i o n s f N o r t hA m e r i c a st o a n dE u r a s i a .

C U R A S S O WA N D I H E I B R E T A T I V E S S gu , A C u r a s s o w s ,a n sa n dt h e i rr e l a t i v el sv eo n l yi n t r o p i c a l o u t h m e r i c a . i S -They kr , a r e p h e a s a n t - l ib ie d s a n da r e u s u a l l f o u n d n t r e e t o p s ,u t a r e i b y ground-feeders, eatingleaves, fruits,insects, and worms,

TUBKEYS -Turkeys a r eb e a u t i f u li r d s h o s ee a t h e rh a v e m e t a l l i lcu s t r e .- T h e b w f s a s m a l e a sa s p u r t t h e b a c k f e a c h e g . . T u r k e y a r eg r o u n d - f e e d e r st, h a o l bu -They g r 0 o s itn t r e e s t n i g h t . s a a r ew e l lk n o w no r t h e i rg o b b l i nn o i s e a n d f . i s t r u t t i nw a l k . D u r i n g o u r t s h i t h e m a l e ' s a i l i s d i s p l a y el dk e a f a n . g c p. t Today manraises Man domesticated turkeys human for consumption. has successfully turkeyS bred whichhavemorefleshand aretastier, thanthe w i l do n e s .

T h eg r e a t u r a s s o lwv e si n f o r e s t sr o ms o u l h e rM e x t c o c i f n w t o E c u a d o rT h e m a l ei s m o s th a n d s o m e ,i t h a c r e s t t k o o f c u r l e de a t h e r sl.t h a sa b r i g h y e l l o w n o b n i t s b i l l f

T h ew i l dt u r k e vs f o u n dn t h es 0 u t h - e a s t e r n i t e d t a t e s i i U S d a n dl V l e x i c ot. i s n o wa p r o t e c t eb i r da f t e ri t s n u m b e r s l w e r eg r e a t l y e c r e a s e d g a m e u n t e r s . by h d

o T h e w h i t e c r e s t e dg u a n i s f o u n d f r o m V e n e z u e lta a 8 P a r a g u a yn dA r g e n t i n aI.t m e a s u r ea b o u t 8 c m . s

PHEASANTS

f a m i l y0 f p h e a s a n t n c l u d ed o m e s t ifc w l , p e a - f o w lp a r t r i d g e s , is s , o andquails.- Most malepfieasants havelong,attractive tails whichthey display during courtship attract t0 females.-They havea prominent spur at the backof eachleg. - Peacocks oftenkept in zoosand private are parks because theirbeauty. Ouails small of game-birds. domestic are Like fowl, quails alsobredfor their eggs. are

-The

The ancestors domestic junglebirds,notably of fowl were probably the widelydistributed junglefowl. Theydifferfrom otherpheasants red in that they havered combs their headsandwattles(growths skin) on of at the bases theirbeaks.Theirtails are usually of arched. The hensare lesscolourful thanthe cocks.Domestic chickens raised theirtasty are for fleshandeggs.Fancy fowl arebredfor show. Some trained cockare for fights.
T h el o n g - t a i l e do k o h a m a i c k e n Y ch

-,_

peacock. tnt white

T,he Brahma

H e a d f t h e c o m m op e a c o c k o n

H e a d f t h eg r e e n e a c o c k p o

T h ec o m m o p e a c o c ik a n a t i v e f I n d i a n dS r i L a n k a n s 0 a T h e p e a c o c k a s a m a g n i f i c e n lto n g t r a i n p a t t e r n e d h , 'eyes'of w i t hl a r g e b l u e n dg o l d l t a l s oh a sa c r o w n - l i k e a c r e s t n i t s h e a d .T h ep e a - h ein d u l lb r o w n n c o l o u r . o s i p T h eg r e e n e a c o cik f o u n d n t h ej u n g l e o f B u r m aI,n d o s s i C h i n aa n dI n d o n e s i at. l 0 o k s e r v u c hi k et h ec o m m o n . l v m l p e a c o c k ,u t i t s c r e s ti s w e b b e da n d i t s n e c ki s o r e e n . b . n o lb l u e . T h e w h i t e p e a c o c ks a f o r m o f t h e c o m m o n e a c o c k i o t h a t f r e q u e n t lo c c u r s m 0 n g i r d sb r e di n c a p t i v i t y . y a b

T h e r i n g - n e c k e d e a s a nl t v e si n t e m p e r a t A s i a b u t ph i e i t i s n o w a w e l l - k n o w g a m e - b i rid E u r o p e l t p r e f e r s n n p a r k sw i t h t a l l g r a s s , h r u b sa n d o c c a s i o n arle e so n s , t w h i c hi t r o o s t s .l t h a sa w h i t er i n gr o u n d t s n e c k . i

j T h eg r e y u n g l eo w l f

T h ec o m m o q u a i li s f o u n di n t e m p e r a tE u r a s i a ,f r i c a , n e A a n d M a d a g a s c a lrt. b u i l d si t s n e s to n t h e g r o u n d n d a l i k e st o r e m a i n i d d e nn b u s h ea n dl o n gg r a s s e s h i s

CRANES AND THEIRRELATIVES

-Cranes, t a s b r a i l s ,c 0 o t s , u s t a r d s ,n d t h e i r r e l a t i v e b e l o n go t h e o r d e r f ig . a d b G r u i f o r m eT h e s e i r d s r es l o w l y e c r e a s i nn n u m b e rS o m ea m i l i e s s. -Theyhavehardbills,rounded extinct not protected. if mayevenbecome a c b w i n g sd n ds h o rtta i l s ." M o s to f t h e s e i r d s r ea q u a t ia n dl j v ei n m a r s h e s , .They g s w a d et h r o u g h r a s s ea n dw a t e rw i t h t h e i rl o n gl e g s . or swamps. -The a f e e to f t h e a o u a t i o n e s r e n o t w e b b e d . c

CBANES -Their *Cranes b i l l sa r el o n ga n dp o i n t e d . h a v e o n gl e g s n dl o n gn e c k s . l a -They p , s f, , e a t m a i n l y l a n t sb u t a l s of e e do n i n s e c t s r o g s a n do t h e r m a l l * ca l li d s a n i m a l s . C r a n ep e r f o r m v e l y a n c ea n dm a k e o u dt r u m p e t - l i k e l l s . s 'They the America, Pacific the in arefound throughout worldexcept South a i s l a n d s . e wZ e a l a n d ,n dt h e M a l a y r c h i p e l a g o . a N

The demoisellis one of the e o c s m a l l e s t r a n e s .l t b r e e d s n o d r y g r o u n d n o p e np l a i n sa n d p l a t e a uis c e n t r aa n ds o u t h e r n n l Eurasia

c T h eS i b e r i aw h i t ec r a n e o m e s + n from cold Siberia lt winters o t along he coasts f the CasPian Sea.

.t
t
I

T h ec r o w n e d r a n e s a h a n d s o mb i r d . l t s h e a dh a s a c i e feathers. blackvelvetcap and a crownof bristle-shaped I t i s f o u n di n A f r i c a .

i t n T h ew h o o p i nc r a n es t h e t a l l e s A m e r i c ab i r d . g 'l o reachina height i about 3 m lt is strictly g t p r o t e c t e d y c o n s e r v a t i o n i s tls . b r e e d s i n b . n o r t h - w e s t eC a n a d a n d w i n l e r si n T e x a s i n rn UnitedStates the southern

B A I T S N DC O O I S A
and Rails coots and belong the same to family." Theylivein marshes. are bodies, runwell can found mostpartsof the world. Railshavenarrow in toe). They have lobedfeet (flapson each andfly shortdistances. Coots . canswimand dive,as well as fly shortdistances. Birdsof this family lizards and s0metimes molluscs, feed on water-plants. seeds,insects, a n dm i c e .
coot is foundfrom TheAmerican c e n t r a lC a n a d ao E c u a d o r l.t t is dark grey with a white, bi c h i c k e n - l i k el l .

TBU PETEBS M -Trumpeters A . l a r e f o u n do n l yi n t r o p i c aS o u t h m e r i c a " T h e y c a n r u n .The a m a l e s a v e l o u dt r u m p e t - l i k e h a n ds w i mw e l l ,b u t a r ew e a kf l i e r s . -After *Trumpeters dance, courtship a lively roost treesat night. in voice o g r o u n d . T h e c o m m otn u m p e t e re l o n gts . b r o t h e yb u i l d h e i rn e s t s n t h e t this family. lt feedson fruit andseeds.

*The r u d d vc r a k ei s a s m a l lr a i l growingto a length of aboul

in 23cm. lt isfound Asia

I I

BUSTABDS Bustardsare amongthe h e a v i e s to f f l y i n g b i r d s . They haveshortlegs and h e a v yb o d i e s . T h e y c a n run very fast and are well adaptedto open, treeless -They eat seeds, regions. shoots,insects,and even m i c e , r e p t i l e s ,o r b i r d s . -They a r e f o u n di n A f r i c a . A s i a .a n d A u s t r a l i a .

+ T h eY p e c a hw o o dr a i lm e a s u r e s a aboul45 cm and is one of the l a r g e rr a i l s . l t i s l o u n d o n l y inSouth merica. A

i a i T h eH o u b a rb u s t a r ds f o u n d n Asia and Africa Boththe male crest have short a andthefemale

43

WADEBS AND THEIRRELATIVES

o r d e r C h a r a d r i i f o r mi e s l u d e s e v e r a lf a m i l i e sw h i c h c a n b e nc divided into threebroadgroups..The first and largest group of consists t h e w a d e r st,h e s e c o n dn c l u d ets e g u l l s , e r n s ,s k u a s a n d s k i m m e r s , i h t , . andthethirdincludes auksandtheirrelatives. Themales females the and u s u a l l lyo o ka l i k e . . T h e yf e e d0 n a v a r i e t y f s m a l l n i m a l s..T h e ya r e o a distributed throughout world and inhabitseashores, the waters, coastal andmarshes.

-The

T h e C a s p i a p l o v e ri s a b o u t1 9 c m n long lt travels flocks frequents in and grassplains. y

T h e l i t t l e r i n g e dp l o v e r , b o u t 1 5 c m a long, breeds in northernEuropeand Asia. lts bill is black and its legs are p a l e . l t h a s a b l a c kb r e a s t a n o . b

p , T h e K e n t i s h l o v e r a b o u t1 5 c m l o n g ,i s c o m m o n n o sandy and stony beaches along the coastsof southeasternEngland, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia

The ringedploverlooks much like the little ringed plover. However.it can be identifiedby its orangebill which h a sa b l a c k i p . t

WADEBS -Waders -Their have long legs and narrowbills. legs are adapted wadingand are bare of feathers.-The hindtoe for is smalland is higher than the front toes. Most waders are found alongcoastalareas. -Plovers -They form the majority waders. of are small, shorebirds,measuring to 39 cm in length. -They spend 15 much time on the ground andcanrunveryrapidly.Theirflight is swift and powerful.. Plovers feed on insects, crustaceans, worms, some and seaweed. They pebble-like between lay eggs rocks the ground. on

The spotted sandpiper measures about20 cm and is found temperate America. winters Brazil in North lt in and Chile.

a T h e p h e a s a n l - t a i l ejd c a n a . a b o u t5 0 c m l o n g , i s f o u n di n India and south-eastern Asia. The napeof its neck is yellow and the tail has longplumes.

The common lapwing,about in 30 cm long. found Europe is and temperate lt isbrightly Asia. coloured hasa longcrest. and

The painted snipe,about24 cm long, is found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. lt feeds mainlv o nw o r m s n dm o l l u s c s . a

Whenthe nest or youngof wadersare a threatened an intruder, parentlures by the intruder away. The parentpretends to have an iniuredwing and fluttersin a directionaway from the nest. The intruder, if it is a predator (one who prey),will be lured away with catches the prospectof a bigger and equally helplessprey. When the predatorhas been led out of sight of the nest, the 'recovers' parent andflies to safety.The predator left to look for a bewildered is mealelsewhere.

T h e E u r o p e ao y s t e r - c a t c h e r . n a b o u t5 0 c m l o n g ,i s a c o a s t a l b i r d . l t f e e d s a i n l v ns h e l l f i s h m o which it openswith its strong. r e db i l l .

44

, G U L I SA U K SA N D , THEIRBELATIVES

. Gulls terns birds and wings, bodies, pointed long, withslender and are waters, yebbed and birds theseashore coastal of are feet. *They typical . They well, areable soar glide and to fly and though livein marshes. some -Theirbills .Gullsaregood but swimmels, arenotdivers. withease. *Terns smaller than are nest theground. on curve down thetip. .Gulls at .Theirbillsarepointed -They poor gulls. but are swimmers, candive. atthetip.

gull, is 40 Thecommon about cmlong, loundnearharbours in parks.lt and nestsin colonies northern in Eurooe,
Asia. and north-western NorthAmerica.

gull, 76 Theglaucous about cmlong, gulls. lt breeds is oneof the larger islands, of coasts Arctic along marine Asia, and North northern Eurooe, America.

is Thecommon about cmlong, thebest tern, 37 in of known the terns. lt nestsin colonies Asia, Africa. North and Europe, western northern America.

is along about Thehening-gull, 61 cmlong. abundant lt and near common lakes rivers, breeds and coasts also America, along and North northern regions, in theArctic of the coasts Europe. of birdwith a length Thefairyternis a small in found mangroves about cm. lt is usually 30 ol islands the and in western Hawaii tropical S0uthAtlantic.Indian,and PacificOceans' t . t

is black except 40 tern. about cmlong, entirely The sooty lt along and forehead underparts.is found for its white facingthe Atlantic, coasts tropicaland subtropical 0ceans. and Pacific. Indian

SKUAS -They 'Skuas close hooked have strongly and are relatives gulls terns. of (soft, skin) the on naked tail and bills, elongated central feathers, a cerc -They rob often other and are swimmers divers. upper bill. -They poor food. birds their of

45 The Arcticskua,about cm h common. is is long, themost Arcticcoasts. foundalong

AiID AUKS.PUTFINS, IHEIB BETAIIVES .Auks, to puffins, theirrelatives welladapted life in thewater. are and . They likepenguins, areable fly. . Auks take cannot to theair to but look -Theyhave ground. They takeoff fromcliffsor highrocks, fromlevel -They the move through water well. can and webbed and swim dive feet wings. Auks strong of their feet, bythemovement but notbyusing their - Puffins, to able are as oftenknown sea-parrots, feedmainly fish. 0n . do. auks go than out gr0und.They further to sea level take theairfrom to - Puffins brightly but seas0n, in during breeding the beaks c0loured have .Auksand -They puffins in nest bulrows. away. fades winter colour the regions. live in the Arctic

The greatskua,about58 cm of long, thelargest theskuas. is It feeds fish,andscavenges on lt and bpaches. alongshores on often pre.ys the eggsand of The chicks penguins. great skuais foundin the Antarctic.

pulfinis about cm 30 Thecommon long. lt feeds fish. lt is found on coasts. along NonhAtlantic the

43 auk. Therazor-bill about cmlong, in bill. hasa grooved lt is found large numbers along the North Atlantic coasts.

45

PIGEONS AND
THEIRBELATIVES

Pigeons and doves,sand-gr0use, the now-extinct and dodo are three * h f a m i l i e o f b i r d s e l o n g i n g t h e o r d e r o l u m b i f o r m eT . e s e i r d s r e s b to C s b a -They generally plump andfull-breasted. and grasses. eat fruits,grains. 'pigeon's produce Pigeons doves and milk' from the crcp (a sac in the throatregion) whichtheiryoung "Doves on feedsoonafterhatching. are -This generally considered smaller and m0regentle than pigeons. order of birdshas the unusual abilityto suckup liquid. Theyneednot raise -They their heads intervals swallowliquidas otherbirdsdo. are at to found overthe worldexcepting polarregions. all the

The large greenpigeonrs found in the forests 0 f t h e M a l a yP e n i n s u l a ,o r n e oS u m a t r a , n d B , a Java. lt has a red patch on its breast. lt is afmost completelyarhoreal (lives in trees).

in parks fa;mland. The turtle-dove iscommon and It is very active theground. lives central lt in on andsouthern northern Africa. Asia. Europe, and

The Indianring-dove a blackcollarnarrowly has trimmedwith white. lt is found in cultivated fields and opencountry India,Sri Lanka, the in Himalayas. Burma, and eastern Asia.

The rock dove is found in temperate Europe, n0rthernAfrica, and Asia. lt nests on rockv coastsin cliff crevices, and in caves. Manv v a r i e t i e o f d o m e s t i p i g e o n r i g i n a t er o mt h e s c o f rockdove.

The dodo was a large, flightless bird with s m a l lw i n g s ,a h o o k e d e a k . n da t a i l o f c u r l y b a feathers. lt usedto live in Mauritius. but has been extinct since the late 1600s

pigeonof New Guinea The blue-crowned has a large fan-like crest of lacy feathers. lt feeds mainlyon wild fruits. lt is the largestmember of the pigeon family,measuring about84 cm in length.

T h ef a n t a i p i g e o ns d o m e s t ia n di s b r e do n l yf o r s h o w l i c I t h a sa l l w h i t ep l u m a ga n db e a u t i f u a i l f e a t h e rw h i c h e tl s s p r e a d u t l i k ea f a n o 40

P DOMESTIC IGEONS s D o m e s t pci g e 0 nw e r ef i r s t b r e di n E g y p t i and central Asia thousands yearsago. of They wereused carry to messages attached p to tfeir legs. This is becauseigeons h a v ea s t r o n gh o m i n g n s t i n c t n d c a n i a f i n d t h e i r w a y h o m eo v e r s t r a n g e n d a u n f a m i l i a o u n t r yS o m e o m e s t pc g e o n s cr . d ii a r e u s e d a s l a b o r a t o ra n i m a l sw h i l e y , others bredfor show, food,or kept are for as pets.

p T h er a c i n g i g e o ns d o m e s t ia n di s b r e df o r i t s h 0 m i n g i c p a b i l i t y . A w e l l - t r a i n er a c i n g i g e o n a n f i n d i t s w a y d c homeeven{roma distance 1 000 km. of

PARROTS D AN THEIRRELATIVES

b P a n o t s ,m a c a w s c o c k a t o o s ,n d b u d g e r i g a r se l o n gt o t h e o r d e r , a P s i t t a c i f o r m e"sT h e y a r e b r i g h t l y o l o u r e d i r d s . T h e y h a v es h o r t c b -Their a b o d i e s n d m o s th a v el o n gt a i l s . a l e g sa r e s h o r ta n d s t r o n g n d -They s t h e i rf e e th a v e p a i ro f o p p o s i ntg e s . o u s et h e i rf e e ta s h a n d t o a -Their l i f t f o o dt o t h e i rb e a k s . e u p p e b e a k s r e m o v a b la n da r ea n a i d r a -Their w in climbing. t o n g u e s r e f l e s h y e n a b l i ntg e mt o m i m i c o r d s a , h -These m a n ds o u n d s . b i r d sl i v e i n g r o u p sn f o r e s t s h e r e o s to f t h e m r w -They b u i l dn e s t si n t h e h o l l o w s f t r e e s o a r e o f t e nk e p ta s d o m e s t i c oets.

l V l a s k eo v e b i r d s . ld

A cockatoo Macaws Budgerigars

g A nA f r i c a n r e yp a r r o t

AND CUCKOOS THEIRRETATIVES

C t a s an t C u c k o o s , i s , o u r a c o s ,n dc o u c a l b e l o n go t h e o r d e r u c u l i f o r m e s . T h e i rf e e t h a v e w o t o e si n -They t a h a v e l e n d eb o d i e s n dl o n gt a i l s . s r regions front and two behind."They live mainlyin forestsin temperate .The malecuckoos knownfor their are and fruits. and feed on insects s ca t f a m i l i a r ' c u - c k o o ' l ld u r i n gh em a t i n g e a s o n . - few on are as A cuckoos parasitic, they depend otherbirdsto feed bird. Shesteals findsthe nestof another cuckoo theiryoung.Thefemale one of the eggsfrom the nest,laysher own egg.then flies off with the hatches, triesto pushoutthe other it stolen egg. When young the cuckoo of birds. The host (owner) the nest instinctively eggsor newlyhatched the youngcuckoo eventhough bringsbackfood for the newlyhatched, may be muchlargerthan the host.
l T h e h a w kc u c k o oi v e si n w e l l w o o d e dc o u n t r yi n I n d i a a n d Sri Lanka.lt has a hawk-like o a p p e a r a n a e df e e d s nb e r r i e s , cn fruits, and insects lt lays its e g g si n t h e n e s t so f b a b b l e r s .

i i e T h ec o m m oc u c k o ss f o u n d n E u r o pa n dt h et e m p e r a t e n g r e g i o n s f A s i a a n d A f r i c a T h e m a l ei s u s u a l l y r e y o and the femalebrown. lt lays its eggsin the nestsof p r e e d w a r b l e r sm e a d o w i p i t s ,a n d w a g t a i l s .

i c l T h e e m e r a l d u c k o os a b e a u t i f ub i r d f o u n d i n t r o o i c a lA f r i c a s o u t h o f t h e S a h a r a .l t l i v e s h i g h u p i n t r e e s a n d a o l a y si t s e g g si n t h e n e s t s f b u l b u l s n d weaver-finches

A c u c k o o 'e g g( t h el a r g e so n e )h a sb e e n e p o s i t e d t s d i n t h i sw a r b l e r 'n e s t . s

The great spotted cuckoo breedsin AJricaand southern l E u r o p e l t u s u a l l ya y si t s e g g s in the nestsof crowsand jays.

TOUBACOS * relatives thecuckoos. of Touracos themost are brightly coloured .They l o l o o km u c h i k e g a m e - b i r d s da r ef o u n d n l yi n A f r i c a an . than thoseol The toes of the touracos moreprehensile are ot the cuckoos. The outertoe can be turnedeitherforwards backwards.

, T h e g r e a t b l u e t o u r a c oa b o u t 72 cm long, is the largest m e m b eo f i t s f a m i l y . l t f e e d s r m a i n l yo n f r u i t s a n d l i v e s i n western Jrica A

s T h e r o a d - r u n n ei r a g r o u n dc u c k o o f o u n di n t h e d e s e r t s f s 0 u t h - w e s t e r n o North America lt is able 1o kill r a t t l e s n a k e su tf e e d s a i n l y n l i z a r d s m b, o h i s n o t o a r a s i t i c n d b u i l d si t s o w n a n e s ti n c a c t u s u s h e s . b

an The smooth-billed i is found 'South A m e r i c a n dt h e W e s t a in Indies. lt has glossy black plumage, nd often lives in a f l o c k sn e a r w a t e r . l t l a y s i t s e g g si n i t s o w n n e s t o f t w i g s a n d s t i c k s . l t f e e d so n l a r g e i n s e c t sf r u i t s , a n d s e e d s . ,

48

OWLSAND FRO OUTHS GM

are the of the orderStrigiformes, foundthroughout worldexcept -They in Antarctica. nocturnal but aretypically birdsof prey, canseeand hooked fly during day. Some even are ableto huntby day. " ()wlshave the prey. -Theyeat small grasping for qatching animals beaks strong and feet w h o l e b u t e a t l a r g e a n i m a l b y t e a r i n g f f p i e c e s f f l e s h ." U n d i g e s t e d , r s o o (brought bones, fur, and feathers regurgitated are backinto the mouth) as pellets(little balls). - ()wlshavegoodhearing whichthey sometimes .They e r e l yo n w h e nh u n t i n g y n i g h t . b h a v e o f t .f l u f f yp l u m a ga n da r e s .0wls s a b l et o f l y s o u n d l e s s l y . h a v el a r g e y e s h i c h a c ef o r w a r da n d e w f are almost However, innohile (not movable). owls are ableto turn their . i h e a d s o u n d o l o o ki n a l l d i r e c t i o n s .M o s to w l sb u i l dn e s t s n h o l l o w r t * trees. Theyall hoot,wail, or whistle.
T h e s p e c t a c l e d w l r a n g e sf r o m o M e x i c ot o n o r t h e r n r g e n t i n a l t A i s a b o u t4 3 c m l o n g a n d h a s a n a l m o s tc o m p l e t e i m o f w h i t e r f e a l h e r so u n di t s e y e s r

-0wls,

T h e l o n g - e a r eo w l i s f o u n di n d c o n i { e r o f o r e s t snt h eN o r t h e r n us i H e m i s p h e r el.t h a s l o n g e a r l u f t s l t f e e d sm a i n l yo n m i c e a n ds m a l b i r d s . l

A o T h es n o w y w l i s f o u n di n b a n e n r c t i c tundra. lt hunts by day, seeking l e m m i n g a n d h a r e sa s p r e y . l t l a y s s i i t s e g g s n h o l l o w sn t h e g r o u n d i

T h e e l f o w l , a b o u t1 4 c m l o n g ,i s o n e m 0 o f t h e s m a l l e s ll t f e e d s a i n l y n l a r g e p i n s e c t sa n d n e s t si n q a c t u s l a n t s0 r , h d e s e r t e w o o d o e c k e to l e si n t r e e s . l t d a i s f o u n di n t h e d e s e r t s s w e l l a s t h e a p i n ea n d o a k w o o d l a n do 1 M e x i c o n d s [JnitedStates the south-western

ni , sn F r o g m o u t h sg h t j a r a , dt h e i rr e l a t i v eb e l o n g s "T t o t h e o r d e r C a p r i m u l g i f o r m e s .h e y a r e (twilight)birds. -They nocturnal crepuscular or h a v ea c h a r a c t e r i s w cd e , g a p i n g o u t hw i t h ti i m -Their r i d a r k - c o l o u r p ld m a g e eu b r i s t l e so u n d t . i s s o f ta n df l u f f y . " T h e s e i r d s a v eo n g p o i n t e d h l , b -Their .With wings. f e e t a r e s m a l la n dw e a k . t h ee x c e p t i o n t h e o i l - b i r d h e yf e e do n i n s e c t s . of t, .The others,exceptfrogmouths, catch insects w h i l ei n f l i g h t .

e T h e M a l a y s i a n a g l e - o wl i v e s i n b o t ht h e l o w l a n d a n dt h e m o u n t a i n s a l o r e s t so f M a l a y s i a n d I n d o n e s i a I t i s l a r g e ,a b o u t4 5 c m l o n g ,a n d s a f e e d s a i n l y n r o d e n t s ,n a k e s ,n d m 0 smalbirds. l

T h e b a r no w l h a s a h e a r t - s h a o J a c e+ ed I t s l e g sa r e { e a t h e r e dl t n e s t sm a i n l y h i n b a r n s . o l e si n t r e e s .a n d i n a t t i c s o l o l d b u i l d i n g sA s i t s f o o d c o n s i s t s . a l m o s te n t i r e l vo f r a t s a n d m i c e ,t h e farmer considerst useful to have i a r o u n d T h e b a r no w l i s f o u n di n m o s t oartsof the world

b s ni T h eE u r o p e a ng h t j air a l a r g e i r dw i t hm o t t l e d b r o w n r e d ,a n db l a c kp l u m a g el t l a y si t s e g g s , l i n h o l l o w sn t h e g r o u n d . t i s f o u n di n E u r o p e i i l l a n dc e n t r aA s i a ,b u t w i n t e r s n t r o p i c aA f r i c a

I
t T h e o i l - b i r d s t h e o n l y m e m b eo f a f a m i l yr e l a t e d 0 i r o t h e n i g h t j a r s 1 1i s o f t e nc a l l e dt h e g u a c h a rb e c a u s e f th o f i t s w a i l s U n l i k ei t s r e l a t i v e s , e o i l - b i r de e d so n f r u i t s . l t i s f o u n di n S o u t hA m e r i c a n d T r i n i d a d . a
+

lts frogmouth found Australia. is in Thetawny plumagea marbled Like frogmouths grey. all is food it has large, hooked andcatches on bill, a theground

49

SWIFTS, HUMMING.BIRDS, TROGONS D AN

c0HEs

-They are and humming-birds belong the orderApodiformes. to *Their undoubtedly greatest fliers of the bird kingdom. wings are the . well developed.Theirlegsareshoft,andtheirfeet aresmallandweak. -They . are lay long,white eggs. Mostswiftsand humming-birds found in tropical subtropical and regions. -Swifts -They are among the fastestflying birds. havestream-lined -They not perch trees bodies andslender, crescent-shaped 0n wings. do as theirfeet are not strong fromtheirtails, enough. Withsomesupport -Swifts spend theyroost the vertical on surfaces cliffsandtree-trunks. of mostof the time in the air, feeding insects on whichtheycatchin flight-

-Swifts

snine-tailed swift is foundin eastern Thebrown-thrtiated Asia. lt is aboutl8 cm long and is notedfor its very fast flight.

The common isfound Europe, swift in Africa. southern and Asia.lt measures 16cmandhas forked and about a tail plumage. sooty-black

The bee humming-bird the smallestof all is birds. lt measures about5.6 cm in lengthand weighsonly two grammes. is foundin Cuba. lt

HUMMING-BIBDS .Humming-birds -They are brightlycoloured and havethin are very smallbirds. pointedbills. -Their wings beat so fast that they produce humming a sound. . Humming-birds the abilityto fly forwards, backwards, sideways, and thus have -They of are able enabling themto hoverfromflowerto flowerin search nectar. of to thrusttheir tongues their bills. The tongues mosthumming-birds are beyond havetongues tubular fromflowers. Some with brushy andare usedto sucknectar *Humming-birds insects well as nectar. are all tips whichenable themto gather as America. foundin the NewWorld. in South especially tropical TROGONS *Trogons are the onlyfamilyin the order -They Trogoniformes. are very brightly coloured. tropicalbirds of both the 0ld and NewWorlds. Theydifferfromother birds in having the first and second toe turned backwards. Trogonshave very -They thin andtender arenot active skin. . birds. They feed mainly on insects.

The ruby-throated is humming-bird about8 6 cm long. lt is the onlyonethat nestsin Canada and from the eastern whereit migrates United States the southduring summer

c0uEs
Coliesare the only familyin the order -They are often knownas Coliiformes. and mouse-birds, arefoundonlyin Africa. -A featureof these birds characteristic -Colies is their reversible 0uter toes. feathers whichare soft havedull-coloured -They a n dh a i r - l i k e . h a v el o n gt a i l s a n d crestson their heads. -

The malequetzal the mosthandsome trogons. is of Its plumage brilliantly is lt coloured. hasa full crest quetzal in onits head very and long feathers itstail. The ranges fromsouthern Mexico Costa to Rica is the and national of Guatemala. bird

about35 cm in The speckled measures coly in Africa. length. is found central eastern lt and

st T h eg i a n th u m m i n g - b i r d h e l a r g e stty p e . l t i s a b o u t 1 . 5c m l o n ga n di s f o u n di n t h e A n d e s . 2

KINGF!SHERS, HORN LLS, BI AND THEIR RELATIVES

Kingfishers, todies, motmots. bee-eaters, rollers, hoopoes, hornbills and -They *Most are belong the orderCoraciiformes. to are tropical birds. . usually with bills. Their are and brightly coloured large calls noisy startling. -They .Their nestsare insects, amphibians. feed on fish, reptiles, and holes dugin river-banks rotten or trees. and Kingfishers divided are into fishing kingfishers forestkingfishers. -They The formerperchon branches dive into the overhanging w1ter. the water, catch fish,andfly back the branch to where theygulpdown fish. . have huntin theforest to Some forest kingfishers near live water, many but for preysuch reptiles large and insects. as

The common kinglisher wideis spreadin southern Eurasia, and from southern Africaeastto the Solomons. is oftenseensitting lt motionless a branchby the on water, waiting to spot a fish.

is The ruddykingfisher foundin its eastern Asia.lt builds nestin has kingfisher a tree hollows. feedson lizards. Theblack-capped lt black lt insects. characteristic head. nests small mammals, large and lt on the mudbanks rivers. is of foundin Africa. eastern Asia.and Austral ia.
The hoopoelives in Africa, E u r a s i aa n d M a d a g a s c al r . i s , t an altractivebird with a blacktippedcrestthat can be erected or flattened. lt can run well a n df i n d sm o s to f i t s f o o d .s u c h as worms and ants, on the ground. A tree cavity serves n well as the hoopoe's est.

I found onlY in The kookaburra, is of Australia.thelargest thefoiest lt kingfishers. is also knownas of because the laughing lackass call. its high,laugh-like lt feeds and mainly lizards snakes. on

HORIUBILLS Hornbills have characteristic large,downward growth curved bills. 0n top of the bill is a horny . c a l l e d c a s q u e . H o r n b i l l sv ei n t h el u n g l e o f a i s Asia and Africa. - Most hornbills makeunusual mud neSts treehollows. Thefemale in remains in the nestwhichis completely sealed except a for -The s m a l Io p e n i n g . m a l e f e e d st h e f e m a l e . through opening. Thefemale this remains the in nest until young able fend themselves. the are to for *Hornbills feed on fruits, insects,and small animals.

T h e g r e a t h o r n b i l li s f o u n d i n l n d i a a n d s o u t h - e a s t e r ns i a . A I t g r o w st o a l e n g t ho f 1 . 2 m . i U n l i k eo t h e r h o r n b i l l st s b i l l is not hollow but solid, and ornamentsare made from it.

The common motmotof SouthAmericaand Mexicois the largest thesetropical of American birds. As wifi all m o t m o t s , e b i l l h a s s a w - t o o t h e d g e s a n dt h e l o n g th ed , feathers. tail is made up of a pair of racquet-shaped

The common bee-eater found southern is in Europe, south-western andAfrica.Likeall bee-eaters, Asia, it is a very colourful andhunts bird, insects, mainly bees, in theair lt is arboreal, nests burrows in the but in dug gr0un0.

from bird, found is Thebroad-billed or thed0llar roller, it rollers, is a to Like southern Siberia Australia. most in rolls tumblestheairespecially colourful which and bird and lt mainly grasshoppers on during courtship.feeds l0custs.

51

WOO DPECKERS,
T O U C A NA N D S, THEIRRELATIVES

-Woodpeckers, t 0 u c a n s , a r b e t s ,n dt h e i rr e l a t i v eb e l o n go t h e o r d : ' b a t s .. P i c i f o r m e sT h e y a r e a l l a r b o r e a l i r d s .. T h e i rs e c o n d n dt h i r dt 0 E s b a p a r ed i r e c t efd r w a r dw h i l et h e f i r s ta n df o u r t h o i n tb a c k w a r d sT h e s : o s . b i r d s e a do n f r u i t sa n d i n s e c t o f t h e b u s h l a n d s df o r e s t sn t r o o i c a f s i an andtemperate regions. -Woodpeckers a r e t y p i c a l l yr e e - c l i m b i n gr d s . . T h e y h a v es h a r : t bi c l a w s s e di n c l i n g i n t o t h e b a r ko f t r e e s .- T h e i rs t r o n ga i l sa r e u s e : u g t a s p r o p s g a i n sttr e e - t r u n k sT h e yh a v e a r g ew e d g e - s h a pb i dl su s e c a . l , el g t o c h i s eiln t ob a r kt o u n c o v e rr u b s .. T h e i rt o n g u e a r e l o n ga n ds t i c k i s with barbs the tip. . Woodpeckers thrust at can into theirtongues crevices in search grubs.-They live in forests ir of throughout worldexcept the Australia Madagascar, and

The great spottedw00dpecker, about 22 cm l o n g ,i s f o u n d n t h e f o r e s t s f E u r o p a n dA s i a . i o e Themalehasa redpatchon the neck

T h eb l a c k o o d p e c k e rb o u t 5 c m l o n g ,i s t h e l a r g e s t w a, 2 o f t h e E u r o p e a no o d p e c k e rT . em a l eh a sr e d o n t h e w sh top of its headandthe female a redoatch its neck has on I t i s f o u n d n E u r o p e . i b e r i aa n dn o r t h e rA s i a i S , n

T h e c r i m s o n - b a c kw o o d p e c k ea b o u t3 0 c m l o n g . s ed r, found in Asia. lt has a distinct crimsonstreak do$'r' itsback.

T h ep y g m y o o d e p c k es o n eo f t h e s m a l l e si t t h e w ir n w o o d p e c kfe rm i l y a l T h e i m p e r i aw o o d p e c k ea b o u t5 6 c m r, l o n g , i s t h e l a r g e s t o o d p e c k elrt. i s w foundn Mexico i

TOUCANS *Toucans a r e f o u n di n t h e t r o p i c afl o r e s t s f o Central and SouthAmerica."They havelarge, b r i g h t l y o l o u r e b i l l s w h i c hc u r v ed o w n w a r d s c d a n da r eh 0 l l o w . T o u c a nfs e dm a i n l v n f r u i t s . e o

BABBETS B a r b e t s r e s m a l l e r e l a t i v eo f w o o d o e c k e r a s -They a a r e p l u m p i r d s i t h s h o r tn e c k s n db i g w b h e a d s ." T h e i rb i l l sa r e h e a v v n d h a v eb r i s t l e s a r 0 u n dh e m " B a r b e ta r ea r b o r e a lr,o p i c a l i r d s t t b s f o u n d s p e c i a l il n A f r i c a . e y

A woodpecker's st. ne

T h et o c ot o u c a na b o u t 4 c m l o n g ,i s t h e l a r g e so f t h e 6 , t t o u c a n s l.t i s f o u n d n t h e f o r e s t s f G u i a n a n dB r a z i l . i o

ed T h e g o l d e n - t h r o a t b a r b e ti s f o u n d i n s 0 u t h - e a s t e r A s i a . l t m e a s u r ea b o u t2 3 c m s

52

P E R C H I N GR D S BI

"Perching which is by far the birdsbelong the orderPasseriformes to .These birdshave threetoesin front largest order the birdpopulation. of to andonebehind the samelevel. Theirfeet are bestsuited perching. at * wh e P e r c h i nb i r d s a v e w e l l - d e v e l 0 p e d i n x r s o u n d - b o x i c h n a b l e s g h a syr o .The youngof themt0 sing,the malesoften beingthe bettersingers. They perching birdsare hatched with very little down (soft feathers). arecared by theirparents theycanfendfor themselves.Perching for till are birdsare landbirdsof smallto medium size. The largest the ravens the throughout Passeriformes found are andlyre-birds. Birdsof the order -There families in regions. are oversixty-five worldexcept the Antarctic in families beingfeatured this book. of perching birds, the morepopular BBOADBITTS -Broadbills -They are plumpbirds belong the familyEurylainidae. to -They with shortnecks. measuring about12 to 28 cm. havelargeheads . .Their through' are billsareflattened hooked. Broadbills distributed and outAsiaandAfrica.

green is Thelesser broadbill about cm long.lt is 15 found south-eastern in Asia.


T h e l o n g + a i l eb r o a d b i lrla n g e sr o mt h e H i m a l a y a s d f to Indo-China south-eastern and Asia.

i T h ep l a i nx e n o p ss a n o v e n - b i r d foundfrom Mexicoto Brazil lt m e a s u r e s o u 1 2c m . ab t

OVEN-BIBDS . 0ven-birds belongto the family . The birds of Furnariidae. nests these grass, of being areunusual, made mud, and straw, and are oven-shaped. .0ven-birds found fromsouthern are to Mexico Patagonia.

T h e n a k e d - t h r o a t b e l l - b i r ds f o u n di n n o r t h - e a s t e r n ed i B r a z i l T h e m a l ei s w h i t ew i t h a b a r ef a c ea n dg r e e n e c o l o u r etd r o a t T h ef e m a l e a s p l u m a g o f g r e e n n d h h a grey

the The rufous oven-bird. called baker, often lt is found southern and in Brazil Argentina. 'oven' of this measures 20cm.The about and as is 30 bird about cmindiameter weighs as much 5 kg.

COTINGAS -Cotingas America, in belong thefamily to and Cotingidae arefound South -Thebirds thisgroup as diverse colour theyarein size and in as of are .The bell-birds, cock-of-the-rocks, fruit crows are shape. andthe the p t h em o r e o p u l a rr d o ft h i s a m i l y . bi s f
The Peruvian cock-of-the-rock found in the northern is A n d e s a n d f r o m C o l u m b ita P e r u T h e m a l ei s a b o u t , o 30 cm longandhasa largecrest

nest therufous The of oven-bird.

53

FLYCATCHERS, LYRE.BIRDS, AND PITTAS

to belong th NewWorld flycatchers, as oftenknown tyrantflycatchers, .They .Their broadbeakshet lanily Tyrannidae. havedull plumage. in bristles the baseas is characteristic birdswhichhuntinsects tl: of at 'Most air. are noisy andaggressive,

flycatcher. about Thenarcissus in China. cm summers 12.5 long. Korea, Japan. migrates and and and to Indonesia thePhilippines in winter. The maleis black yellow, female and the brownish.

measffi The great kiskadee lt about cmin length. ranges 23 to fromsouthern Texas Argentrna.

f r A n a r c i s s u sl y c a t c h e f e e d i n g

y0ung.

is TheJapanese flycatcher the blue lt largest bird in this family. is a finesongbird, malelouring the out melodies throughout breeding the plumage, has season. male blue The lt the femalebrownish. summers in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and but winters the Malay in Peninsula.

f r s T h e a c a d i a nl v c a t c h em e a s u r ea b o u t1 5 c m U S a n d i s f o u n di n t h e e a s t e r n n i t e d t a t e s

A J a p a n e s e l u e f l y c a t c h eIre e d i n gi t s y o u n g . b

O [ D W O B T DF T Y C A I G H E R S . belongto the family 0ld World flycatchers of They are the equivalents the Muscicapidae. -Their bills are short New Worldflycatchers. and flat with long bristlesat the base. " Flyby their prey feed on insects snapping catchers to on the wing and returning their percht0 eat -Their -Most live flycatchers in trees. slowly. nests cup-shaped. are

tYBE-BIRDS . Lyre-birdsbelong to the family Menuridae* Because their long tails, they were once of the for However, presence mistaken pheasants. places them of their complex sytinx(sound-box) are among the perching birds. Lyre-birds able like of to mimic sounds the hooting a locomotive .They are foundonlyin of or the barking dogs. Austral ia.

pitta Thered-breasted is found the in -and the Philippines, New Guinea, Moluccas. pitta measures about20 cm Steere's in andis found the Philippines. PIITAS .Pittas -They birdsof belong the familyPittidae. to are very colourful . the 0ld World tropics. These birds spend mostof theirtimeonthe ground -They a a n df e e do n i n s e c t s . a r ef o u n d n A f r i c aA u s t r a l i a ,n de s p e c i a l l y i , in south-eastern Asia.

o l a , T h e s u p e r by r e - b i r d .b o u t1 . 3 m i n l e n g t h i s f o u n di n t h e f o r e s t s i s 0 u t h - e a s t e r n s t r a l i aT h e o u t e rf e a t h e r s f t h e t a i l o n t h e m a l ea r e Au . o s h a p e l i k ea l y r e d

54

LARKS, SWAILOWS, A N DO R I O L E S

-They are small dull-coloured "Larks belong the familyAlaudidae. to . the birdsnotedfor their song. Larksdifferfrom otherbirdsin having and part0f the exposed rounded scaled." Mostlarks leg) falsus(longest and are strongfliers. live in opencountry

SWAIIOWS AND MABTINS .They have .swallows belong the familyHirundinidae. to and martins -They congregate in pointed wings,and forkedtails. bodies, slender -They of thousands birdsflying,sometimes are migratory largeflocks. .They nestin hollows trees of during winter. climates miles, warmer to of they in Sometimes buildnests mudplastered or in bunows the ground. o na l e d g e .

about17 cm long.is foundin The skylark, Africa.lt has Eurasia northern and temperate poetssuchas Percy Bysshe famous inspired who Shelley wroteIa a Skyla*,

about lark Thehorned measures northin 16cm. lives Eurasia, lt and ern Africa, theAmericas.

about cmlong, 13 martin, Thehouse and is foundin Europe Asia.lt roofs builds nestof mudunder its large or on steepclifls.In Japan nesting martins, of colonies house on rocky cliffs, are a tourist attraction.
i 1 T h eb a r ns w a l l o wa b o u t 5 c m l o n g ,i s f o u n d n E u r o p e , , Asia, and North America. lt builds its nest in barns, underroofs,in trees,and on cliff ledges.

martin from The brown-breasted ranges Colombia lt about andVenezuelaArgentina. measures to 20cm.

'The to fromCanada Mexico' cliff swallowranges ab t I t m e a s u r e s o u 1 5c m . I

i l A b a r n w a l l o we e d i n gt s y o u n g . s

O OtD WORTD RIOTES - 0ld Worldorioles belong to the family 0riolidae. - They mainly insects feed on forests and fruits trooical in oI the 0ld World. Their nests usually are cup-shaped. - S o m o r i o l ea r ee x c e l l e n t s e mrmtcs.
T h e g o l d e no r i o l e i s f o u n d i n * Asia. and south-western Europe T h e m a l ei s b r i g h ty e l l o ww i t h w a b l a c k i n g s n dt a i l .T h ef e m a l e isyellowish-green.

I
d T h e b l a c k - c o w l eo r i o l e i s f o u n d , M i n s o u t h e r n e x i c o ,P a n a m aa n d t l. t h e C a r i b b e a nt b e l o n g s o t h e lamily lcteidae which is the South A m e r i c ae q u i v a l e 0 f t h e0 l dW o r l d n nt orioles.

oriole rangesfrom the The maroon l o H i m a l a y ats F o r m o s at. m e a s u r e s a b o u 2 3c m . t

55

AND CROWS

BOWER-BIRDS

. to Corvidae.Theyarethe mostintelliCrows jaysbelong the family and gentof all birds. "They are aggressive are oftenfoundnearhuman and (houses),-They live in f0rests,bushland, and grassland, habitations "They build feeding anything on theycan swallow, animal vegetable. 0r . have large,opennestsof twigs and stickson cliffs or in trees. Crows "Jays, unlike crows, are brightly coloured and are black plumage. -They matter, feed mainlyon vegetable a morevariedgroupof birds. . as but eat smallanimals well. Crowsand jays are foundthroughout and southernSouth New Zealand, the world except in Antarctica, America. -

for Therook,about cm long.is oftenmistaken a 45 carrion crow. its bill andhead smaller. nests but are lt in large colonies is found Europe. and in in is crow, about cmlong, found theforests 43 The lungle Asia, of India. Lanka, Sri Burma, south-eastern someand lt to times visiting cities villages scavenge. feeds and and fruits, canion, small mammals, birds. onrefuse,

livesnearhuman about cm long, 47 Thecanion crow, dwellings. is found temperate lt in Eurasia. is the lt man most conspicuous in India, bird eating anything will (decaying eat,aswellascarrion flesh).

t , T h er a v e na b o u t6 3 c m l o n g ,i s t h e l a r g e s b i r di n t h i s m f a m i l y l t i s f o u n dt h r o u g h o u t 0 s t 0 f t h e N o r t h e r n H e ms p h e r e i

parts Thecommon magpie the onlyjayfound most is in of the world. lt measures about cm. 45 jay The turquoise is foundin the Andes Colombia Peru.lt is about cmlong. to 33 green The magpie ranges theHimalayas from to Indo-China and south-eastern lt measures 35cm. Asia, about

about Thespotted bower-bird measures 30 cm. lt lives in eastern Australia.

Thesatin measures 33cm. lt lives about bower-bird in eastern Australia. of Thebower a bower-bird

BOWEB-BIBDS . Bower-birds * During mating belong thefamily to the Ptilonorhynchidae. (shady places shelters) season usesticks builddomed they to bowers 0r which thevdecorate feathers shells.. Thebirds with mate within and in are these bowers, build but theirnests trees.* Bower-birds found in and Australia New Guinea.

56

B I R D S FOP A R A D I S E -. AND TITMICE

-Birds-of-paradise "Despitetheir belongto the familyParadisaeidae. -They perch magnificent feathers, they are not related the peacock. to . in treesandbuildtheir nests branches. Theyare songbirds live on and in the forests NewGuinea. of .Titmice -They belong the familyParidae. to are intelligent, easily . tamed,active,little birds. Theyfeed mainlyon insects. also eat but seeds, small fruits,andbenies, wheninsects scarce winter. " Some are in storeup foodfor lateruse, .They nestin cavities holesin posts and or trees,or in nooksand crannies rockycliffs. .Tits are foundmainly in in thetemperate regions Europe Asia. of and The lesser bird-of-paradise
Thegreatbird-of-paradise

bi T h et w e l v e - w i r e d r d - o f - o a r a d i s e

The red-plumed bird-of-paradise.

T h el i t t l ek i n g + bird-of-paradise

A great tit.

T h e g r e a tt i t , a b o u t1 4 c m l o n g .i s t h e l a r g e s t + of the tits. lt is foundmostlyin forests,parks, and gardens throughout most of Europe, northwestern Africa.andAsia.

T h es t a n d a rw i n g e d d bird-of-paradise.

Thevaried lives the low tit in forests Manchuria, of . mountain Japan, Korea. Japan and In it is used oickoutfortune to cards at shrine festivals at street and corners. is trainedby its lt master collect fee and to the pick slips paper which out of on lortunes havebeenwritten.

T h el o n g - t a i l e dt i s a b o u t 3 c m l o n g ,7 . 5c m o f w h i c h + ti 1 i s t h e l e n g t h f i t st a i l . l t m a k e s b e a u t i f u la g - l i k n e s t o a b e o f m o s s l,i c h e n sa n ds p i d e r - w e b s h en e s th a sa s i d e , T e n t r a n ca n d i s l i n e dw i t h f e a t h e r s T h e l o n g - t a i l etdt e . i livesin the forestsof Eurasia, feedson insects and and gru0s.

Tits are among the mostadaptable the small of b i r d sT h e y r eb r i g h t - e y e d ,r i o u s ,n du n a f r a i d . . a cu a Man has taughtthemtricks suchas acrobatics, p i c k i n g u t c a r d s a n d c o l l e c t i ntg i n g s .M a n y , o h s p e c i e w i l l n e s ti n b i r d - b o x e s d r e a d i l y a t s an e foodputoutfor themin winter.

The oenduline is foundin tit southern eastern and Europe It measures ll cm. about

11 Thewillow about cm long, tit, feeding livesin scrub woods, and in oninsects seedslt is found and Eurooe North America northern and and Asia.

57

NUTHATCH ES,

B A B B L E R S ,L B U L S , BU
AND LEAFBIRDS

" Nuthatches belong the familySittidae.. Theyare smallbirdswith to strong billswhichtheyuset0 extract insects fromcrevices the barkof in t r e e s .- T h e yf e e do n i n s e c t a n ds e e d s .- T h e ya r ea c r o b a t ia n dc l i m b s c trees ertically. v -They " Babblers belong the familyTinaliidae. to are 0ld Worldbirds foundin Australia Africa,but mostly Asia. .They havesoft.fluffy and in p l u m a g e* M a n ya r e d u l l - c o l o u r a n d m o s ta r e n o i s y .- B a b b l e r s a t . e ed i n s e c t s h o u g h o m e a t f r u i t sa n ds e e d s s w e l l . " T h e yl i v e m a i n l yn i t, s e a forests.

t
I

T h ep y g m y u t h a t c m e a s u r ea b o u t 0 c m a n d n h s 1 i s f o u n d i n w e s t e r nN o r t h A m e r r c a

is The velvet-fronted nuthatch found in south ab t l e a s t e rA s i a . t m e a s u r e s o u 1 2 c m . n

I
I Thewhite-breasted nuthatch ranges froms0uthern C a n a d t o M e x i c ol t m e a s u r ea b o u t1 4 c m . a s

The red-capped abbler ranges from the b H i m a l a y a s o I n d o - C h i n a n d I n d o n e s i al.t t m e a s u r e s o u t 7c m . ab 1

BUTBULS . Bulbulsbelongto the family Pycnonotidae " M o s t f t h e m r ed u l lc o l o u r e b o t h e x e h a v i n g o a d, s s .T s i m i l a c o l o u r i n g . h e ya r et r e e - d w e l l i n gr d s , r bi feedingon fruits and occasionally insects. on T h e i r n e s t s a r e c u p - s h a p e d .B u l b u l sa r e p 0 p u l as o n g b i r do f s o u t h e r A s i a a n d A f r i c a . r s n

T h e b l a c k . c r e s t e d b b l e ra b o u t 1 0 c m l o n g , ba , , h a s a p e a k e db l a c kc r e s t .l t i s f o u n d r o mt h e f e a s t e r n i m a l a v ao w e s t e r n h i n a H ts C

I
Thegrey-crowned babbler found is in scimitar Australia is about cmin length. lt 25

d T h e y e l l o w - v e n t eb u l b uils a v e r y c 0 m m 0 n r b i r d i n S i n g a p o r and MalaysiaI m e a s u r e s e a b o u1 9c m t

T E A F B ID S R "Leafbirds belong the familyCholoropseidae. to .They a r ef i n e s i n g e r a n dg o o dm i m i c s " T h e y . s .Their a r eb r i l l i a n t lc o l o u r ea n df e e do n f r u i t s . y d . nests cup-shaped.Leafbirds in treetops are live in the forestsof south-eastern Asia.

I
T h e r e d - w h i s k e r e d l b u l r a n g e sf r o m I n d i a bu t o C h i n aa n d s o u t h - e a s t e An i a I t i s a b o u t rs 2 0 c ml o n g f T h ef a i r yb l u e b i r dn h a b i t f o r e s t sr o mn o r t h e r n i s l I n d i at o I n d o - C h i n a d I n d o n e s i at. m e a s u r e s an a b o u2 5 c m t

II
ed T h e g o l d e n - f r o n t l e a f b i r ds f o u n di n s o u t h - e a s l eAn i a . i rs r I t m e a s u r ea b o u t2 0 c m a n d i s a p o p u l ac a g e b i r d . s

58

D I P P E RW,R E N S , S THRUSHES, D AN MOCKIN G-BIRDS

. Dippers . They dull-coloured plumage. to have belong thefamily Cinclidae. - Dippers theonly perching and along mountain aquatic birds, live cool are . They notgood water. well streams. are surface swimmers, swim under but . They mainly water young fish). of feed on insects sometimes (lhe and onfry . Wrens . Mostof themareabout belong the familyTroglodytidae. to . T h e y a v e l e n d ep o i n t eb i l l s .. M o s tl i v ec l o s eo t h e d t h 1 5 c ml o n g . s r, g r o u na n d e e d ni n s e c t s . l l e x c e p t t h ei n t e r w r e in ei n t h eN e w d f "A l v o w (the World Americas).

Thecommon dipper ranges fromEurope the to Himalayas. measures 17 cm. lt about

as-thewinter to Thewren.known Americans Hemisphere. wren,is foundin the Northern It is about cmlong. 10
s T h e c a c t u s r e n l i v e so n d r y . t r e e l e s s l o p e s w o f t h e w e s t e r nU n i t e dS t a t e sa n d M e x i c o .l t m e a s u r e s o u2 0c m . ab t

THRUSHES *Thrushes '0t befong the familyTurdidae. to all birds, thrushes themost are famous songbirds. - They feed on worms,insects, and fruits. - Thrushes found are throughout world the except in theArctic Antarctic some and and Polynesian lslands.

MOCKIiIG-BIBDS -Mocking-birds Minidae. belong the family to - Thesebirdsare fine singers and excellent -Theylive nearthe ground feed and mimics. -They found North in and are 0n insects fruits. America.

A dusky thrush.

/ {.' i :, i4 M_ :,f\

Thenightingale, 16 cm long,is found Europe about in and south-western lt is a renowned Asia. songbird.

T h e m o c k i n g - b i ra b o u t2 5 c m l o n g ,i s n o t e df o r i t s d, U w o n d e r f us i n g i n g .l t i s f o d n di n t h e s o u t h e r n n i t e d l S t a t e s n dM e x i c o . a

The orange-billed nightingalethrush lound is Mexico Venezuela.measures 16 cm. to lt about

visitor Europe from autumn t0 thrush a rare is Thedusky plumage. and very dark 24 Asia.lt is about cmlong, has

shy is thrush, about cmlong, a rather 23 TheSiberian in Asia. bird. lt is found northern

59

WABBTERS AND
WAGTAILS

-0ld World -Theyare small warblers belong the family to Sylviidae. - T h e y e e d n i n s e c t sM o s t '. a c t i v e i r d s i t hd u l l - c o l o upeu m a g e . b w rl d f o are and open, cup-shaped nests. warblers arboreal build -Thewood warblers, the New or World warblers, belong thefamily to -Theyresemble 0ld World Parulidae. the warblers sizeandshape. in p a n d h e y a v e i m i l a r o d e sf l i f e .- H o w e v eh , y a v e i s t i n c tl u m a g e t h s m o t re h d i n s p r i na n d u t u m u n l i k t h e0 l dW o r l w a r b l e r s . g a n, e d

The bush warbler is an expert i m i t a t o ro f o t h e r b i r d s ' s o n g s . l t feedson insectsand nectar,and is parks,and woods foundin gardens, and in Europe Asia.

The great reed warbler,about 19 cm long, is commonly found amongreedsat the edgesol lakes. lt is found in southernand cenral Europe, NorthAmerica, Asia, and

is tailor-bird, 12 cm long, a wellabout Thecommon and Burma, Malaysia. lts known in India, Lanka, bird Sri nestconsists a pair of leaves of sewntogether and with driedgrass plantJibre. buildthe and T0 stuffed pierces holes the edges the in nest, tailor-bird the of leaves with its sharp beak.Thenit sewsthe leaves together with cobwebs plant-fibre forma small or to p0ucn.

11 The willow warbler, about crn foundin long, is commonly parks. gardens, forests and large Its song is a soft, musical warble.

w T h e m a g n o l i a a r b l e ri s f o u n d l i n C a n a d a . t i s a b o u t1 2 c m long. Thehooded warbler a length has of about 14 cm. lt is found in the eastern United States.

A w h i t ew a g t a i l .

T h ew h i t ew a g t a i li s t h e b e s tk n o w n .l t r a n g ets r o u g h o u tu r a s i a ,I r i c aJ a p a n , h E A , a n dt h e P h i l i p p i n e s .

T h eb l u e - h e a d e d g t a i la b o u t wa , 16 cm long, has a blue-grey c a p p e d e a d n da b r i g h y e l l o w h a t underside.lt lives in marshy and cultivated fields in Eurooe andwestern Siberia

WAGIAITS . Wagtails belong to the family Motacillidae. .They a r e s l e n d e r - b o d ib id d st h a t w a l k a n d er r u n r a p i d l yc 0 n t i n u a l lp u m p i n gh e i r t a i l s u p , y t . . and down. Theyneverhop. Theyare strong f l i e r s , - W a g t a i l se e d o n i n s e c t s n d l i v e n e a r f a . b f w a t e r r i n s w a m pm e a d 0 w s .T h e y u i l d r a g i l e o y nests strawandtwigsontheground. Wagtails 0f a r ea b u n d a nn E u r a s ia n dA f r i c a . i t a

AN SHRIKES D STARLIN GS

*Most and are dull coloured belongto the familyLaniidae. -Their a a n df e e t a r e s t r o n g n dt h e i rc l a w sa r e legs h a v eh o o k e d i l l s . b .Although th o sharp. t h e yf e e d m a i n l y n i n s e c t s , e ya l s op r e yo n s m a l l it and frogs. Theycatchtheir preyand impale mammals, birds.lizards, ts t th o o n l a r g et h o r n s f t r e e so r b u s h e s , u s e a r n i n gh e m s e l v e h e n a m e ' b u t c h e r - b i r dT h e y -'. A E N A t a r ef o u n d h r o u g h o u to r t h m e r i c a , u r o p e ,s i a , A f r i c aI,n d o n e s ia n dN e wG u i n e a . a, .shrikes

The greatgrey shrikeis the largest wooded to one. lt prefers areas open country.lt is foundin Europe, Asia, NorthAmerica, and Africa.

T h e r e d - b a c k es h r i k e d breeds throughoutEurope and westernAsia. It livesin bushyheaths, plantations. gardens. and The male sings and mimicwell. s

f i A r e d - b a c k e d r i k ee e d i n gt s y o u n g . sh

The crested shrike is about in 21 cmin length. is found lt Africa

i t T h e a m e t h y ss t a r l i n g s f o u n d in trooicaAfrica. lt measures l a b o u 1 7c m . t

in shrike Thebull-headed lives the and mountains spring summer during t a n d r e t u r n s o t h e p l a i n sa n d in and olateaus autumn winter.lt in Asia. is found eastern

SIABLINGS " S t a r l i n g s e l o n gt o t h e f a m i l y b Sturnidae. Theyare active,noisy size. Moststarbirdsof medium lings are not brightly coloured. .They have stronglegs and feet, of a andmost themhave characteris-Theyprefer walk. open tic cocky countrywhere they f eed mainly on insects and fruits. " Some -They s t a r l i n ga r e g o o dm i m i c s . s a r e f o u n di n t h e 0 l d W o r l d .

The common starlingis the mostwidelydistribin but uted lt originated Europe is now found i n m a n yp a r t s o f t h e w o r l d T h i s h a r d yb i r d ab t m e a s u r e s o u 2 1c m

SUN.BIRDS, WHITE.EYES, VIREOS,


AND TANAGEBS

Sun-birds belong thef amily to /ectainidae. fhey arebrilliantlycoloured, -Most s o m e w h a ti m i l a r o h u m m i n g - b i r d s . s t m e a s u r le s st h a n 1 5 c m e -They *Sunhavelong,pointed, downcurved for feeding nectar. bills on birdslive in the tropical forests the ()ldWorld. of .White-eyes -They belong the family to Zostercpidea. havea distinct whiteringround theireyes. These birds rarely than14 cm. measure more -They feedon nectar arefound the ()ldWorld. and in

Theregal sun-bird about is 12cmlong.lt ranges from theCongo Uganda. to

T h e 0 r i e n t a lw h i t e - e y e measures about cm. lt 10 ranges from Indiato the Phil ippines.

The yellow spectacled zosteropsis the onlywhite-eye withoutthe white eye ring. It is found in lndonesia.

purple The sun-bird measures about cm. lt ranges 10 from India Indo-China. ro

- Vireosbelong . to the family Virconidae.Most p l a i no l i v e - g r e o r g r e y i s h - b r o w n o f t h e mh a v e en .. p l u m a g eT h e y r es m a lb i r d s e a s u r ib e t w e e n a l m ng 1 0 a n d1 5 c ma n dl i v ei n t h e N e wW o r l d .

vrRE0s

TANAGERS .Tanagers *They belong the family Thraupidae. to are gaudily-coloured birds measuring less than 20 cm. " They foundin the NewWorld, are especially in South America.

The scarlet tanager measuresabout17 cm. lt is f o u n di n e a s t e r n o r t h N America.

Thered-eyed vireomeasures about 5cm. lt is the most 1 w i d e l y i s t r i b u t e d e ,r a n g d on i n gf r o ms o u t h e rC a n a dta n o Argentina

T h e g o l d e n - m a s kte d a g e r an is one of the mostcommon It ranges fromsouthern Mexi. co to the Amazon.

The yellowthroated ireo v m e a s u r ea b o u t1 4 c m . l t s is found in easternNorth America.

62

SEED.EATERS

" Seed-eaters, into are whichinclude finches the and sparrows, divided and two largefamilies the fingillidae (New Worldseed-eaters) the "The mainfeature all thesebirds (0ld of Ploceidae Worldseed-eaters). , l i s t h e i r s h o r t ,p o i n t e dc o n i c ab i l l w h i c hi s s u i t e dp r i m a r i lty0 e a t i n g seeds..The seed-eaters total morethan 650 species.0nly a few representatives both familiesare shownhere. Theyare popular birds of found throughout world. the

ra r n S T h eb l u eg r o s b e a k n g efs o mt h es o u t h e rU n i t e d t a t e s R s t o C o s t a i c a . l t m e a s u r ea b o u l1 6 c m .

is Thebuff-throated saltat0r ab0ut from Mexico 20cmlong.lt is found to Paraguay.

The common cardinal ranges from theUnited States southern to Mexico. It measures 20cm. about

The paintedbuntingrangesfrom the southern United about13 cm Statest0 Mexico. lt measures

ranges from southern The indigobunting lt and 12 Florida Texas. is about cm long.

12 long, one Darwin's finch, is of The woodpecker about cm in lslands. This {inches. is found the Galapagos lt 'tool', in of a usually a birdis unique its habit using for thorn, probe insects thecrevices to in twigor cactus of bark.

T h es n o wb u n t i n gs a b o u t 6 c m i n i 1 length. lt is foundin the Arctic.

ranges Venefrom Thesaffron finch 14 lt zuela Argentina.is about cm to r0ng.

63

go T h eE u r o p e a n l d f i n c h

Javasparrows. r i T h eJ a v as p a r r o ws a p o p u l ac a g e b i r dl.t i s f o u n di n o I n d o n e s aa dp a r t s f M a l a y s i a in m s T h e E u r o p e ag o l d f i n c h e a s u r ea b o u t1 4 c m l t i s n w f o u n d i n E u r o p e , e s t e r nA s i a , a n d n 0 r t h - w e s t e r n Africa. i e T h eb u l l f i n c hs f o u n di n t e m D e r a tE u r a s i al t i s a b o u t 15 c ml o n g . an f T h e r e d a v a d a r arta n g e s r o m I n d i at o I n d o - C h i n a d t t I n d o n e s i al . i s a b o u 7 c m l o n g t 1 T h er e d p o llli v e si n S c a n d i n a v i la .i s a b o u t 4 c m l o n g i n e is T h eb l a c k - h e a db u n t i n g l o u n d n s o u t h e rE u r o pa n d ed a A s o u t h - w e s t e r ns i a - l t m e a s u r e s b o u t 1 6 c m i T h e p i n e b u n t i n g s a b o u t1 4 c m l o n g . l t i s f o u n di n Eurasia l i n T h e c a n a r y s t h e b e s t - k n o wc a g e b i r d . t o r i g i n a t e d td i s s i n t h e C a n a rly l a n d a n dh a sb e e n n t r o d u c e 0 s e v e r a l p a r t so f t h e w o r l d . M a n yv a r i e t i e h a v eb e e np r o d u c e d s i . s e t h r o u g h e l e c t i v b r e e d i n gT h e r e d c a n a r ys o n es u c h vailelv. b m s T h e m e a d o w u n t i n g e a s u r ea b o u t1 5 c m . l t r a n g e s to fromTurkestan Jaoan s , T h eh o u s e p a r r o wa b o u t1 5 c m l o n g ,i s f o u n di n m o s l p a r t s0 f t h e ( ) l d W o r l d .T h i sf a m i l i a r i r d h a s a d a p t e d b m o s t s u c c e s s f u lt y l i f e i n c i t i e s a n d v i l l a g e s lo o T h e c r o s s b i ll i v e s i n c o n i f e r o ufs r e s t s . l t i s f o u n d Africa. centralAsia, north-western Europe, in northern a n dn o r t h e rA m e r i c a . n l i i t T h es i s k i ns a b o u 1 2c mi n l e n g t h . t i s f o u n dn E u r a s i a , T h ec a n a r y Theredavadarat

T h er e d p o l l

house sparrow The

61

T h ec l a s s a m m a l i a c l u d ers t s . o r s e s ,a t s e l e p h a n ta n db a t s m 0 n g M n a h a c , s, o t h e r s M a m m a l sr et h e o n l ya n i m a lw h i c h a v e i l k - s e c r e tgna n d s , a s h m ilg a n dh a i r- t h e t w o f e a t u r ets a t e a s i l y i s t i n g u i s h e mf r o ma l l o t h e r h d t a n i m a l s T h e yg i v e b i r t h ( w i t ht h e e x c e p t i oo f m o n o t r e m ets ) t h e i r n o y o u n g h i c ha r es u c k l e df e do n m i l k ) . M a m m a la r ew a r m - b l o o da n d ( w s ed h a v e f o u r - c h a m b ehe d r t .M o s t a v ee e t h h i c h r er o o t e dn s o c k e t s a r a h i t w a T h e i r r a i n a r ew e l ld e v e l o o e o . b s

T h ec h e e t aih t h ef a s t e sm a m m a l s t

.qr'
:;{

MONOTREMES

(EGG-rAYrNG MAMMALS)

platypus the 0nlymembers spinyant-eater the duck-billed and are " of the orderMonotremata. Like other mammals, they have hair anc n u r s e h e i ry 0 u n g n m i l k . B u t u n l i k eo t h e rm a m m a l sh e y l a y e g g s t o t, 'Th " T h e yh a v ea s i n 0 l e p e n i n f o r b o t hr e p r o d u c t i a n de x c r e t i 0 n s o g o . i o p e n i n i s c a l l e d h e c l o a c a . T h e s p i n y n t - e a t ea n dt h e d u c k - belr g t a r platypus foundin Australia Tasmania. alsr are and The spinyant-eater l i v e si n e a s t e r n e w G u i n e a . N

.The

pues Area of n_ilk-secreting

Pouchin which the babv is canied

a T h es p i n y n t - e a t e r

T H E S P I N YA N T - E A T E B .The s p i n y n t - e a t e o,r e c h i d n a o o k s i k e a h e d g e h o gi t h s p i n e s n a r l, l w o i t s b a c k n ds i d e sa sw e l la s h a i r . . l t i s a b o u4 0 c ml o n g .. U n l i k e t h e r a , o t " mammals, is not ableto maintain bodytemperature. The spiny it its .lts ant-eater no external has ears. is There muzzle longandbeak-like. aren0teethin the muzzle, a long, only slender tongue, the backof which on -The arenumerous horny ridges. usesits tongue cetch to spiny ant-eater foodandgrindit against roof0f its m0uth.- lt usesits strong claws to the raidant-hills dig uptermites otherinsects food. or and for

/'

\l

T h e b a b y s p i n ya n t - e a t e lra p s m i l k f r o m t h e po m i l k - s e c r e t i n g r e si n i t s m o t h e r ' s b d 0 m e n a The female spiny ant-eaterhas n0 teats or glands) freasls(mammary

'1.5 T h e e g g o f t h e s p i n ya n t - e a t eir a b o u t s cm l o n g . T h ee g gi s u s u a l l yo r m e do n ea t a t i m e , f , i n a s a cw i t h i nt h ef e m a l e .

a T h es k e l e t o o f t h es p i n y n t - e a l e r n

Centrebone lthe spiny anteater is the only aninal that has this bone)

P THEDUCK-BIttED TATYPUS "The duck-billed platypus a cylindrical with a thick,broad at one tail has body, legs flat like endanda long, muzzle, a duck's bill,at the other. lt hasveryshort -The but for that end in strong, clawed feet. forefeet webbed swimming, are on or freefor digging walking land. thewebcanbefolded back leave claws to the -The td w m a l eh a sa s p u ro n t h e i n s i d e f e a c hh i n d l e g , h i c hi s c o n n e c t e o a o

- d. p o i s o n - g l a nT h e f e m a l ea y se g g sw h i c h h ec l u t c h ets h e rb r e a stti l l t h e y o l , s -The young pores the in hatch. frommilk-secreting feedon the milkthat oozes -The platypus and feedson worms,crayfish, mother's abdomen. duck-billed ponds, lowland rivers, it streams, othersmallaquatic animals findsin mountain andlakesin eastern Australia Tasmania. and

o T h e y o u n g f t h e d u c k - b i l l ep l a t y p u ls p m i l k t h a t o o z e s r o mt h e p o r e s f a o d a f p s f o l do f s k i n i n t h e i rm o t h e r ' a b d o m e n . h ef e m a l e l a t y p uh a sn 0 t e a t s . s T

platypus A duck-billed D D I S C O V E RO F T H E D U C K - B I L L E P T A T Y P U S Y platypus colonist was first seenin 1797by a European The duck-billed He River Australia. was in on the shores a lakenearthe Hawkesbury of animal, whichhadthe bill of a duckandthe surprised seethis strange to fur of a mammal. European The zoologists not knowwhatit waswhen did of theyexamined stuffed the specimen to them. Some the scientists sent did not believe wasa realanimal.Theythought bill was reallythat it its mammal. froma duckwhichsomeone fixedto the bodyof a peculiar had a dissected Theirconfusion increased whenEverard Home, anatomist, an platypus discovered it hadproduced timescientists and that eggs.Fora long and other continued wonderaboutthe relation between platypus the to animals.

The egg of the duck-billed p l a t y p u s s r o u n d ,w i t h a i d i a m e t e o f a b o u t1 . 5 c m . r

Poison-gland

Spurwhich enits poison


Poisonis storedhere

67

MABSU PIATS ( M A M M A T S| T H W

P0ucHEs)

Mammals with pouches belong the orderMarsupialia are found to and -They 0nlyin Australia, NewGuinea, NorthAmerica, South and America. are like othermammals all respects in except one: their young bom are at such undeveloped thattheyhave complete an stage to theirdevelopment . pouch. When baby in themother's a kangaroo. is ot'ioey', born. mother the nipsoff the cord thatjoinsherto the baby andlicksa pathup herabdomen to herpouch. Thebaby makes wayt0 the pouch following trailits by this " 0nceinside pouch attaches the it itselfto oneof four nipples feeds and -lt on the milksecreted. stays the pouch in for'about months it can till six l i v ei n d e p e n d e n t l y . The main features the skull of a marsuoial of are its large frontal bone and its small brain cavity.Unlikeother mammals, boneof the the noseis very long,and extends the backpart to of the skull.There 40 to 50teethonthe upper are and lowerjawbones. lower lawbone tapers The to a pointand bends inwards, forming crest the of the jaw,

KANGAROOS

Crest (pointedpail of the loweriawbone) o T h e s k u l l o f t h e k a n g a r o h a s o n l y a s m a l lc a v i t y f o rt h e b r a i n .

The motherkangaroo helpsher babyto find its ra1 into her pouch separating fur on her abdonel by the w i t h h e rt o n g u e .

Bone which supports


the pouch

s l . A n e w - b o rg r e a tg r e yk a n g a r oio o n l y2 . 5 c m l o n g . n

In the pouch,the baby kangaroo itself to attaches a n i p p l ea n d b e g i n s u c k i n g . s

finds 3 Thebaby kangaroo its wayintoits mother's pounch crgwling thetrail has along she made by

Theskeleton the kangaroo partof the of includes bone a which forms hip-bone gives and support the pouch. to have 0nlymarsupials this special bone.

The tree-climbing kangaroo, marsupial a foundin Australian New and 60 Guinean forests, between and is 90cmlong. spends time theground, sleeps lt much on but andfeeds trees. in

T h e r e d k a n g a r o io f o u n do n l y i n A u s t r a l i al . s f u r i s s t a c t u a l l y e d d i s h - b r o wl n g r o w st o a l e n g t ho f a b o u t t r y 1 3 m a n dl i v e s n g r a s s m e a d o w s . i

T h e k o a l a . a m a r s u o i aflo u n d r n the lorests of eastern Australia. s f e e d s n l y nt h el e a v eo f e u c a l y p t u s o o trees. lt can grow to a length of 80 cm, but most koalasare about 6 0 c ml o n g .

Thecommon dasyure Tasmania a whiteof is spotted, browfl marsupial.is between and lt 36 tl4 cm longandhasnocturnal habits.

Thepouched mole, marsupial a about 1 6 . 5 c m l o n g , l i v e s i n b u n o w si n sandy regionsof Australia.lt has a large,hornysnoutand protective eyelids.but no externalears.

wolf, Tasmanian the The largestof meat-eating s m a r s u p i a l is . a b o u t inthe 1.2m long. hunts lt of forests meadows and Tasmania, is rarely but seen today.

T h e s u g a rg l i d e r i s a 1 6 c m - l o n g m a r s u p i a lh i c hl i v e si n t h e f o r e s t s w l a of Australia nd New Guinea.t has a nenbrane (flap of skin) on eitherside of its bodvthat enables it to glide from tree to tree.

(active night) The opossum a noctunal is at lt marsupial, between and50 cmlong. lives 40 in theforests North South America. and oJ and is expertat climbing, using its prehensile (grasping) as another limb. tail

TheTasmanian is a 60cmdevil f , l o n g m a r s u p i a lo u n do n l y and in theforests rockY,regions it is Although small, ofTasmania to enough Pull it is powerful larger itself. than animals down
The wombatis a stocky,short-legged, tailless marsupial, about metrelong. lt livesin burrows a in the fields and forestsof Australia, and feeds on plantsonly.

69

INSE CTIVO RES

(rNsEcT-EAT|Nc
MAMMATS)

- Moles, shrews, hedgehogs, tenrecs, solenodons insectivore{, and are .Theyareamong smallerl or mammals feedmainly insects. that on the -Theyhavc ofmammals-mostof being them onlyaboutthe ofa mouse. size pointed long, muzzles numerous teeth. Each and sharp tooth severd has pointed cusps that make suitable grasping crushing it for insectr and - Most - They usually insectivores nocheek-bones have orcollar-bones. are short-legged, fivetoes each with 0n foot.- The are but toes clawed, they arenotused grasping they notopposable (capable facing for as are ead of -All *The other). memberstlrisorder in tunnels burrows. morc of live or . common insectivores moles shrews.Shrews are and formthe largest family thegroup. of

is insectivore, aboul The solenodon a nocturnal 48 cm long. lt lookslike a rat, and has a long, pointed muzzle largeears.lt is foundin the and W e s tI n d i e s .

pygmy Savi's shrew, world's the smallest mammal, measures only 6.3 cm.2 5 cm of which are the tail. lt is found Africa. in southern Europe, southern and Asia.
A c o m m om o l e . n

'1.

The skull of the shrew W h e nt h e s h r e ww a l k s , h e e n t i r es o l eo f e a c h t f o o tt o u c h ets e g r o u n d . h

The otter-shrew.found ner rivers and streamsin tropical Africa. eats fish and shellfish, as well as insects. is among lt the largestof insectivores, and can grow to a total lengthof 60 cm.

The jaws of the shrewwork like pair pincerstwbezers. a of or

T h e g o l d e n o l ei s a n i n s e c t i v o r e o u t1 0 c m m ab g i n l e n g t hl.t h a sf u r o f a s h i n y o l dc o l o u rl . d i g s t sh t u n n e l s n f l a t g r a s s l a n d T . e g o l d e n o l ei s i m found in centraland southern Afrira.

70

h g , T h e c o m m o n e d g e h oh a s s p i n e s a s w e l l a s c o a r s e h a i r ,o n i t s r o u n db o d y . h e na l a r m e di , p r i c k s p i t s W t u U s p i n e s e f o r e o l l i n gi n t o a b a l l f o r p r o t e c t i o n . n l i k e b r m o l e s n ds h r e w si,t e a t ss n a i l ss l u g s e g g s a n d e v e n a , , , m i c ea n d s n a k e s .l t i s a b o u t2 8 c m l o n g ,a n d i s f o u n d i n E u r o p e . h i n aa n dK o r e a C ,

shrew Thejumping shrewis also knownas the elephant o b e c a u s e f i t s t r u n k - l i k es n o u t . U n l i k e m o s t o t h e r it insectivores, has largeeyesand ears,as well as long i h i n d l e g s n d a s c a l yt a i l . T h e s p e c i e s a n g e s n s i z e a r f r o m1 7t o 5 8c m .a n di s f o u n d n s o u t h e rA f r i c a . i n

g r a T h eM a l a y a n y m n u r e ,r m o o n a t , i s r e a l l y h e d g e h o g 0 a l t h o u g h l a c k ss p i n e s .l t h a sa h a i r l e s t a i l , a n dc a n it s g r o wt 0 a l e n g t h f a b o u t3 0 c m l t i s f o u n di n s o u t h o eastern Asia T h e c o m m o n o l eh a s a 1 5 c m - l o n g o d y , s h o r tt a i l , m b a and a pointedmuzzle. uses its stout forefeet,with lt t h e i rs h a r p l a w s f o r d i g g i n g l t i s f o u n di n E u r o p a n d c , e Asia.

bodyand a The Asiaticwater shrewhas a 9.5 cm-lot1g short,broadsnout. lt is foundnear livers8nd streams Asia. in south-western

The common tenrec a tailless, cm-long is 35 insectivore, in found onlyin Madagascar. lt resembles a hedgehog having hair. spines its body. wellasshort, on as bristly

11

FTYING TEMUBS

.They lemurs belong the orderDermoptera. to are plant-eating 'fly' . mammals which can or glide. Flyinglemurshavea nembnne lflag of skin)that extends fromthe neckandforefeet the hind-feet eyen and to thetail. - When membranestretched, animals glide distance this is the can a of about m. . Flying 60 lemurs about cmin length.. They different are 40 are 'Their from flyingsquinels that the latterdo not havewebbed in toes. teeth are also peculiar- the upperincisors(front teeth) and canines (sharp, pointed teeth)havetwo roots, whilethe incisors the lowerja on have number pointed (projections) a of cusps whichgivethema comb-like appearan ce.

.Flying

The lower incisors of the flying lemur comb are teeth.

A stuffed flying lemur.

T h e f l y i n g l e m u rc l i m b sh i g h u p a tree when it is disturbed.

There onlytwo species theflying are of lemur. They both are found in thelungles south-eastern Thearea redindicates of Asia. where in theflying lemur found. is Thenit takesa flyingleapto thenext tree.

BATS

.They *Bats to C a r et r u ef l y i n g a m m a lb e l o n g i n g t h e o r d e r h i r o p t e r a . m s on to usetheir wing membranes fly like birds. Fourof the fingers each is and finger thumb short hooked. or hand extremely whiletheother long. are *Bats "The five toeson eachfoot are free,with long,curved use claws. rocks, to their clawst0 gr00m their fur and hookthemselves branches, -They down. upside rest duringthe day by hanging or any otherprop. -At of their keensense night.theyfind their way aboutby usingmainly -Bats and the into two maingroups: fruit-bats the hearing. are divided ones. are larger thaninsectivorous insectivorous bats. " Fruit-bats usually

Thehorseshoe twith ba i t sw i n g s o l d e d . f

A fruit-bal

BAT T E E I H FA N I N S E C T I V O B O U S O
b l n s e c t i v o r o u sa t s h a v e t e e t h i a f o r h o l d i n g h e l l e dn s e c t s n d s h f o r c r u s h i n tg e i n s e c t s ' h a r d c0vefl ng.

B O N E S FA B A T ' S I N G O W
finger Second Thirdfinger Side view Topview

T E E T H FA F B U I T . B A T O

f F r u i t - b a hs v ee e t h o r m a s h i n g ta t fruit.

Filth finger

Fourthfinger

a ( N o t et h a t t h e b o n e s f f o u r o { t h e f i n g e r s r e o e l o n g a t e d0 s u p p o r ta g r e a t e rw i n g - s p r e a d t )

Topview

Side view
/J

T h e O l dW o r l d h e a t h - t a i l e d t h a sa t a i l t h a t e m e r g e s s ba from the tail membrane. tip hangsfree from the lts of uppersurface the membrane. This bat is about6 cm l 0 n g . l t i s f o u n d i n M a d a g a s c a rn d s o u t h - e a s t e r n a Asia.

Thefruit-bat feeds a variety on in of of fruits thejungles southAuseastern Asiaand eastern tralia. isvery lt large, measuring about cm. 40

The tube-nosedbat has p r o t r u d i ntg b u l a r o s t r i l sI.t i s u n b e t w e e n a n d 7 c m l o n g ,a n d 5 i s f o u n di n s o u t h - e a s t eA s i a . m

The vampire-bat feedssolelyon the fresh bloodof animals - i n c l u d i n m a n- a n d i s a c a r r i e r f d i s e a s e s ,u c ha s g o s rabies.lt is the mostagile bat on the ground it can use as bothits armsand legsto run.lt is about7.8 cm long,and is found in tropicalregionsof Centraland SouthAmerica. T h el e s s e r o r s e s h o e t r e s e m b l eh e h ba ts g r e a t e h o r s e s h o e t b u t h a sa s m a l l e r r ba w i n g - s p r e ald .i s f o u n di n E u r o p e , s i a , t A a n dn o r t h e rA f r i c a . n

b The common at feeds on flies and s m a l l b e e t l e s , n d r o o s t si n c r e v i c e s a o f b u i l d i n g sl.t i s a b o u t4 . 8 c m l o n g . a n di s f o u n d n E u r o oa n ds o u t h - w e s t e r n i e andeastern Asia.

Thebent-winged t is an insect-eater, ba f o u n d i n s o u t h - e a s t e An i a , s o u t h e r n rs E u r o p eN e w G u i n e aa n d A u s t r a l i a l t . , i s s m a l l .m e a s u r i n g e t w e e n5 . 2 a n d b 68cm.

T h e A m e r i c a ne a f - n o s eb a t h a s a n e l o n g a t e m u z z l e l d d a n d a l o n g ,s l e n d e r o n g u e w h i c h i t u s e st o c o l l e c t t , n e c t a r n dp o l l e n r o mf l o w e r s l t i s a b o u t , 8 c m l o n g , a f 6 a n d i s f o u n di n t r o p i c ar e g i o n s f A m e r i c a l o

74

PRIMATES

*Tree-shrews, lemurs, monkeys. apes,and man belong the orderof to .They primates. havelong,supple limbs,the bones whichare freely of jointed."Their hands nailstipping the andfeet are large, with flattened fingersand toes, ratherthan claws. -Their thumbsare opposable, a characteristic which makesthe handsparticularly agile. Unlikemost -They primates in colour. (or otheranimals, see alsohavebinocular twoeyed) vision because theireyes at the frontof the head. Thehead are can turn readify the neck.'The headhas shortlaws and alasgecraniun on *Amongprimates, (braincase), whichholdsa well-developed man brain. hasthe mosthighlydeveloped givinghim a remarkable brarn, degree of intelligence.

ABEAS SMEI-I OT AttIDSIGHIItUTHE BBAIiIS CEBTAIIII OF MAMMATS parts brown The in the associated show areas withthesense smell; in the of those green, sense sight. of

The mole's brain.

The tree-shrew's brain

brain. The lemur's

Japanese macaques.

The Japaiese macaque's brain.

Plimates opposable have thumbs, fingers which theyusewiththeother t0 grasp objects. the exception man, With opposable of theyalsohave bigtoes. Their fingers ridged, make are and impressions 0r prints. HAiIDS Lemur.
Squinel.
J a p a n e sm a c a q u e . e

Gorilla.

(]ldWorld monkey.

IHE PBIMATE FAMITY TBEE

FEET Lemur.

Squinel.

Japanese macaque.

Gorilla.

primates flat nails, Many have instead claws. of


nacaque). Flat (Japanese nail Curved (dogl. nail

Finger hone

bonc Finger

75

PROSIMIANS T h e e a r l yp r i m a t e s u c ha s t r e e - s h r e wls ,m u r sa n d t a r s i e r s r e k n o w na s a e , prosimians is the Latintermfor 'before'andsinian is the Latinname (pro for 'monkey'.) A l t h o u gp r o s i m i a n s e c l o s e l r e l a t e d0 s i m i a n s h e r e r e s o m e h a ar y t t, d i f f e r e n c e s t w e e t h e m .P r o s i m i a n s e l e s si n t e l l i g e n h a ns i m i a n s . h e y be n T tt ar a r ea l s ol e s sa g i l e i t ht h e i rh a n d s n df e e t .T h e y a v e n eo r t w o c u r v e n a i l s , w d a h o a t t h et i p o f e a c h a n d n df o o tw h i l es i m i a nh a v e n l y l a t n a i l sT h en o s e s f h . o a s o f

p r o s i m i a a r el o w e r nt h ef a c e h a n h o s e f s i m i a n s ,n dt h e yu s u a l lp r o t r u c * ns y t t o a o '* beyond lowerjaw.Prosimians nocturnal, are the are whilesimians diurnal lacl, le d u r i n gh e d a y ) M e m b e ro f t h e p r o s i m i a a m i l y n c l u dte et r e e - s h r e w ,m u ; t s fn i h . aye-aye, loris,and the tarsier.Theyare foundin Asia andAfnaa bush-baby. y d a l t h o u gfh s s i l s f p r o s i m i a n s o l d a s 6 0 t o 7 0 m i l l i o n e a r s a v eb e e n , s o o as h c o v e r eid E u r o oa n dA m e r i c a . n e

s l , T h et r e e - s h r eiw v e r ym u c h i k ea s q u i n e lb u ti t h a sa l o n g , an w w h i s k e r e d n o u t l t i s a q u a r r e l s o m e i m a l , h i c hl i v e s s o n i n t r e e si n t h e j u n g l e s f s o u t h e r a n d s o u t h - e a s t eAn i a . rs I t i s a b o u2 0 c mi n l e n g t h . t

The potto has a roundbody,about35 cm in length.lt has l a r g e y e s s m a l e a r s , n dw o o l l yf,a w nl u r . l t l i v e s n f r u i t s l a o e , andleaves the rain-forests western in of andeastern Africa.

r T h e i n d r i s ,f o u n d i n M a d a g a s c am,e a s u r ea b o u t9 0 c m s s d l I t h a sv e r yl o n gh i n d l e ga n da n e l o n g a t em u z z l et. t r a v e l s i n l e a p sa n di s d i u r n a l . ,

i T h eb u s h - b a b y G a l a g os a b o u t 8 c m l o n g , i t h a r o u n d , or 1 w funy body,largeearsand eyes,and a long,bushy tail. lt is pet whosecriesat nightresemble human a a popular animal, baby's.lt is found in Africa,southof the Sahara.

i o T h et a r s i efre e d s n i n s e c t sn t h e l u n g l e s f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , o lts Borneo, and Sumatra. roundbody is only about 12 cm long although total lengthis 25 cm. lt has a roundface its l w i t h u n u s u a l l ya r g e e y e s ,t h e p u p i l so f w h i c h c o n t r a c t is to pin-pointn daylight.

s T h e r i n g t a i l e dl e m u rm e a s u r ea b o u t1 . 2 m f r o m n o s et o and tail. lt feeds insects fruits,andis found thinlywooded 0n in anddry.rockypartsof Madagascar.

T h es l e n d elro r i si s s o - c a l l eb e c a u sie i s a s l e n d ea n i m a l . d t r with long,thin legs, large eyes,and a pointedsnout.lt is , i n a a b o u2 0c ml o n ga n di s f o u n dn s o u t h e rIn d i a n dS r iL a n k a . t

The lesser dwarf lemur,the smallest0f primates, has a total length of 25 cm. lt is a mouse-like insectivore that nestsin tall trees in the forestsol Madagascar.

s 4 a i T h ea y e - a y ie a b o u t 0 c m l o n g , n di s f o u n d n t h e l u n g l e s M s o f e a s t e r n a d a g a s c alrt. h a s l a r g ei n c i s o r a n d l o n g , h i n t f i n g e r st,h e m i d d l e i n g e rb e i n ge v e nl o n g e r n dt h i n n e r .l t f a f t i u s e s h i sm i d d l ei n g e r o h o o k n s e c lta r v a er o mt h e i rh o l e s . t f Theaye-aye.

T H EN E WW O B I - D O N K E Y S M pouches. New only because aiefound in theNew wideapart.Theyhavefour moreteeththanman,andn0 cheek they TheNew World monkeys socalled are tail that havea prehensile that can be are Worldmonkeys the only monkeys are monkeys generally America. New The World Vtlorld, isin North South that and marmoset, uakari, except the owl-monkey, for and while the usedfor grasping balancing, form divided two groups. into Marmosets tamarins onegroup, and the during day. are k e yt ts capu in y, o t h e irn c l u d eh es p i d e r - m o n k e y , c hm o n k es q u i n e l - m o n a n d ,h e saki,andthe tamarin.TheNewWorldmonkeys mostactive and fruits,and leaves, are foundin lungles birds'eggs, are nostrils close Theyfeedon insects, monkeys, whose woolly sakimonkey. Unlike 0ld World the Argentina. Mexicoto northern have that monkeys nostrils are from southern together facedownwards, NewWorld and the

T h ec a p u c h im o n k e y . n

monkey spider The

T h es q u i n e l - m o n k e y .

ar0und the is blackexcept monkey entirely Thecapuchin top it lts face shoulders. black makes looklikea hooded and in 40 and friar. capuchin lt is about cmlong, is found the jungles Central South America. and of has World monkeys, a large of the Thehowler, largest New lt howl loud so thatit throat. can a lower and swollen law and lt 58 4 about kmaway. is about cmlong, can heard be Argentina. Mexico northern to from in isfound jungles southern and isonly 30 The squinel-monkey about cmlong isextremely bythe of in communities rivers theAmazon agile. lives large lt Basin. because its of spider looks Thespider-monkey like a huge 45 tail. and thin long, limbs prehensile lt is about cmlong, Mexico Uruguay. to fromsouthern in andis found jungles with monkey, thick, Thewoollysakiis a strange-looking in tail long anda bushy likethatof a fox.lt lives trees hair jungles, is about cmlong. bushy lts and 43 in the Amazon tailisnotprehensile. is animal about cmlong, 30 a monkey,nocturnal Thenight lt and America. has of in found the jungles Central South the lt eyes. spends dayin treehollows. verylarge prehensile face, has monkey a sad-looking a short The woolly lt in and hair. is found the Orinoco woolly tail,andthick, and it mainly fruits, on leaves, where feeds Amazon Basins, eats of animals. it althoughsometimes theflesh other flowers It is about cmin length. 55 has marmoset whiteeal tuftsanda ringed Thecommon and in about cmlong, is found theAmazon 22 tail lt is only B a s i. n

T H E O t D W O B T DM O N K E Y S The 0ld Worldmonkeys, that is, the monkeys foundin countries other than Northand SouthAmerica, havenarrowly nostrils spaced that face downwards. Theyhavecheek pouches characteristic patches hard, and of bare skinaround theirbuttocks. Their tailsarenotprehensile. arethose as of mostNewWorld monkeys. Theirarms legsareab0ut and equal length, in andtheirhands veryagile. are Some World live 0ld monkeys onthe ground, whileothers live in trees.Some onlyfruitsandvegetables, others eat but supplement dietwith insects. their

T h e m a n d r i l li s f o u n d i n t h e j u n g l e s f w e s t e r n f r i c a .T h e o A male,which has a red nose, b l u e c h e e k sa n d r e d a n d b l u e , buttocks, a colourful, is ferocious a n i m a l , b o u t 1 . 2 m l o n g .T h e a f e m a l e i s s m a l l e r ,a n d l a c k s t h e b r i g h tc o l o u r s f t h e m a l e . o

Theproboscis monkey found is nearrivers the jungles in of Borneo. malehasan extremely The large, overhanging nose. species The varies size in from60t0 75cm.

The hamadryas baboonis an ash-grey, p o w e r f u l l y - b u ia t i m a l ,w i t h a l a r g e ln m a n ea n d a f l e s h - c o l o u r f a c e .l t h a s ed l a r g e c a n i n et e e t h , a n d l i v e s m a i n l y o n t h e g r o u n da l t h o u g ht i s a b l e t o i c l i m b .l t i s a b o u t6 8 c m l o n g ,a n d i s i f o u n di n E t h i o p i a n d o n t h e i s l a n d sn the ArabianGulf. lt was sacredto the ancient Egyptians

T H E A N T H R O P O IA P E S D The anthropoid, great,apes sharecertaincharacteristics man. or with 'anthrop0id' 'man-like' Theword means a n d , l i k e m a n ,t h e s ea n i m a l s c a ns t a n d p r i g ho n t h e i rh i n d l e ga n dw a l k .T h e i ra r m s r e l o n g etrh a n u t s a t h e i rl e g s , n dt h e i rh a n d s r ev e r ya g i l e T h e yh a v e o c h e e k o u c h eo r p s a a . n t a i l . T h e i r r a i n s r eb e t t e d e v e l o p eh a nm o n k e y s ' . b a r td

T h es i a m a n gh e l a r g e so f t h e g i b b o n s , t t, measures about60 cm lt hasa dilatable ( e x p a n d a b lv o i c e - b otx a t e n a b l e st e) h i to makea very loud,booming owl. h I t l i v e si n t r e e si n t h e m 0 u n t a ifn r e s t s o o f S u m a t ra n dM a l a v s i a . a

T h e g i b b o n ,t h e s m a l l e s to f t h e great apes,rangesin size from 38 to 75 cm. lt is a slender, acrobatic animal, with arms that are much l o n g e r h a n i t s l e g s l t i s f o u n di n t t h e j u n g l e so f s o u t h - e a s t eAn i a . rs

78

A n o r a n g - u t a n di t s y o u n g an

The orang-utan, hose name means w 'jungle man', is a reddish-brown, h e a v i l y - b u iple m e a s u r i a b o u1 4 m al , ng t y W h e n o u n gi,t l o o k s e m a r k a bhy m a n . r lu b'rt as il grows older, it develops a h i g h f o r e h e a dl.a r g en o s t r i l s a n d a , g o i t r e - l i k e w e l l i n go n i t s n e c k l t i s s a f o u n d i n t h e j u n g l e so f S u m a t r a n d Borneo.

T h ec h i m p a n zi e a h i g h l i n t e l l i g ea p e w h i c h se y nt . o f t e np e r f o r mis c i r c u s c t s T h e b e s tu s e ro f n a l o o l sa f t e rm a n ,i t w i e l d ss t i c k sa n 0 s r o n e s s a w e a p o na n dt 0 0 l s . l t i s a b o u t 6 m t a l l .a n di s s 1 f o u n di n t h e t r o p i c afl o r e s t s f w e s t e r n f r i c a o A

T h e g o r i l l a , h e l a r g e s t f t h e g r e a ta p e s .i s t o a b o u 1 . 8m t a l l , a n dw e i g h s s m u c h s 2 0 4k g . t a a A l t h o u g h t l o o k s m e a n , i t i s a c t u a l l yv e r y i gentle The species as two varieties the h g r e y m o u n t a i g o r i l l aa n d t h e b l a c kl o w l a n d n g o r i l l a B o t ha r e f o u n di n c e n t r a a n d w e s t e r n l Afrca i

79

EDENTATES

-The .Ant-eaters, the represent orderEdentata' sloths,and armadillos 'toothless 'edentates' is the 0nes',although ant-eater the means term .The teethof the oiheredentates. teeth. without in the order onlyanimal have and are less developed containno enamel Edentates however, . S o m e i v eo nt h eg r o u n d ,o m en b u r r o w s ' i s l f g c l a w s 0 r d i g g i no r c l i m b i n g . . America' and in in andsome trees. Mostarefound Central South

A O S K U T L FT H EG I A N T N T . E A T E R

f h T h es k u l lo f t h e g i a n ta n t - e a t e ra so n l ya s m a l lc r a n i u mo r t h e b r a i n ' T h eu p p e a n dl o w e r a w sa r eb o t ht o o t h l e s s . r i

T O N G UO FT H EG I A N IA N T - E A T E B E

its 11 b0dy. uses to in giant has ant-earer a tailrhatis equal length its 1.2m-long The ants terniites. t0 tongue catch and and nests, its30cm-long ants' feet raid t0 clawed strorig, in old. lt is found theforested are they ab'uta year until on its It cariies young its back America. of regions tropical

powerful muscles to is ant-eater attached long, 0f Thetongue thegiant that muscles flipthe lt rib into thatextind theanimal's cage. is these into 0ut pull tongue and it back themouth

about 56 cm The lesserant-eater, l o n g ,i s h a l f t h e s i z e o f t h e g i a n t m t a n t - e a t e rl . h a s a s m a l l e r u z z l e , f s h o r t e r u r , a n d a l o n g ,P r e h e n s i l e tail. lt is found in Central and A South merica.

3 s a T h el i t t l e ,0 r t w o - t 0 e d , n t - e a t ei r a b o u t 8 c m a l o n g .w i t h a v e r ys h o r tm u z z l e n da p r e h e n s i l e tail. lt usesthe lwo large,clawedtoes on each f00t t0 climbanddig. lt is foundin the warmest G , o r e g i o n s f B r a z i l , u y a n aa n d V e n e z u e l a .

found only in Brazil' The two-toedtree-sloth, toes gets its namefrom the two long-clawed This slothis about62 cm long, on eachforefoot. treeand can movefaster than the three-toed sloth.

t , T h e t h r e e - t o e dr e e - s l o t ha s l o w m o v i n ga n i m a la b o u t5 0 c m l o n g , can inflict a nasty woundwith its c l a w s w h e n a n g e r e d l.t l i v e s i n fffests0f Central treesin thetropical A a n dS o u t h m e r i c a .

ARMADI[[OS " A r m a d i l l oh a v ea p r o t e c t i vc o v e r i no f h o r n y l a t e s n t h e s e g p o b a c k n ds i d e s f t h eb o d y . T h i s r m o ui r d i v i d eb vt r a n s v e r s e a o a s d b a n d s f s o f t e r k i nt h a t e n a b l eh e a n i m atlo r o l l i n t oa b a l l o s t s w h e nd i s t u r b e d .A r m a d i l l oa r e i d e n t i f i eb v t h e n u m b eo f d r m o v a b l b a n d s c r o s sh e i r b a c k s ." U n l i k e n t - e a t e r a r m a e a t a s, d i l l o sh a v em a n yt e e t h . " T h e y f e e d o n i n s e c t s n d p l a n t s , a a n da r ee x p e ra t d i g g i n g . t

The three-banded armadillois about 38 cm l o n g . l t i s t h e o n l ya r m a d i l l c a p a b l e f r o l l i n g o o itself into a perfectball when attacked lt is found in the warmestregions of Brazil and

T h e s i x - b a n d e d r m a d i l l o .a b o u t a 4 5 c m l o n g ,h a sa b r o a d e a ds m a l l h , e a r s , n da s h o r t a i l . l t i s f o u n d n a i P a r a g u a y dA r g e n t i n a . an

The nine-banded is armadillo about cm in length, 60 with a tapering snoutand long ears like a donkey's. roams lt at night, Iooking insects the for in drygrasslands semi-deserts and ofthe region, including Argentina and the south-western United

PAN OLINS G

-Pangolins 0 r s c a l ya n t - e a t e rrs p r e s e n t e o r d e rP h o l i d o t a-.T h e y e th -They aretoothless. are covered the backandsides on with horny, overl a p p i n g c a l e s .- T h e s c a l e s r e a c t u a l l h i g h l y o d i f i e d a i r ,m a d eo f s a y m h kentin, lhat is, the samematerial the hair.nails,and horns other as of .O y m a m m a l s . r d i n a rh a i rg r o w s e t w e e t h e s es c a l e s n do n t h e l o w e r b n a surface the body. -The pangolin ableto roll into a ball t0 protect of is itselfwhenalarmed attacked. or

pangolin an overall Thegiant has length 1.4m. lt is of nocturnal, lives0n the ground open and in country in Africa.

L i k et h e t h r e e - b a n d a r m a d i l l o , ed t h e p a n g o l i n a n r o l l i t s e l fi n t o c a ball for Drotection. TheChinese pangolin, about cm long,is seenherewith its young.lt usesits tail in 48 c l i m b i n g . t i s f o u n d n A s i a r o mN e p atlo C h i n a n dT a i w a n . l i f a

The scales of the pangolin overlap,with short, tough hair growing between them. pangolin Thelong-tailed measures cm 90 from head to tail. lt uses its strong, p r e h e n s i l e i l i n c l i m b i n gr e e st o l o o k ta t for tree-ants.lt is foundin the trooical forests of Africa.

81

HARES, RABBITS, A N DP I K A S
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* R a b b i t s ,h a r e s a n d p i k a sa r e m e m b e r s f t h e o r d e r L a g o m o r p l " a . . o *They are differentlrom rodents(miceandsquirrels) that they har: in (front, cuttingteeth)on the upperjaw. *0ne l' two pairsof incisors the pairs is vestigial(of no use),and liesbehindthe functional lusetu g w . o n e . * T h e i n c i s o r s r o w c o n t i n u a l l yr e p l a c i n g o r n a w a y c u t t F ; e d g e s" T h e t e e t h h a v ee n a m e o n a l l s i d e s u n l i k et h o s eo f r o d e : = . l , which have enamel onlV on the outside surfaceof the incisorr *Babbits, hares,and pikasfeed on vegetable matter only. *Pikas ar': , t a i l l e s s , u t r a b b i t s n d h a r e s a v e h o r to r b o b t a i l s*.R a b b i t s u n l i r * a h s b hares,are gregarious(social),and live in coloniesin complicatrec l i s y s t e mo f b u r r o w s*.H a r e s i v ei n h o l l o w sn t h e g r o u n d . s (disguise) to themselves bleql Some rabbitsand harescancamouflage with their surroundings escape watchfuleyesof their predatorr. the and f c an S u c ha s w o l v e s n d f o x e s .B u t u n l i k e h a m e l e o n s ds o m e i s h ,w h i c ' a a c a n c h a n g e h e i r c o l o u r sa s q u i c k l ya s t h e y c a n m o v e ,r a b b i t s n i t h a r e s h a n g e n l y s e a s o n a l l a , c o r d i n go t h e t i m e o f t h e y e a r -! t c o yc landscape they lire winter, their fur is as white as the snow-covered and earth. in. ln summer, is brownlike the trunksof trees it

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H a r e s a v el o n g e r i n d l e g t h a n r a b b i t s .T h e yu s u a l l y h h s h a v e l o n g e re a r s t o o .

T } I EH A R EN M O T I O N I

U n l i k eb a b yr a b b i t s w h i c h a r e b o r n h e l p l e s sn a k e d , , , a n db l i n d ,b a b yh a r e s r e a c t i v e i t h i nm i n u t e o f t h e i r a w s b i r t h .T h e y r eb o r n i t h t h e i re y e s p e n n dw i t h a f u l l a w o a c o a to l h a i r . A new-born hare

A new-born rabbit

F o o t p r i n m a d e h e nb o u n d i n g . ts w s H a r e s a v e i d e rp a l a t e o nt h e u p p e jra w st h a nr a b b i t s . h w

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Theupperjaw of a hare Theupperjaw of a nhbil

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a A d o m e s t irc b b i t .

h A b r o w n a r el e a p i n g

T h e a n g o r ar a b b i t w e i g h s a b o u t 2 5 k g . l t i s r e a r e do r i t s s i l k yf u r . f

T h e c a s t o rr e x i s r e a r e di n l a r g e n u m b e r sf o r i t s f u r l t w e i g h s between26and35kg

r T h e a l b i n od o m e s t i c a b b i t i s rearedfor its fur and meat,for s, s c i e n t i f i e x p e r i m e n ta n da s a c p e t a n i m a l .W h e nf u l l y g r o w n , 2 this rabbitweighs between 6 a n d5 7 k g . T h e H i m a l a y ar a b b i tr s w h i t e , e x c e p l o r i t s n f b l a c ks n o u t e a r s ,f e e t . a n dt a i l l t i s f o u n di n , (n t h e H i m a l a y a n o u n t a i n s o r t h e rIn d i a N e p a l , m n , a n dT i b e t )a n di s k e p ta s a p e tt h e r e .l t w e i g h s , a b o u1 5 k g . t

h T h e B e l g i a n a r eg r o w s a n d b r e e d sv e r y f a s t . I t i s r e a r e df o r f o o d . I t w e i g h sa b o u t3 . 5 k g . T h e b l u e h a r ei s f o u n d in the grassy eadows m of Europe ndAsia In a w i n t e r ,i t s f u r t u r n sa s white as snow. lt is a b o u t5 0 c m i n l e n g t h .

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T h e p i k a ,a b o u t1 5 c m l o n g ,l o o k sl i k e a s m a l l t a i l l e s s . r a b b i tw i t h s h o r te a r s . l t s f o u r l e g sa r e a l l t h e s a m e l e n g t h .S o m e t i m e s o w n s t h e w h i s t l i n g a r e ,i t c a n kn a h v a r yi t s v o i c e r o ma s h r r l w h i s t l e o a b l e a t l t i s f o u n d f l t i n t h e h i g hm o u n t a i n s c e n t r aA s i aa n dN o r t h m e r i c a of l A

T h e b r o w nh a r e .a b o u t 6 0 c m i n l e n g t h ,h a s l o n g ,b l a c k - t i p p e d r s . ea I t f e e d s o n g r a s sa n d leafy plants in the a m e a d o wo f E u r o p e n d s A sa i

The cottontairabbit gets its l f n a m e r o mi t s w h i t e ,f l u f l y t a i l , w h i c h r e s e m b l e sa b a l l o f c o t t o n l t i s a b o u t3 2 c m l o n g . a n d i s f o u n di n N o r t hA m e r i c a f I t s f u r i s u s e df o r m a k i n g e l t hats.

83

RO DENTS (GNAWTNG MMATS) MA

and belong among others, are rodents Mice,squirrels, porcupines, and hate calledthe Rodentia. Rodents to the largestordef of mammals -These (front.cutting teetft teeth)in eachjaw. onlyone pairof incisors of and haveenamel onlyon the frontsurface, the wearing-down the softer -The incisors in chisel-like cutting edge. body thetoothresults a sharp, of uscgrowing the rootandare keptin check continual by at areconstantly (pointed, side teeth). Thereis a gap between Rodents haveno canines havea large backteeth). " Most rodents the incisors nolars (large, and (Iourl to ol caecun(parl of the intestine) help in the digestion cellulose in plants).. Bodents foundall overthe world exceptin Antalctica are a n dN e wZ e a l a n d .

A squirrel. A s q u i n e l 'ssk u l l

A f i e l dv o l e .

A porcupine's skull

A mouse's skull

O JAW MUSCLES F RODENTS s s T h ej a w m u s c l e0 f r o d e n ta r es p e c i a l i z e d t f o r g n a w i n g .I n t y p i c a l m a m m a l sh e has its powerful nasseter(jaw muscle) e o r i g i n o n t h e c h e e k - b o no f t h e s k u l l to and extends the lower iaw. During the of the evolution rodents,however, up has also extended to the masseter sn0uL e th In squirrels, is jaw muscle xtends to the snoutin front of the cheek-bone (as shown in bluel. extends the masseter In porcupines, 0nto the snout throughthe eye-socket (asshownin redl. has extensions In mice, masseter both the to the snout one in front of the cheekthrough eye-socket, the bone the other and

T H E I N C I S O RO F R O D E N T S S growing. are andlowerincisors rodents constantly of Theupper pace with growth. that keep It is therefore essential wearshould gnawat almost anything, evenmetals, rodents Forthis reason t o m a i n t a itn ew e a ro nt h e i ri n c i s o r s . h l r o l f a l o w e ri n c i s ob r e a k s r g e t so u t o f l i n e ,t h e a n i m ac a n to no longergnaw. The animalmay starve deathor maydie o i r w h e nt h e o p p o s i nu p p e r n c i s o c o n t i n u ets g r o w ,p i e r c i n g g the roofof the skull.

lowet ineisol

piercing of theskull roof Upper incisor V T WHERE HE MEADOW OIE TIVES o s v s T h em e a d o wo l em a k e a m a z e f t u n n e l u n d etrh eg r o u n d . a l T h et u n n e l se a do f f t o a n e s ta r e a , ' t o i l e t ' , a n da f o o d room. storage

coat with a The red souirrelhas a reddish-brown 4 w h i t e b e l l v l t h a st u f t e de a r sa n d i s a b o u t 5 c m t l o n gi n c l u d i n ig s b u s h y a i l . T h e r e d s q u i n e le a t s t n n u t s .b e r r i e ss h o o t sa n d s e e d s .l t b u r i e s u t sa s , , a f a f o o ds u p p l yo r w i n t e r . l t i s f o u n di n E u r o p e n d n o r t h e rA s i a . n

T h e b e a v e r s t h e l a r g e s t o d e n ti n t h e N o r t h e r n e m i s p h e r e . i H r I t s s l o u t b o d ym e a s u r e1 0 5 c m i n c l u d i n gt s 3 0 - c ml o n g t a i l i s w h i c hi s f l a t . b r o a da n ds c a l y l t s t a i l i s u s e d s a p r o po n l a n d , a a n d a r u d d e r n t h e w a t e r . W h e ni n d a n g e rt,h e b e a v e s l a p s i r its tail 0n the water t0 warn other beavers-lts front toes are a d a p t e do d i g g i n g n d i t s h i n d - f e ea r e w e b b e do r s w i m m i n g . t a t f Thebeaver anaquatic is animal.lt dams streams up with branches, stones. and mud. lt livesin a lodge(nestmadeof sticks,twigs, andmud). The lodgehas one entrance the above waterandone below. The beaver feeds mainlyon the bark of trees suchas the aspen, willow, andbirch. lt livesin NorthAmerica parts and of Eurooe Asia. and

T h em e a d o wo l e v

The meadow isabout cmlong.lt burrows feed bulbs vole 10 on to androots.lt is found North in America Eurasia. and

The lemming, only about15 cm long,lives in northern Europe and cold partsof NorthAmerica.When lemming population growst00 large,it the must g0 in searchof new pastures.In the courseof their migrations, lemmings as mightcrossponds. streams, rivers, theyare ableto swim or if the short distances. However, theyhappen enter sea0r large to expanses o f w a t e r .t h e y e v e n t u a l ld r o w n l t i s o f t e n t h o u g h t h a t l e m m i n g s y i n t e n d o c o m m i t u i c i d ew h e na c t u a l l yh e y a r e a t t e m p t i ntg c r o s s t s , t o t h es e a . T h el e m m i n g T h ek a n g a r o o - r a t sa f a i r l yl a r g e e a ds m a lfl o r e l e g s ,n dl o n g o w e r f u l ha p h , a h i n d l e gts a t e n a b l et t o m a k e u m p s f a b o u l2 m . l t g r o w s r o m1 0 t o i h o f l l8 cm long, andis foundin the deserts the south-western of United States.

T h e m u s k - r a a,b o u t 2 t o 3 6 c m l o n g ,i s a n a q u a t i c n i m atl h a t b u i l d s t 2 a i t s n e s ti n m a r s h e sn da l o n g i v e r s . t o r i g i n a l lc a m er o mN o r t h m e r i c a , a r l y f A b u t i s n o w f o u n di n E u r o o e n d t h e S o v i e tU n i o n a

T h em u s k - r a t

s 1 T h e e a s t e r n h i p m u nik a h o u t 7 c m l o n ga n d h a sa t a i l o f 1 0 c m l t s c w b a c k i s m a r k e d y f i v e h e a v y t r i p e s h i c hr u n f r o m i l s s h o u l d e rts b s o t h e r o o t 0 f i l s t a i l . l t l i v e s i n h o l l o wl o g s a n d i n b u r r o w s m o n g a bushes tall grass.lt is foundin the eastern United States northern and and central Asia T h ee a s t e r c h i p m u n k . n

FLYING OUIRREIS S -Flying s q u i r r e la r en o c t u r n a - . h e ya r ef o u n d n A s i a ,N o r t h m e r i c a , s [T i A a n d E u r a s i a".F l y i n g q u i r r e ld 0 n o t a c t u a l l f l y ; t h e yo n l yg l i d e . . A s s y g l i d i n g e m b r a n eh i c hs t r e t c h eb e t w e e t h e i rf o r e a n d h i n d l e ga c t s m w s n s l i k ea w i n g .e n a b l i ntg e mt o g l i d e r o mt r e et o t r e e . . S o m eg i a n t l y i n g h f f s q u i r r e lh a v e e e n b s e r v e d i d i n gr o mt h e s l o p e s f h i l l st o a d i s t a n c e s b gl o f o o f a b o uh a l fa k i l o m e t r e . t

The scaly-taileflying d s q u i r r e h a s a l a y e ro f l scales nthe underside o o f i l s b u s h yt a i l . T h e s c a l e se n a b l et h e t a i l t o g r i pt h e b a r ko f t r e e s . T h i s s q u i r r e ll i v e s i n Africa and grows to a Itngthof 28 cm

T h eg i a n tf l y i n gs q u i r r eils a l a r g e n i m aw h i c h a l grows from 27 to 49 cm long lt lives in the forests Asia. of

B5

T h e0 l d W o r l d a r v e s t o u s es a b o u 6 3 c ml o n g e x c l u d h m i t . la i n g i t s p r e h e n s i t e i l w h i c hi s a b o u t h e s a m e e n g t h s l a i t s b o d y .T h i sm o u s es a c t i v e y d a ya n dn i g h t c l i m b i n g i b , g r a s sa n d c o r n s t a l k sl.t f e e d s 0 n s e e d s . r a i n ,a n d g i n s e c t sl.t i s c o m m oin E u r o p e ,o r t h e rA s i a , n dC h i n a n n n a T h ew o o dm o u s e0 r l o n g - t a i l e de l d m o u s e , a b o u t 8 , fi is I c ml o n g w i t h a t a o f e q u alle n g t h l t f e e d s o n u t sa c o r n s , il . , b e n i e sa n df o o dc r o p s l t i s f 0 u n dn w o o d l a n dg a r d e n s . , i s, a n dc u l t i v a t efde l d si n E u r o p e ,o r t h e rA f r i c aa n dA s i a i n n , T h e r ea r e m a n yk i n d so f g u i n e a - p i gw,h i c ho r i g i n a l l y s camefrom Peru They are about 25 cm long and h a v es u c hs h o r tt a i l s t h a t t h e y a p p e a t a i l l e s s .S o m e r havelong fur, and othershaveshort or evencurlyfur, , w h i c hi s u s u a l l y e l l o ww h i t e , r b l a c k 0 r a c o m b i n a t i o n o , of two of these. T h ew o o dm o u s e

T h e0 l d W o r l d a r v e s t o u s e h m

Thehouse, common, is from15 to 24 cm long. or rat, It is found gutters in houses in and almost over all the world. Thehouse mouse grey colour isfrom to 10cm is in and 7 long.lt is found houses storehouses,also in and and in fields w0ods over world. and all the

T h eg u i n e a - p i g .

T h eh o u s e o u s e m

T h eh o u s ea t r

T h eg i a n tr a t

i T h eA m a ms p i n y a t . r

The albino mouse.


The Patagonian hare lives in the grasslands South of A m e r i c a l.t i s h a r e - l i k w i t h l o n gh i n d l e g s ,n d i s v e r y e a swift. lt grows about cm in length. to 80 The giantrat is about45 cm long. lt has short,thin fur a n da l o n g , a k e da i l . l t i s a n o c t u r n a o d e n f 0 u n d n i n t rl t cultivated areasof centralAfrica. T h eA m a ms p i n y a t i s f o u n d n l yo n J a p a n ' A m a ma n d i r i o s O k i n a w as l a n d s . t i s 1 2 t o 1 8 c m l o n ga n d h a s s m a l l i l spines nitsbody. o T h eg o l d e n a m s t e r h T h ea l b i n o o u s ea b o u t 0 c m l o n g , a s s p e c i a l lb r e d m , 1 w y I o r l a b o r a t o r yx p e r i m e n t l t.s f u r i s a l l w h i t e ,i t s e y e s e s a r er e d ,a n di t s e a r s f e e t ,a n dt a i l a r ep i n k . l t s a n c e s t o r ; w a st h e h o u s e o u s e m T h ea l b i n o a t l 0 0 k s u s t l i k e t h e a l b i n o o u s e u t i t i s r m b i l a r g e r l t w a ss p e c i a l lb r e d ys c i e n t i s f o r e x p e r i m e n t s y b ts I t s a n c e s t ow a s t h e c o m m o na t r r T h e g o l d e n a m s t e r . o m 1 2 1 o 1 6 c m l o n g ,o r i g i n a l l y h fr c a m e r o mS y r i a . H a m s t e ra r e n o w f o u n da l l o v e rt h e f s w 0 r l d a s p e t s a n d l a b o r a t o ra n i m a l s . y

T h ea l b i n o a t r

86

T h ec o m m op o r c u p i n e n

A , T h ec o m m o p o r c u p i nl ev e si n E u r o p e ,f r i c a a n dA s i a . n i with bristles Its body.from60 to 80 cm long,is covered a n d q u i l l s T h e l o n gq u i l l sd o w ni t s b a c ka r e b a n d e d t de b l a c k n dw h i t e T h ep o r c u p i n e f e n dis s e l fb ye r e c t i n g a b s i t s q u i l l s a n d r u s h i n g a c k w a r da t i t s e n e m y T h e (active porcupine nocturnal the during night). lt feeds is a o nr o o t s n df r u i t s . i T h e C a n a d i a p o r c u p i n le v e s i n t h e w o o d so f N o r t h n A m e r i c a n d c a n c l i m bt r e e sv e r yw e l l l t g r o w st 0 a a ur l e n g t h f 6 3 t o 8 5 c m . l t h a s l o n g ,b r o w n i s h - b l afc k o e, s a s w e l l a s l o n g ,y e l l o w i s h - w h i tb a r b e d p i n e s . p s b T h e M a l a y a n r u s h { a i l e d o r c u p i nie f o u n di n s o u t h 6 e a s t e r A s i a . l t i s a b o u t 0 c m l o n ga n dh a ss t i f f s p i n e s n t t t h a t a r el o n g etro w a r d sh e b a c k .I t s t a i l i s a b o u 3 0 c m n a e t l o n g , a k e d n ds c a l y x c e pa t t h e t i p , w h i c hi s a b r u s h of soines. l v t T h e B r a z i l i a nr e e - p o r c u p i nie e s i n S o l t h A m e r i c a s 6 a a n dM e x i c o n di s a b o u t 0 c m l o n g . l t h a ss h o r t p i n e s a a n da l o n gp r e h e n s i lte i l w h i c hi t u s e sw h e nc l i m b i n g Irees.

po T h eC a n a d i a n r c u p i n e

po T h eM a l a y a b r u s h - t a i l e d r c u p i n e . n

A n S o u t h m e r i c ac a p y b a r a .

The coypu, nutria,is an aquatic or animalfoundin temperateSouth America.lt was brought Europe the to and ljnited Statesfor its fur. lt is about60 cm long,stoutb o d i e da n dh a sw e b b e d i n d - f e ea,n da l o n g s c a l y a i l . , h t , t T h e S o u t hA m e r i c a n a p y b a r as t h e l a r g e s tm e m b e r i c o f t h er o d e nfta m i l y l t i s a b o u 1 2 m l o n g n d5 3c mt a l l t a I t l i v e s b y r i v e r s ,m a r s h e sa n d l a k e s a n d i s a g o o d , swrmmer. o T h e c h i n c h i l l o r i g i n a l l c a m ef r o mt h e A n d e s f P e r u a y i n S o u t h m e r i cb u ti t i s n o wr a i s e d nf a r m so rc h i n c h i l l a A a o , r a n c h e so r i t s f u r w h i c hi s s i l v e r y - g r es o f t .a n ds i l k y . f. y, I t h a s m o r eh a i r sp e r s q u a r e e n t i m e t rte a na n y o t h e r c h a n i m a l .l t i s f r o m 2 4 t o 2 8 c m l o n g . T h ea g o u to f S o u t h m e r i c h a sl o n gl e g sa n dc a nj u m p i A a v e r yw e l l . l t i s f r o m4 0 t o 5 0 c m l o n g , i t h a s t o u tb o d y w a n da s h o r t a i l l t l i v e si n S o u t h m e r i c a . e x i c oa n d A M . Central merica. A j T h e E g y p t i a ne r b o a l i v e s i n t h e s a n d y ,s e m i - d e s e r t a r e a s f A s i aa n dn o r t h e rA l r i c a l t i s f r o m2 0 t o 3 0 c m o n l o n g w i t h h i n d l e gts a ta r ev e r yl o n ga n dp o w e r f u l n da , h a jt t a i l w h i c h s l o n g etrh a ni t sb o d y l t i s a ne x c e l l e nu m p e r i andis ableto live for longperiods withoutwater. T h ec h i n c h i l l a .

je T h eE g y p t i a n r b o a .

87

W H A L E S ,O P H I N S , D L A N DP O R P O I S E S

s W h a l e sd o l p h i n s , n d p o r p 0 i s ea r e m a m m a lo f t h e o r d e rC e t a c e a . , a s " L i k e f i s h ,t h e ya r e s u i t e d o l i f e i n t h e w a t e r . . T h e yh a v en o e x t e r n a l t ears nostrils. Theirnecks soshort or are thattheirheads seem continuous w i t ht h e i rb o d i e sg i v i n g h e ma s p i n d l e - l i k e p e a r a n c- T h e i rs l r e a m . t ap e. l i n e db o d i e s , h i c h r eh a i r l e se x c e pfto r a f e w w h i s k e ro n t h e m u z z l e , w a s s . enable themto move swiftlyin the water. Cetaceans no hindlimbs, have -Theyhavelongtails, buttheirforelimbs, flipperc, well developed. ot are whichend in two horizontal finlikeprojections called flukes. Cetaceans breathe through opening, air an called blow-hole, thetop of the head. a on . Theycanremain under waterfor different lengths tine; but theyhave of to surface breathe.-They havea thick layerof fat, or bluhber, under to . their skin to keepthemwarm. Cetaceans their young sea and at bear s u c k l eh e m n m i l ka s o t h e r a m m ads . t o m lo

Risso's dolphins. BALEEN HATES W The baleen whales very largeand havebaleen are instead teeth0n their of jaws. Thebaleen upper packed consists closely of strainers plates keratin 0r of that growin triangular sheets fromthe sides the palate.lt is used strain of to outor separate food, such krl/(shrimp-like as animals) other and small marine creatures, from the waterthat the whalestake into their mouths.

A c o m m od o l p h i n n g T h eb a l e e n h a l eh a ss h e e t s f b a l e e n r o w i n g w 0 j d o w n w a r d so mt h e u p p e r a w . fr Strainers (closelypaeked

Upper iaw

TOOTHED HATES W y T h et o o t h e d h a l e s r eg e n e r a l lm u c h m a l l etrh a nt h e b a l e e n h a l e sa n d w a s w , havea varying number cone-shaped in theirjaws. The sperm-whale of teeth hasabout40 teethin the loweriaw. The narwhal has onlvtwo teeth,both i n t h eu p p ejra w . T H E S P O U T S F O I F F E B E NW H A T E S O T Whales breathe through blow-holes, whichleaddirectly theirlungs.Before to theysubmerge, take in largelungfuls air so that theyneed surface they of not too often. When theysurface, theyblowoutthe warm, m0istair in theirlungs jets. Thejets of air are immediately in strong condensed cooler over by air the ocean formspouts. to

Thetypeof teetha whalehas allowsit to eat onlycertain kindsof food. lt is interesting notethat the largest to whales the smallest eat kindsof food.

Squid.

Fish

Porpoise.

Sperm-whale.

Squid.

Octopus

o T h er i g h t - w h a lie a b a l e e n h a l et h a t f e e d sm a i n l y n s w k r i l l . l t i s b e t w e e n 2 a n d 1 7 m l o n g ,a n t i i s f o u n di n 1 t h e A r b t i ca n d n o r t h e r n t l a n t i ca n d P a c i f i c0 c e a n s . A o w t T h es p e r m - w h ails a t o o t h e d h a l e h a t f e e d s n s q u i d e and cuttlefish-lt has no dorsal(backl{in, and its large 0f headmakes morethan one-third its total lengthof up 1 5 t o 2 0 m . h i s l o u n di n m o s to c e a n s .

T h e s u l p h u r - b o t t oo r ,b l u e w h a l e ,i s a b a l e e n h a l e m w t h a t f e e d sm a i n l yo n k r i l l T h e l a r g e s t f w h a l e s , t o i m e a s u r e s , b e t w e e n n d 3 0 m , a n d i s d a r ks l a t e - b l u e 24 a i n c o l o u r .l t i s f o u n di n a l l o c e a n s . T h eh u m p - b a c kw h a l em e a s u r i n g t w e e 1 0a n d1 7m , + ed , be n h a s f l i p p e r sh a t a r e m o r et h a n4 m l o n g . l t f e e d so n t very smallfish, and is found in coastal watersall over t h ew o r l d . T h e n a r w h am e a s u r ea b o u t4 . 8 m , a n d i s g r e y - w h i t e l s in colour,with dark spots0n the back. The male has a s p i r a lt u s k , a b o u t2 . 4 m l o n g . T h i s t u s k i s a c t u a l l y an oversized tooth that protrudes from the mouth. I

The Baird's beaked whale measures between 11m, 9 and and feeds squid fish.lt can found alloceans, on and be in butis rarely seen.

, T h ec o m m od o l p h i n a sa b e a k e d e a d n dg r e yy e l l o w , n h h a a n d w h i t e b a n d s n t h e s i d e so f i t s b o d y . l t i s a b o u t o 2 m l o n g ,a n d i s f o u n di n t e m p e r a t a n d w a r m s e a s . e I t f e e d sm a i n l yo n f i s h s u c ha s h e n i n g .

I
I

porpoise spade-like and dorsal Thecommon has teeth a finjustbehind middle itsbody. measures the of lt about 1.8m.and leeds mainlv fishand on cuttlefish

C O . O P E R A T I O N O N GW H A T E S N D D O I P H I N S AM A Whales ate that is, they live and travel and dolphins grcgaillusmammals, s h . i n g r o u p t h a t m a yb e a s l a r g e s s e v e r a l u n d r e dT h i sk i n d0 f c o m m u n i t y a p an n t l i v i n g r o v i d e h e mc o m m op r o t e c t i o n ds a f e t y W h e n i g h f a l l sa n dt h e y ts n them t0 in taketheirrest,the y0ung placed the centre the group protect are of alert for danger. from predators remain suchas sharks.The oldermembers the to the alarmandtake positions defend Should threaten, any they sound herd In manycases, adultwhalesand dolphins havebeenknownto attack t a n dk i l l p r e d a t o r s r e a t e n i n h e h e r d .T h e yh a v ea l s ob e e nk n o w n o a i d th tg i n j u r e d e m b e rb y p u s h i ntg e mt o t h e s u r f a c eo r a i r . T h e yd o n o t l e a v e h f m s w d t h ew o u n d etd o r e d a t oos k i l lt h e m ss 0 m e i r d s n db a t s ot h e i r 0 u n d e d . a b a o rr su on W h a l e a n dd o l p h i na r en o t t h r e a t e n e d l yb y p r e d a t o r s c ha s s h a r k s . s s n w W m f M a ni s a m o n gh e i rg r e a t e s tn e m i e s . h i l e o s t i s h e r m e n0 u l d 0 tc a t c h t e d i b o r k i l l d o l p h i nb e c a u ste e yb e l i e v et w o u l db r i n g a dl u c k ,m a n y o l p h i n s s h W e n d u p i n f i s h i n gn e t s a n d a r e d r o w n e d . h a l e sa r e l e s s f o r t u n a t e . m , h f r F o rc e n t u r i e h e yh a v e e e n u n t e do r t h e i rb l u b b e b,a l e e n , e a t a n ds u b ts b i v s t a n c e s c h ss p e r m a c e t i d m b e r g r w h i c h r e s e dn e x p e n s i p e r f u m e s . su a an a is, a u o A sa r e s u l tc,e r t a i s p e c i eo f w h a l e r en 0 w e r y a r e n di n d a n g e rf b e c o m i n g a v r a n s passed whaling, regarding been extinct.To protect thesemammals, have laws governments enforcing lawsstrictly. are the andmany

89

CARNIVO RES

(MEAT-EAT|N G
MAMMATS)

. B e a r sd o g s ,c a t s ,s e a l s , n d w a l r u s e b e l o n go t h e o r d e rC a r n i v o r a , , a s t s -A a n d a r e k n o w na s c a r n i v o r e s . l t h o u g hh e t e r m ' c a r n i v 0 r e m' e a n s t 'meat-eaters', somecarnivores onnivorous, are that is, they eat plants a s w e l l . . C a r n i v o r e s e d i v i d e dn t o t w o g r 0 u p s :0 n e i n c l u d i nfg e e ar i r t o e da n i m a ls u c h s b e a r sd o g sa n dc a t s ;t h e o t h e r n c l u d i nfgn - f o o t e d s a , , i i a n i m a ls u c h s s e a l ss e a - l i o n a n dw a l r u s e s*. C a r n i v o r h a v e t l e a s t s a , s, es a f o u r c l a w e do e so n e a c hf o o t . . T h e c l a w so f s o m ec a r n i v o r e s c ha s t su cats,are rctnctile, that is, they can be withdrawn special by muscles w h e nn o t i n u s e . . C a r n i v o r e se i n g u n t e r s ,a v ek e e ns e n s e o f s i g h t , b , h h s s m e l la n dh e a r i n g . ,

A nA l a s k a w o l f . n

A c o m m ofn x o

BETRACTITE CLAW OF A CAT

TEETHOF A CARNIVOBE
Carnivores, jaws and strong, beingmeat-eaters, havepowerful sharpteeth t o t e a r f l e s h . T h e yh a v es i x u p p e r n d l o w e ri n c i s o r s , h i c ha r e f l a n k e d a w by long canines called fangs. In addition, mostcarnivores havetwo cheek teeth on both jaws. These teeth are large,and havesharp, cuttingedges. They are known as carnassials flesh teeth. or Carnivores singly in groups various hunt or of sizes.Wolves huntin packs (groups). Theysurround their preybefore they closein to attack. The big c a t sh u n ta l o n e r i n p a i r s L e o p a r d s dt i g e r s u n ts i n g l y T h e y r a c k h e i r o an h t t p r e ys t e a l t h i lb e f o r e h e y p o u n c e . i o n ss o m e t i m e su n t i n g r o u p s . n e y t L h 0 will growlloudlyto scare the preywhile the otherswait for the frightened a n i m atlo r u nc l o s eo t h e m .T h e n h e vr u s h n t o m a k e h e k i l l . t t i t

The claw when it is retracled r o p u l l e dn . i

T h ec a n i n e n df l e s ht e e t ho n t h e u p p e r a a n d l o w e rj a w s a r e l a r g e ,s t r o n g a n d , s h a r p .T h e yw o r kt o g e t h elri k e s c i s s o r s t o c u tm e a t n t op i e c e s , i The claw when it is extendeo r 0 u s h e0 u t . d

DIFFERENT CARNIVORES THEIB FEETDIFFEBENTTY USE

Catsanddogs walk 0ntheirtses.

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muskin for wolf Thecommon hunts bigpacks caribou, 0f and in country f0rests oxen, deer.lt is found open and about 3 m 1 The and Europe, Asia. male, North America, than long, larger thefemale. is like for animals hunts or The coyote singly in pairs small 0n 95 lt about cm,and is found rabbits. measures and America Mexico. of the olains North it animal canoverpower feeds anysmall on Thejackal and killed lions tigers by of and theleft-oversanimals on andmeasures in and mainly Africa Asia, It is {ound 50 80 between and cm northern Europe, ofAsia, in fox The isfound thewoodlands lt 68 America. is about cmlongand and Africa, North and redto vary tall. Foxes incolourfrom grey black' 30cm whitein winter. foxes become Arctic ddrk in resembles raccoon having a The raccoon-dog lt 50 patches its eyes. is between and68cmlong. round insummer in and flesh plants, lives mountains and It eats in lt in valleys winter. is found Japan, in buthibernates and Korea. China

I H E D O GT A M I T Y -Wolves, or Canidae lhe belong and dogs, laccoon-dogs to thefamily foxes, -They elongated pointed and' usually, ears, bodies, have narrow family. dog . Their on or withfour fivetoes each long thin, are limbs usually and muzzles. and live of paw four rear on front and toes each paw' Most them ontheground' -All of them good a and runners, have are as climb trees catscan. cannot smell. k e e n e n so f s e

G e r m as h e p h e r d , n

Poodle

Chihuahua.

Pomeranian.

Spitz.

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BEABS * built Bears are members the familyUrsidae. Theyhavepowerfully of a b o d i e s ,h o r t a i l s ,a n ds t r o n gt ,h i c kl i m b s ." T h e i r e e ta r eb r o a d n df l a t , s f with f ive clawed toeson eachfoot. Bears walk with their feet flat on " poor theground. They have of and eyesight, keen but senses smell hearing. " T h e ya r eo m n i v o r o u s ,t i n g e r r i ea n do t h e r i l df r u i t s s m a l a n i m a l s , l ea b s w , f i s h .a n dh o n e y , M o s to f t h e mh i b e r n a ti e w i n t e r . n

T h e b r o w nb e a r b e l o n g s o a s p e c i e s h a t v a r i e si n t t c o l o u rf r o m w h i t e t 0 b l a s k . l t m e a s u r ea b o u t2 n s a n di s f o u n d i d e l y n t h eN o r t h e rH e m i s p h e rA . t h o u g h w i n el it looksclumsy, can moveveryswiftly. lt alsoswirs it a n dc l i m b s e l l w o is T h e M a l a y a n u n - b e a r f o u n di n t h e j u n g l e s f s o u d t s easternAsia. lt measures about 1 3 m, and is very f o n do f h o n e y n ds y r u p . a ab 1 T h es p e c t a c l e d a r , e a s u r i n g o u t . 5 m , i s t h e o n l y be m A b e a rf o u n di n S o u t h m e r i c a l t i s f o u n di n t h e A n d e s fs m o u n t a i n r o mV e n e z u etlo C h i l e . a o h h T h e s l o t h - b e a ra s s h a g g y a i r t h a t i s e s p e c i a l lly t q a t t h e n e c k . l t m e a s u r ea b o u t1 . 7 m , a n d i s f o u n di n s the forestsof India and Sri Lanka. lt feeds on ans. termites. fruits. and leaves. lt does n0t hibernae. The polar bear,white in colour,is found in the Arctic a 2 r e g i o n s .t i s a s t r o n g w i m m e r ,b o u t . 7 m i n l e n g r h . l s I t f e e d sm a i n l v n s e a l s .a n d d o e sn o t h i b e r n a t e . o

b T h eb r o w n e a r

T h eM a l a v a s u n - b e a r n

be T h es o e c t a c l e d a r

b T h ep o l a r e a r .

T h es l o t h - b e a r .

R A C C O O NA N D P A N D A S S " Raccoons pandas " and belong the familyProcyonidae.Like bears, to t h e yh a v e i v et o e so n e a c h o o t ,a n dt h e yw a l kw i t ht h e i rf e e tf l a t o n t h e f f g r o u n d . U n l i k e e a r st,h e yh a v el o n gr i n g e da i l s .e x c e pfto r t h e g i a n t . b t p a n d a .. T h e i rt e e t ha r e s m a l l etrh a nt h o s eo f o t h e rc a r n i v o r ea n dn o t s, a s s h a r p ." T h e ya r e o m n i v o r o u e , d i n g n a g r e a t a r i e t y f p l a n ta n d fse o o v T a n i m a l i f e i n t h e i rs u r r o u n d i n g"s . h e ya r e a l s og o o dt r e e - c l i m b e r s .
p T h eg i a n t a n d a

T h eg i a n tp a n d as f o u n d n t h e b a m b olo n g l e o f s o u t h i i u s w e s t e r C h i n a , e t w e e1 8 0 0a n d 0 0 0m a b o v s e a - l e v e l . n b n 4 e I t f e e d sm a i n l y n y o u n g a m b o s h o o t sb u t e a t ss m a l l 0 b o , a n i m a l s n d b i r d sa s w e l l . l t i s a b o u t1 . 8 m l o n g . a T h e w h i t e - n o s ec o a t i h a s a n e l o n g a t e s n o u ta n d a d d s l e n d etra i l , w h i c hi t u s e sa s a b a l a n c e r h i l ec l i m b i n g . w I t m e a s u r eb e t w e e n 3 a n d 6 6 c m , a n d i s f o u n d i n s 4 f o r e s t s r o m M e x i c o o P e r u . l t f e e d so n v e g e t a b l e s , f t fruits, insects,worms, and birds lt bel0ngsto the fanilv Ursidae. The raccoon, measuring between41 and 55 cm, is a s k i l f u c l i m b ea n ds w i m m e rl.t f e e d s na q u a t i a n i m a l s , l r o c 'washes',before s u c h sf r o g sf,i s h ,a n dc r a y f i s h , h i c h t a w i e a t i n g ,l t i s f o u n d e a rs t r e a ma n dp o n d sn t h e w o o d s n s i of Nofth and Central America.

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W E A S E T S N D T H E I RR E T A T I V E S A " Weasels, otters, skunks, badgers and belong thefamily to Mustelidae. Most t o f t h e a n i m a lis t h i sf a m i l y a v e l o n g a t e d d i e s .h o r t e g s a n dl o n g a i l s . n h bo l , e s . " Theyhave leastfourtoeson each at foot. Some themwalk flat on their of . like the feet, while othersuse onlythe front halves their paws. Some, of ermine, in change colour theirfur fromwhitein winter brown summer. the of to Mostlive on land, whilesome, the otter,spend like mostof theirtime in the .The a water. e t a n i m a lh a v ea s c e n t - g l a n d a r h e t a i l w h i c hp r o d u c e sf o u l s -This odour. o d o u rh e l p st o p r o t e ctth e mf r o m t h e i r e n e m i e s .

T h e r a t e l ,a b o u t7 2 c m long, is a fearless a n i m a l . l t i s f o u n di n A f r i c aA r a b i aa n dI n d i a , . a T h e w e a s e lm e a s u r ea b o u t 3 0 c m . l t k i l l s s m a l l r o d e n t s n d b i r d s { o r s { o o d . l t i s f o u n d i n N o r t h A m e r i c a , u r o p ea n d A s i a . E ,

T h e b a d g e ri v e si n b u r r o w s n l r t h e w o o d e da r e a so f A m e r i c a , Europe, and easlernAsia. lt is between 5 and 100 cm long, 4 a n d f e e d s o n i n s e c t sw o r m s , , s m a l la n i m a l sa n d f r u i t s . , T h e m a r t e n ,a b o u t 4 7 c m i n l e n g t hp r e y s n s m a l l ea n i m a l s , o r and birds lt is foundin the E w o o d s f N o r t h m e r i c a ,u r o p e , o A a n dJ a p a n .

i T h es k u n k e i e n d st s e l fb y e j e c t i n g d b l a f o u l - s m e l l i nfgu i d p r o d u c e d y n t w o g l a n d s e a ri t s t a i l . l t m e a s u r e s a b o u t4 0 c m , a n d i s f o u n di n t h e A w o o d s n dp l a i n s f N o r t h m e r i c a . a o Thecommon otter,measuringbetween64 and 8 2 c m , h a s s h o r tl e g s , w e b b e de e t ,a n da l o n g , f t h i c k t a i l . l t J e e d so n a q u a t i ca n i m a l sa n d p l a n t si n r i v e r si n A s i a , Europe, northern Africa, a n dN o r t h m e r i c a . A

T h e e r m i n ec h a n g e sh e c o l o u ro f i t s t fur from white to reddish brown rn s u m m e r .l t m e a s u r eb e t w e e n 0 a n d s 2 33 cm and is foundin Asia, Europe, and N o r t hA m e r i c a .

The giant sea-otteis an aquatic r a n i m aflo u n d l o n g h e P a c i f i c o a s t a t o f N o r t h A m e r i c a .1 1 h a s b r o a d . f l i p p e r - l i kh i n d { e e t . n dm e a s u r e s e a about a metre. lt feeds mainlv o n s h e l l f i s h n ds e a - u r c h i n s . a

s i T h ew o l v e r i nie f o u n d n t h ef o r e s t s o f n o r t h e r A s i aa n dA m e r i c a . t i s n l l a f e r o c i o ua n i m aw i t h a n e n o r m o u s s a p p e t i t e .l t m e a s u r eb e t w e e n 5 s 6 and90 cm

T h ee r m i n c h a n g ei ss c o l o ufrr o ms e a s o n e t t0 season.lt doesthis whenthe amount These and strength sunlight of changes. variations affect the ermine'spituitary g l a n dw h i c hp r o d u c e s h o r m 0 nc o n t r o l , e a l i n g t h e t h i c k n e sa n d c o l o u r f i t s f u r . 0 s When ermine the changes coat,a patch its 0n of newlycoloured first appears its fur a b a c k . T h e nt h e p a t c hg r o w sb i g g e r n d spreads overthe entirebody.

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A CIVETS ND MONGOOSES " Civets mongooses and belong the familyVivirridae.Theyhavesome to . partly claws. retractile features common cats. Some themhave in with of .They " U n l i k e a t s , o w e v etrh e yh a v e h o r t elr g sa n dl o n g em u z z l e s . r h , s e c perfumes. produce substance used in a also have scent-glands which

Thespotted hyena found the plains southern is 0n of feeds Africa. measures 1.5 and lt about m, andeastern on lions' killsanddomestic animals

T h e l i n g s a n gs f o u n d i n s o u t h e r n h i n a , e p a l ,a n d i C N B o r n e o l.t i s a b o u t 9 c m l o n g , i t h a t a i l o f a b o u t h e 3 w samelength. lts claws are retractile

in Thestriped hyena about m long.lt is found is 1.3 north-eastern Arabia, India.lt feeds Africa, and mainlv oncarion(bodies dead of animals).

T h e b i n t u r o n h a s a l o n g ,p r e h e n s i lte i l . T h e a n i m a l g a m e a s u r eb e t w e e n 0 a n d 9 5 c m . a n d i s f o u n di n t h e s 6 o rs t l u n g l e s f s o u t h - e a s t eAn i a ,f r o m A s s a m o B o r n e o . I t f e e d so n f r u i t s ,v e g e t a b l e s ,n d s m a l la n i m a l s . a

T h es m a l l n d i a n i v e ti s f o u n d n s o u t h e rC h i n aB u r m a . I c i n . I n d i a , u m a t r a , n dJ a v a . l t i s b e t w e e n 5 a n d 6 5 c m 4 S a pr e l o n g l t s s c e n t - g l a n d so d u c m u s k .

HYENAS -Hyenas -They are members the familyHyaenidae. of are oftencalled l a u g h i nh y e n a s e c a u ste e ym a k en o i s e sh a t r e s e m b lc a c k l e s ,r i e s , g b h t e c a n d l a u g h s .- T h e y h a v el o n g ,t h i c k n e c k s i t h c o a r s e a n e s .* T h e i r w m b o d i e s l o p eb e c a u ste e f o r e l e g a r e l o n g e t h a nt h e h i n d l e g s-.T h e y h s r . havefour toes on eachfoot. . Hyenas carnivorous.Theyhavethe are s t r o n g e jsa w so f a l l a n i m a l s ,n da r ea b l e o c h e w o n e s sw e l la s m e a t . t a a t b

T h em o n g o o s s f o u n d n w o o d e d r e a s f A r a b i aI,n d i a , ie i a o , S r i L a n k aa n d N e p a l .l t i s a n e x t r e m e la g i l ea n i m a l , y a b o u t4 1 c m l o n g . l t f e e d so n r a t s ,m i c e ,s n a k e sa n d , o t h e rs m a l la n i m a l s .l t m a k e s g 0 0 dp e t a

d T h ew h i t e - n o s eo r,g e m - f a c ec i,v e t s a b o u 5 1 c ml o n g d i t I t i s J o u n d n s o u t h - e a s t eAn i a i rs

T h e P e r s i a ns a l a r g ed o m e s t i c a t . l t h a s l o n g .s o f t i fur T h eA b v s s i n i a s b e l i e v etd b e a n a n c e s t o rf d o m e s t i c in o 0 cats. hs face and ears are longerthan those of the common cal. lt was sacredt0 the ancientEgyptians.

THECATFAMILY T h ec a t f a m i l y a nb e d i v i d e dn t ot w o g r o u p s :o n ei n c l u d ets e s m a l l h c i the catssuchas wild-cats, cats,and lynxes; otherincludes domestic the largecatssuchas lions, andleopards. Members the catfamily of tigers, -Thev walk 0n their toes. havefive toeson eachforefoot andf0urtoes .The o ne a c h i n d - f o o t . h t 0 e sa r ec l a w e d n d , x c e p t r t h o s e f c h e e t a h s , a e fo o " the clawsare retractile. Members the cat familyhavesharpteeth of for cuttingmeat. "They usethe roughsurface theirtongues clean to of themselves to lick bitsof meatfrombones.- Thevcanseeremarkablt/ and wellin thedark.

The lynx, measuring abouta metre,is a medium-sized cat with tufted ears.broadfeet, and a very shorttail. I t i s f o u n d n c o n i f e r o u0 r e s t s f N o r t h m e r i c a , u r o p e , A E i ls 0 andnorthern sia A

e f T h es e r v a la b o u t 5 c m l o n g . s n o t e d o r i t s l a r g e a r s , 9 i p I t i s f o u n do n t h e g r a s s y l a i n s f A f r i c a . o

T h es h o r t - h a i r e d t h a ss h o r t u r ,w h i c h a r i e sn c o l o u r ca f v i a n d d e s i g n .l f i t i s s t r i p e dt,h e s t r i p e s o r m a s p i r a l f d e s i g n h e nt h e c a t c u r l su p . w T h e S i a m e s es p a l e i n c o l o u r w i t h f a c e ,e a r s ,f e e t , i , a n d t a i l o f a d a r k e r o l o u r .l t h a s b l u e e y e s . c

WItD-CATS " W i l d - c a t w e r e o r i g i n a l lfy u n di n A m e r i c aE u r o p e , n d A s i a . - M a n s a o , 0 d o m e s t i c a tte d m h e nh ef o u n dh e m s e f uiln r i d d i n g i sh o m e f p e s t s he w h t u suchas ratsandmice. *Thereare not as manvkindsof domestic as cats there are of domestic dogs

, T h e l e o p a r d - c a tm e a s u r i n g between40 and 60 cm. is a n o c t u r n aa n i m a lw h i c h s l e e p s l t in treehollows uring he day d I t i s f o u n d i n s o u t h e r na n d e a s t e r nA s i a , f r o m l n d i a t o c o a s t a l h i n a n d h eP h i l i p p i n e s . C t

w T h e L i b y a n i l d - c a r e s e m b l e h e E u r o p e a ni l d - c a itn w t ts o a p p e a r a n c e ds i z e . l t i s t h o u g htto b e a n a n c e s t o rf an C d o m e s t i c a t s . l t i s f o u n di n A f r i c a .S a r d i n i a . o r s i c a , M a r j o r c aa n d s o u t h - w e s t eAn i a . , rs

T h eE u r o p e a ni l d - c a l w

T h e E u r o p e aw i l d - c a tr e s e m b l ea d o m e s t i c a t , b u t n s i s m o r eh e a v i l y u i l t l t i s a b o u t6 0 c m l 0 n g . l t h u n t s b , h a r e s .g r o u s e a n d o t h e r s m a l l a n i m a l s n r o c k ya n d i w o o d e d r e a s I E u r o o e n dA s i a M i n o r a o a

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member about The tiger, measuring 2.8m,is thelargest Korea, in Siberia, lt 0f the catfamily. is found lraq, India, Malaysia. and

and 1 is Thejaguar about 4 m long.lt climbs swims in and nearrivers swamps dense well,andis found
j u n g l e so f C e n t r a a n d S o u t hA m e r i c a . l The ocelot is between 6 8 a n d9 7 c m l o n g .l t i s f o u n dn d e n s e lw o o d e d i y areas of- Mexico and A South merica

o T h eo u m ao r m o u n t a i n - l i o n ,l w e e n n ea n dt w o m e t r e s be , l o l o n g ,i s a p o w e r f ua n i m atl h a t c a n m a k el e a p s l o v e r , i s, s i x m e t r e s . i s f o u n d n t h e m o u n t a i n p l a i n sd e s e r t s , h and forestsof Northand SouthAmerica

'King of Beasts',is found in The lion, often calledthe partsof India .open in Africaand certain country easlern 1 b e t w e e n . 6 a n d2 . 3 m , a n d l i v e si n f a m i l y prides. lts cubsare spotted, the spots but called a s t h e yg r o wo l d e r

h s ab d , m e a s u r i n g o ut w o m e t r e si , s m a l l etr a n a c r t i g e r . l t i s a g o o d l i m b ea n ds w i m m e r ,n di s f o u n d f v i n A s i a a n d A f r i c a . T h e s p e c i e s a r i e si n c o l o u r r o m p c l s t a w n y o b l a c k B l a c k e o p a r da r eo f t e n a l l e d a n t h e r s t

s t

may matewith a female0f another a In captivity, maleof one species species). of of a species produce hybrid and loflspring two animals different but of features both parents, it This hvbridwill havethe characteristic are hybrids given (unable produce Different to offspring). maybe barren and (ahovel the offspring a maleleopard a of is names. leopon A different w i g l i o n e s s , h i l ea l i p a r d s t h e o f f s p r i no f a m a l el i o n a n da l e o p a r d e s s a , s t g S i m i l a r l t h e o f f s p r i no f a m a l e i g e ra n da l i o n e s is c a l l e d t i g o n b u t y, a i t h e o f f s p r i no f a m a l el i o n a n da t i g r e s ss k n o w n s a l i g e r . g

5 m s T h e j a g u a r u n d i e a s u r eb e t w e e n 6 a n d 7 6 c m . l t i s , N f o u n dn e a r w a t e r i n s 0 u t h e r n o r l h A m e r i c aC e n t r a l + c o A A m e r i c a ,n dS o u t h m e r i c al.t f e e d s n a q u a t i a n i m a l s a a s w e l l a s s m a l ll a n dm a m m a l s

96

S E A T S N D T H E I RB E T A T I V E S A -Seafs, (meat-eaters) fur-seals, walruses, sea-elephanls carnivores and are b e l o n g i ntg t h e g r o u pP i n n i p e d i(ai n - f o o t ea n i m a l s ) . T h e y a r e s u i t e d f d o . t 0 a n a q u a t i lc f e . - T h e yh a v e o d i f i eldm b s a l l e dl i p p e r s h ed r g l . f(s o e s ) i t m i c f t, o f w h i c h r ee n c l o s ei d t h e s k i n . - T h e f i r s td i g i to n e a c h o r e f o oits l o n g e r a n f t h a nt h e o t h e r i g i t sw h i l et h e s e c o n d i g i to n e a c h i n d - f o os t h e l o n g e s t d , h it * a n dt h e s t r o n g e s t .M e m b e ro f t h e g r o u pi v em a i n l yn t h e w a t e ra l t h o u g h s l i t h e yb r e e d n l a n d . - T h e yf e e do n f i s h a n dc r a b s .- T h e i rg r e a t e s t n e m i e s o e a r e p o l a rb e a r s , i l l e r w h a l e s a n d m a n . k ,

T h ee a r l i e s t s s i l s f t h e m a m m a l sf t h e g r 0 u p fo o o P i n n i p e dda t eb a c ko n l yt o t h e M i o c e n p e r i o d ia e ( 2 5m i l l i o n e a r s g o ) s o s c i e n t i s t so n o tr e a l l y y a , d k n o w w h a t t h e i r d i r e c ta n c e s t ow a s - T h e s e r a n i m a l s a y b e r e l a t e d o w e a s e l sb u t h a v e m , t become moreadapted livingin water. Howto ever,they are not as well adapted aquatic t0 l i f e a s w h a l e s n dd o l p h i na r e . T h e ys t i l l h a v e a s e x t e r n ae a r s a n d s n o u t s a n d t h e y h a v e n o t l , d e v e l o p e d o r s afli n o r a h o r i z o n tta li l ad a

The fur-sealis found alongthe northern coastsof the ( P a c i f i c ) c e a n l t h a s s m a l l ,e x t e r n ae a r sa n d a g r e y l cape covering swollenneck. The female,or eow, is a smallerthan the male. or hull. which measures about 2 . 2n .

T h e r i b b o n - s e am e a s u r e s l a b o u t 5 m . l t i s f o u n do n 1 i c e { l o e si n t h e B e r i n g e a S a s w e l l a s p o l a rr e g i o n s .

Sea-lions. + f . S t e l l e r ' ss e a - l i o n e e d s o n s h e l l f i s h c u t t l e f i s ha n d . s m a l l i s h . l t i s f o u n da l o n gt h e P a c i f i c o a s to f N o r t h c A m e r i c af,r o m A l a s k at o C a l i f o r n i aT h e m a l e ,w h i c h . i s a b o u tt h r e em e t r e s o n g ,i s l a r g e rt h a n t h e f e m a l e l

T h eC a l i f o r n i a n a - l i o ns f o u n da l o n g h e r o c k y o a s t s i se t c + of California, the United in States As it is easyt0 tame, i t i s p 0 p u l airn z o o s n dc i r c u s e sT h ef e m a l es s m a l l e r a . i t h a nt h e m a l e w h i c h s a b o u t . 4m l o n g . i 2 , T h e e l e p h a ns e a l i s f o u n do n i s l a n d s e a rt h e S o u t h t n Pole and alongthe coast of California.lt is at least t w i c et h e s i z eo f o t h e rs e a l s -T h e b u l l m e a s u r ea b o u t s 6 1 m , w h i l et h e c o wi s a b o u t . 5m l o n g .T h eb u l lh a sa 5 t r u n k - l i k e o s e . h i c h .w h e n i n f l a t e dm e a s u r ea b o u t n w . s

The walrususesits 60 cm-long tusks to dig up clams, c r a b sa n ds e a - u r c h i nrs mt h e s e a - b e dl.t i s f o u n di n , f o l a r g eh e r d s n b e a c h ea n d i c e - f l o e sn n o r t h e r n o l a r p o s i r e g i o n s .T h e m a l e ,m e a s u r i na b o u t3 . 7 m , i s l a r g e r g t h a nt h ef e m a l e {

60cm

THEAARDVARK
a a r d v a rik t h e . o n l y e p r e s e n t a t io fe h e s r v t o r d e rT u b u l i d e n t a .h i c h m e a n sa n i m a l s i t h w w t u b u l a r e e t h l t h a s a l o n g ,n a r r o w e a d ,a t h s n o u tl i k e a p i g ' s ,a s m a l l m o u t h , n d l a r g e , a erectears. lt has four t0es 0n eachforefoot a n df i v eo n e a c h i n d - l o o t T h et o e sa r ec l a w e d h f o r r a i d i n ge r m i t e sn e s t s * T h ea a r d v a r k e d s t ' fe 0 n t e r m i t e s n d w i l d c u c u m b e r s .l t u s e si t s a l o n gt o n g u e 0 s w e e p o o d i n t o i t s m 0 u t h .- l t t f h a s n o i n c i s o r s r c a n i n e s - l t s t e e t hc o n s i s t o . o f t i n v t u b e s . n da r e r o o t l e s s . a -The
The aardvark measuresbetween 1 2 a n d1 5 m l t l i v e si n b u r r o w o n t h e d r v s p l a i n s f A f r i c af,r o mE t h i o p ita s o u l h e r n o o Africa-

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THEHYRAX
H y r a x ew,h i c h r ea l s o a l l e d a s s i eo r c o n i e s , s a c d s b e l o n go t h e o r d e rH y r a c o i d e a . i k er a b b i t s , t L t h e y h a v e s h o r t s n 0 u t sa n d s p l i t u p p e rl i p s . " T h e ya r e v e g e t a r i a n . h e y h a v eo n e p a i r o f "T j i n c i s o ro n t h e u p p e r a w a n dt w o p a i r so n t h e s -Their lowerlaw. feet resemble thoseof hoofed T a n i m a l s ,u c ha s r h i n o c e r o s e*s . h e r ea r e f o u r s toeson each forefoot threeon each and hind-foot. T h e o e - n a i l sr ef l a t .b l u n ta n dh o o f - l i k e x c e p t t a , , for that on the third toe, which is sharpand . curved. Hyraxes walkflat on theirfeet. .
The rock hyrax is about 45 cm long. am t I t l i v e si n l a r g ec o m m u n i t i e s o n gh e r o c k vc l i f f s a n d h i l l s o f A f r i c a .

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* S e a - c o wb e l o n go t h e o r d e rS i r e n i a . T h e y s t a r e d i v i d e dn t o t w o f a m i l i e s t h e m a n a t e e i o f t h e A t l a n t i c( ) c e a n n d C a r i b b e aS e a a n d a n the dugong f the Indian nd Pacific ceans 0 a 0 -They a r e w e l l a d a p t e f o r a q u a t i ci f e . - T h e i r d l f o r e l i m bh a v eb e c o m f l i p p e r sw h i l et h e i rh i n d s e . l i m b sh a v ed e v e l o p eid t o h o r i z o n t aa i l s l i k e n tl those of whales * Sea-cows feed on seaweed . a n do t h e r q u a t ip l a n t s . T h e y r es l o w - m o v i n g , a c a " d e f e n c e l e s s i m a l s . T h e i r o n l y p r o t e c t i oin an s t h e c o a s t a l a t e r sw h i c h r et o o s h a l l o wo r b i g w , a f predators such as sharks and killer whales.

T h e d u g o n g s a b o u t2 . 7 m i n l e n g t h . i I t i s J o u n d n t h e w a r mw a t e r so f t h e i P a c i f i ca n d I n d i a n ( J c e a n s

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ELEPHANTS

E l e p h a n t s , l a r g e so f l a n dm a m m a lb e l 0 n t o t h eo r d e r r o b o s c i d e a he t s, g P "Theyhaveelongated snouts, called trunks, sensitive, that are extremely p r e h e n s i la n ds u p p l e - E l e p h a nus et h e i rt r u n k s0 t o u c hs m e l lc a r r y e, , . ts t , f o o d a n d w a t e rt 0 t h e i r m o u t h sa n d s h o w e t h e m s e l v e si t h w a t e ro I . r w d u s t T h e y a n a r r t r e e s i t ht h e i r r u n k s r p i c kp e a n u t so m p e r s o n ' s fr a c c y w t 0 h a n d - T h e i rl a r g e a r sa r e u s e d o r f a n n i n g f f f l i e sa n dk e e p i n c o o l , e f g o a s w e l l a s f o r h e a r i n g . E l e p h a nhs v e n o r m o u s0 l a r s . u t n o c a n i n e s b ta e m .Their t o r l o w e ri n c i s o r s . u p p e r n c i s o r p r o t r u d fe o m t h e i r m o u t h s0 i s r form lasfs that may be straight curved - Elephants vegetarians. 0r are f e e d i n g n l e a v e s n d e l e p h a ng r a s s . a o t

T h eA f r i c a n l e p h a ni t a b o u t3 2 m h i g h I t h a s l a r g e r a r st h a nt h e I n d i a n l e p h a n t e s e e I t st r u n ki s r i n g e dw i t ht w o f i n g e r - l i kp r o j e c t i o n s t h e t i p . w h i c h r eu s e d o r g r i p p i n g , e a f at Both the bull (male)and the cor (female) havetusks

T h eI n d i a n l e p h a n s f o u n dn l n d i a n ds o u t h - e a s l e r n a l t i s a b o u 2 8 m h i g h l t rt i e a Asi t n h a so n l yo n ep r o j e c t i oa t t h e t i p o f i t s t r u n k ,a n di t s e a r sa r eo n e - t h i rtd e s i z e0 f t h e h A f r i c a n l e p h a n t ' s h e c o w h a ss h o r t etru s k st h a nt h e b u l l e T

T E E T H F T H EE L E P H A N T O p T h eI n d i a n l e p h a n ta s h r e e a i r s f m o l a r d u r i n gt s l i f e t i m eT h e s e o l a r s e h t 0 s i . m a r ee n 0 r m o u s h e yh a v e o r i z o n t r o w s0 f e n a m erli d g e s n t h e i rg r i n d i n g T h al o s u r f a c e s .h en u m b e rf r o w s0 n e a c h 0 l a i n c r e a s e s t h e e l e p h a n tr o w s g T 0 m r as o l d e r T h el a s tp a i rh a sb e t w e e n 8 a n d2 4 o f t h e m 1

T h e A f r i c a n , h e I n d i a n ,a n d t h e r o u n d - e a r ee l e p h a n ta r e a l l m e r n b e ro f t h e t d s s elephanfamily They are found only in Africa and Asia althoughossils f t f o t a n 0 t h e r y p e o f e l e p h a n tt,h e w o o l l y m a m m 0 t h h a v eb e e nd i s c o v e r etd r o u g h h , 0 u t m o s t o f t h e N o r t h e r nH e m i s p h e r e h e w o o l l y n a m m 0 t h l i v e d b e f o r e h e t T t G r e a tl c e A g e I t w a sn 0 t , h 0 w e v e r , e e a r l i e s t n c e s t 0o f p r e s e nd a y e l e p h a n t s th a r T h i sd i s t i n c t i o n e l o n g t o a n 0 t h e r n i m a lc a l l e d h e M o e r i t h e r i u m , h i c hl i v e d b s a , w t i n t h e E o c e n eE p o c h { a b o u t 6 0 m i l l i o n y e a r sa g o ) f h e M o e r i t h e r i u l ,w a s 0 n l V a b o u t7 0 c m h i g h l t l i v e di n w a t e rl i k et h e h i p p o p o t a m u s

fnamel idges

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ANIMATS

t a p i r s , r h i n o c e r o s e s ,n d z e b r a s b e l o n g t o t h e o r d e r a P e r i s s o d a c t y*iA . m o s t o f t h e a n i m a l sn t h i s o r d e rh a v eo n l y o n e as i or three toes on each foot, they are often calledodd-toes, hoofed * a n i m a l s .T h e l a r g e e n t r e o e s u p p o r t t h e w e i g h to f t h e b o d y .* T h e c t s a n i m a l s a v e f a i r l y l a r g ee a r sa n d a k e e n s e n s e f h e a r i n g* T h e y h . o h a v ei n c i s o r s n d m o l a r so n b o t h t h e u p p e ra n d l o w e r j a w s .T h e y a haveno canines, and their lips arepliant (flexible). of "Members the *They do not regurgitafe chew horsefamily are herbivorous. and cud as cattle do. *They havesimplestomachs, but they rely on a large (partof the intestine) digest caecum to their food.

*Horses,

Zebras
S k u l lo f t h eh o r s e Toothof the horse

E V O L U T I O N T H EH O R S E 'H O O F OF S
Eoc ene Epoch 0ligocene Miocene- Pleistocene Epoch Epoch Pliocene Epoch Modern times

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S k u l l f t h er h i n o c e r o s o

Toothof the rhinoceros.

Foutoes r

T h r e eo e s t

T h r e eo e s t

()ne oe T

had three toes on each foot. The side toes, however, ('thedawnhorse') lt is believed the Eohippus that wasthe w e r e a l m o s tu s e l e s a s t h e m i d d l et o e h a d d e v e l o p e d s e a r l i e sa n c e s t oo f t h e p r e s e n t - d a y r s e l.t l i v e dd u r i n g i n t o a s t r o n g o o f t h a t b o r em o s to f t h e a n i m a l 'w e i g h t . t r ho h s t h e E o c e n e p o c h( a b o u t 0 m i l l i o ny e a r s g o )i n w h a ti s E 6 H o r s e - l i k e i m a lc o n t i n u et d d e v e l 0a n d , y a b o u t a an s o p b n o w A m e r i c a n d E u r o p e l t w a s a s m a l la n i m a la b o u t a m i l l i o n y e a r sa g o , t h e E g u u sb e g a n o l o o k l i k e t h e a . , t 3 3 c m t a l l a t t h e s h o u l d e ri,i n d h a d f o u r t o e s o n r t s h o r s eo f m o d e r n i m e s .T h e E q u u s t o o d1 . 5 m t a l l a n o t s forefeet and three on its hind-feet.After the Eohippus h a d b e c o m e o n e - t o e d ,o o f e d n i m a lT h es i d e o e sh a d h a a . t came the Mesohippus which lived during the 0ligocene b e c o m es h o r t b o n e sa l o n g t h e l e g s ,t h u s l e a v i n g h e t Epoch (about 35 million yearsago). The Mesohippus h 0 o f e d e n t r e o e t o s u p p o r a l l t h e a n i m a l 'w e i g h tT h e c t t s . s t o o da b o u t6 0 c m t a l l a n d h a d t h r e et o e so n e a c hf o o t , E q u u sw a sa d a p t e do l i v i n go n t h e p l a i n s n dg r a z i n o n t g a the middle toe beingthe longest. fhe Merychippus, t o u g h g r a s s e T h i s s p e c i es p r e a d c r o s sh e s t e p p e o f or s s a t s c u d c h e w i n g o r s e , a p p e a r e d n t h e M i o c e n e E p o c h A s i a ,E u r o p ea n d A f r i c a , n d f r o m i t , t h e m o d e r n o r s e h i , a h ( a b o u t2 5 m i l l i o ny e a r s g o ) .l t w a s1 . i m t a l l a n d a l s o d e v e l p e d a o

E V O L U T I OO F T H E H O R S E N

C O M P A R I S O NT H R E T Y P E S OF E O FH O O F

Taoir.

100

Rhinoceros.

Horse

G r a n t ' s e b r ai s a b o u t1 2 m t a l l l t i s f o u n do n t h e z ) A s a v a n n a( p l a i n so f s 0 u t h e r a n d e a s t e r n f r i c a h n t G r e v y 'z e b r aa b o u t 5 m t a l l . i s t h e l a r g e so f z e b r a s s . 1 g I t i s f o u n di n r o c k y , r a s s y r e a s f E t h i o p i a , o m a l i a , a o S a n d n o r t h e r n e n y a l t h a s n a r r o w ,c l o s e l ys p a c e d K s t r i p e se x c e p t l o n gi t s b e l l y . a

a i a T h ed o n k e ys a b o u t . 3m t a l l . l t i s h a r d y n dm a k e s 1 good ack-animal p P r z e w a l s k i 'h o r s e i s w i l d a n d f o u n d o n t h e p l a i n s s o f M o n g o l i a . n l i k eo t h e rh 0 r s e si,t h a s n o f o r e l o c k , U a n d i t s m a n ei s e r e c t . l t i s a b o u t1 3 m t a l l

G r e v y 'z e b r a s

T h em o u n t a iz e b r a s t h e s m a l l e so f z e b r a s l t r o a m s n i t n g a m er e s e r v e sn s o u t h e r n f r i c a T h e s t r i p e s n i A 0 ts rump lorm a grid pattern T l e g u a g g a n c el i v e do n t h e p l a i n s f s o u t h e rA f r i c a o o n t h a sb e e n x t i n c s i n c e 8 8 3 .l t w a s a b o u t . 3m t a l l e t 1 1 T h em o u n t a iz e b r a n

P H O W H O R S E S I G E S T L A N TF O O D D a s a H e r b i v o r oa n i m a l ls k et h e h o r s e n dt h e c o w ,w h i c h a t l a r g e m o u n to f us i e plantfood,havespecialized for digestive systems Theyare essential the (insoluble carbohydrate) contained the plantfood. in digestion thecellulose of parts Thecowhasfourstomach whichhelpto digest plantfood.Thehorse, its M h i h o w e v eh,a so n l y0 n es t o m a c h , ti t s l a r g e a e c u me l p st s d i g e s t i o n . a n r bu c h a sa s m a l lc a e c u m h i c hd o e sn o t f u n c t i o nn t h e s a m e a y a s a h o r s e ' s . w i w e M a ni s t h u su n a b l eo d i g e stth e c e l l u l 0 s0 f p l a n t s . t

Eohippus The horse familyincludes small the earlyhorses, suchasthe z r h E a o f t h e E o c e n e p o c h , s w e l l a s t h e l a r g e m o d e r n o r s e s ,e b r a s , h . a n d d 0 n k e y sT h e e a r l ya n c e s t o r sa d o n et o f o u r t o e s0 n t h e f 0 r e h h t. t f e e ta n do n et o t h r e e o e so n t h e h i n d - f e e M o d e r n o r s e s ,o w e v e r , h a v ed e v e l o p eo n e s t r o n g ,h o o f e dt o e o n e a c hi o o t . T h e y c a n d a T m o v e q u i c k l y o n h a r d g r o u n d . h e t e e t h o f m o d e r nh o r s e s r e of t t e s u i t e do e a t i n gh e c o a r s g r a s s e s t h e p l a i n s .

t01

TheArabian is saddlehorse a strong, straight-backed from horse. is about m tall. lt wasoriginally lt 1.5 Arabia. Thethoroughbred racehorse from Arabian is a the bred It is about mtall. 1.7

T h eA n g l o - N o r m ia na b o u t . 6m i n h e i g h t .l t i s f d s 1 in England, was originally from Normandy, th on but western coastof France. pony a popular TheShetland is horse.0rightt children's fromthe Shetland lslands, nearnorth-eastern Scotld, it i s a b o u ta m e t r ei n h e i g h t .

The Arabian horse.

The thoroughbred.

T h ep e r c h e r o n

The quarter-horse used in Americafor quarter-mile is r a c e sh e n c eh e n a m e .l t i s a l s ou s e d o r r a n c h o r ka s , w t f i t i s a s u r e - f o o t efd ,s t ,a n dh a r d v n i m a l . a a n T h e p e r c h e r o n , o u t1 . 7 m t a l l , i s a d r a u g h t - h o ris e ab t h e U n i t e dS t a t e sa n d A r g e n t i n a l t c a m eo r i g i n a l l y fromFrance. T h e h a c k n e i s s t r d n g l y u i l t a n d a b o u t1 . 6 m t a l l . h y b o r i g i n a t ei d E n g l a n d n

T H E O B I G I NO F D O M E S T I C A T E D B S E S HO M a n yt y p e so f d o m e s t i c a t e d r s ec o m ef r o m P r z e w a l s kh'o r s eD o g s . ho s i s a n ds h e e p e r et h ef i r s ta n i m a ltso b e d o m e s t i c a t e d o u n d8 , 0 0 0B . C - , w al , f o l l o w e db y c a t t l ea b o u t 6 , 5 0 0 B . C . a n d h o r s e s E m e t i m e e t w e e n b s 6 , 3 0 0 n d3 . 7 0 0B . C . a H O W H O R S E S O V EA B O U T M When the horse walks,onlyonefoot leaves ground a time. lf the the at horsestartsoff with its right forefoot, follows. then the left hind-foot Theleft forefoot thenmoves forward, the righthind-foot and follows.The horse thus maintains balance. its The horsetrots in the sameway, but as it moves morequickly two feet on diagonally the opposite sidesleave ground a time. When horse at gallops, the threeor even of its feetleave all the ground a time. To gallop, horse at the raises each forefoot, theneach h i n d - f o on r a p i d u c c e s s i oT h ef i r s th i n d - f o o a i s e ds a l w a v sh e o n e it s n. i t rt diagonally opposite [ast forefootraised. the

T h eh a c k n e y

T h eM a l a y a t a p i ri s a b o u t m e t r e a l l a n d2 4 m l o n g n a t I t l i v e s i n t h e j u n g l e s f T h a i l a n dS u m a t r aa n d t h e o . , Malay eninsula. P

T h eB r a z i l i atn p i ri s a b o u t m e t r e a l l a n d1 8 m l o n g a a t I t l i v e si n C e n t r a l m e r i c a n dt h e n o r t h e rn a r to f S o u t h A n A m e r ia . c

TAPI BS -Tapirs h a v e h r e e o o v e 0 n t h e i rh i n d - f e e tn df o u rh o o v eo n t h e i r t h s a s ' o r e f e e t" T a p i r s h a v e e r ys h o r t a i l s ,b u tt h e i rn o s e s n du p p e l i p s v r a a r el o n g n dm o b i l e - T a p i r s r eh e r b i v o r o uis ,i n g n s w a m po r n e a r a . a l v i s raler

O X E - H O R NR H I N O C E B O S E S ED

RHINOCEROSES .Rhinoceroses -Their havethree hooves eachfoot. on tails are of m e d i u me n g t h i t h t u f t s o f c o a r s e a i ra t t h e e n d . . R h i n o c e r o s e s l w h h a v eh u g eb o d i e ss, t u b b ye g s ,a n dv e r yt h i c ks k i n . - T h e yh a v eo n e l 0 r t w o t o u g hh o r n s h i c ha r e a c t u a l l y u t g r o w t ho f h a r d e n ea n d w 0 s d c o m 0 r e s s e d i r s . - R h i n o c e r o sa rs h e r b i v o r o u s . ha ee T W O . H O B N ER H I N O C E B O S E S D T w o - h o r n e d i n o c e r o s h a v eo n e h o r nb e h i n d rh es the other.Thefronthornis generally larger.

T h eg r e a tI n d i a n h i n o c e r oa b o u t . 7 m t a l l , i s t h e l a r g e sr h i n o c e r oo u n di n r s, 1 t fs l s i a l t st h i c ks k i ni s i n f o l d s g i v i n gt a na r m o u r e d p e a r a n c le .l i v e s n p l a i n s , , i ap t o l h e r e t a l l g r a s s e s r o w ,i n N e p a l n o r t h e r n e n g a la n d A s s a m n I n d i a . g , B , i

T h ew h i t er h i n o c e r o s T h eJ a v a n h i n o c e r o s . r

T h eJ a v a n h i n o c e r o s a b o u t . 5m t a l l r i 1 a n dl i v e si n t h e j u n g l e s f J a v aa n dt h e o H a l a y P e n i n s u l al t s s k i n i s i n f o l d s and has a scale-like attern p T h e S u m a t r a n h i n o c e r o ss a s m a l l r i a n i m a la b o u t1 2 m i n h e i g h t l t l i v e s , S , . " B u r m a , u m a t r aB o r n e o T h a i l a n d . a n dt h e l \ i l a l aP e n i n s u l a . y

,l.5 T h e b l a c k r h i n o c e r o s .b o u t m tall, lives a i n t h et h i c k u s h f c e n t r a e.a s t e r n .n ds 0 u t h e r n b o l a Africa. fts pointed upper is prehensile lip lableto g r a s po o d ) n di s a d a p t etd i l s b r o w s i nh a b i t s f a 0 g o f e a t i n g e a v e s n dt w i g so f b u s h e s l.t i s d a r k l a grey in colour. T h e w h i t e r h i n o c e r o s ,b o u t2 m t a l l . i s t h e a l a r g e s to f a l l r h i n o c e r o s e st h a s a s q u a r e l t m u z z l eT h o u g h a m e dh e w h i t e r h i n o c e r o is , , n t i s a c t u a l l y l a t e - g r eiy c o l o u r . s n

rh T h eS u m a t r a n i n o c e r o s .

103

HOOFED EVEN.TOED,
ANIMALS

-As -Pigs, camels, to deer.and cattle belong the orderArtiodactyla' they foot' have two or fourtoeson each in mostof the animals this order animals."The third and fourthtoes hoofed are oftencalledeven-toed, . are bearthe weightof the body. Someof theseanimals runinantslcud' * system. Moretypesof hoofed digestive havea complex and chewers) . than Artiodactyla to anyother. lt is divided to belong the order mammals the pigs and hippopotamuses' the first includes into three suborders: ruminants group includes thethirdandlargest and camels, includes second and like deer,anteloPes, cattle.

T S S O M E Y P EO FH O O F

Deer.

Hippopotamus.

, H O R N SO F T H E S E R O W C A I T L E ,G O A I , A N D S H E E P sheephave Both male and femalegoats,sheep,cattle.and mountain permanent and structures are not shedseasonally are horns.Theirhorns of as arethe antlers deer. ol Cross-section

A J a o a n e ss e r o w e

O ANITERS F IHE DEER only maledeer haveantlers.After the Usually s t, a s n m a t i n g e a s o d u r i n g u t u m n h e o l da n t l e r f a l l s o f f . N e w o n e sg r o w d u r i n g p r i n g .T h e o l d e r are the deeris, the morebranched its antlers.

GROW A]'IIIERS HOWTHEDEER,S

The antlersfall of{ ln winter.

In late spring,the bud antler is covered velYel bvskincalled

the summer, During bud grows and begins branch. to

During autumn,the pointed become antleri andfullv formed.

the In early autumn' is on velvet theantlers treeagainst Htffj. "t

ST H C O M P O U N D O M A CO FT H EC O W

A O SIOMACHS F RUMINATINGNIMATS like mammals' cats tarnivorous of types stomachs. several have Mammals The than stomachs ruminants. illustratio and shorter simpler ..U Jogt,have into is of stomach the cow. Thestomach divided four the shows compound

0arts. at the a When coweats,it chews plantfoodbriefly first'thenswallow which partof the stomach t0 it hastily.Thefoodgoes the first andlargest part of The second actsas a food storage.Here,the food is softened' downthe cellulos whichhelp in breaking bacteria contains the stomach paftsof the by plantfood. The foodtreated the first and second of the back into the mouth (that is that food is pushed is stomach regurgitated again' The and swallowed or chewed, runinated' The cud is thoroughly passes the third andfourthpartsof the stomac to foodthen ruminated juicesto the contains gastric The fourthpart,whichis the true stomach, the helpdigest food.

T H E W I I D - B O A RF A M I I Y -Animals o f t h i s f a m i l yh a v et u s k sa n d r o u n d e d u z z l e s".f h e t u s k s m -Wild-boars (outsized canine teeth)of boththe jaws growupwards. have fourtoesontheirforefeet three fourtoesontheirhind-feet. and or

T h e w a r t - h o gi v e s i n E t h i o p i a n d i n o p e nc o u n t r y r o m l a f s o u t h e rA f r i c a 0 S e n e g a ll t i s b e t w e e n 5 a n d8 5 c m t a l l n t 6 p a n dh a s t w o a i r s fw a r t s n t h e i d e s f i t s l a c e .l t h a s t u s k s . o 0 s o a broadmuzzle. and, apartfrom a bristlymane,its bodyis a l m o sh a i r l e s s t

T h e w i l d - b o a lri v e si n t h e o p e nw o o d l a n do f E u r o p e , s centralAsia, NorthAmerica. and northern Africa. h is b e t w e e 9 1 a n d1 1 0c mt a l l n T h er e d r i v e r - h o g .r b u s hp i g ,l i v e s o i n M a d a g a s ca n d i n m a n y a r t so f p r Africa south of the Sahararegion. It has a reddishcoat with white patcheson its face and a white stripe alongits back. lt has tufted e a r sa n d i s b e t w e e n 5 a n d 8 0 c m 5 tall.

Thebabirussa, 65 to 80 cmtall, is found the Celebes the from in and Moluccas lslands. skinis almost lts hairless its legsarelonger and than those other pigs.lts upper of tusks notprotrude between do from its lips.butproject jaw. Thelower straight through upper up the tusks project themouth. from

DOMESIIC IGS P Theancestors domestic arethewild-boars. pigs of Bothin AsiaandEurope wild-boars werebredbyfarmers food. As earlyas 4 000B.C. for farmers in Mesopotamia area between Tigrisand Euphrates (the the riversin the MiddleEast) started domesticate boar. Sincewild-boars verv to the are fast runners fiercefighters and whenthreatened angered, farmers or the bredpigswith shorter legs,no tusks,and biggerbodies.Domestic pigs a r er a i s e do rt h e i rm e a t . f

T h e B e r k s h i rp i g c a nw e i g hu p e to 250 kg. However,to give goodpork (meat),it is allowed to grow to a weightof only a b o u t 0 0k g . 1 T h e Y o r k s h i r p i g i s f r o m Y o r k s h i r ie e n E n g l a n d . t w e i g h sb e t w e e n 0 0 a n d l 2 380ko J

pi T h eL a n d r a c e go r i g i n a l lc a m e y from Denmark lt weighs between 25 and 320 kg lts 2 m e a t m a k e sg o o db a c o n .

T h e H a m p s h i rp i g c o m e s r o m e f K e n t u c k yn t h e U n i t e dS t a t e s i a n d w e i g h sb e t w e e n2 0 0 a n d

300 ks

J05

ITC IT'?O?IITATUS FAMITY 'fuiinals of thisfamily have fourtoesontheirfrontandhind-feet. They " have a compficated digestive system and do nol runinate(chewcuds)as the cattle family does. * Hippopotamuses distantiy are relatedto pigs.

IHE MOUSE-DEEB I[Y FAM - Members ofthemouse-deer which nottrue family, are deer, nothave do antlers. .Theyare among smallest the ruminants. Their stomachs threeparts. have . Themales have long two canines which theyuseas tusKs.

Thepygmy hippopotamus is onlyabout cm 80 tall and m long lt liyes theforest 1.5 in streams of western Africa.

The musk-deer about 60 cm tall and lives is in forests in the mountainous parts 0f central a n d e a s t e r n s i a . T h e m a l eh a s a n a b d o m i n a l A g l a n dw h i c h p r o d u c em a s t ( a s w e e t - s m e l l i n g s substance).

Thehippopotamus in therivers, lives lakes, and bogs ofAfrica. is about m talland m lt 1.5 4.2 longandweighs about3.6 tonnes.lts body is hairless its skinis thickandspongy. and lt feeds mainly reeds grasses spends on and and most itstimein thewater. of

T h e I n d i a nm o u s e - d e e r is only about30 cm tall and lives in the forests of India and Sri Lanka

The water chevrotain is only from 35 to 40 cm tall and lives in the j u n g l e so f t h e C o n g o . It swimsvery well.

T H E C A M E TF A M I T Y 'Camels a r e r u m i n a n t s ,u t , u n l i k et y p i c a lr u m i n a n t sh e i r s t o m a c h s b t, haveonlythreeparts -The front and hind-feet havetwo toes eachand toughpadded soles. *ln this family,only the dromedary Bactrian and camels havehumps, whichare madeup of fatty tissue. "The llamas, relatives the camels, humpless, of are woolly,and haveshorter tails.

T h e d r o m e d a rh a s o n l y o n e h u m p l t i s a b o u t1 I m y t a l l a n dl i v e S n n o r t h e rA { r i c a n ds o u t h - w e s t e r n i a . i n a As I t i s u s e da s a n a c k - a n i m a l . TheBactrian camelis about2 m tall andhastwo humos. It lives in the deserts centralAsia. lts long,shaggy of h a i re n a b l eis t 0 w i t h s t a ntd e c o l dc l i m a t e t h
tl

rtr

The camel's bodyis perfectly adapted life in the desert. Camels for have padded hooves e to e themt0 walk on hot sandand rocks. Thevhave hng eyelashes keepsand of theireyes, nostrils canclose to 0ut and that easily duringa sand-storm. Theyget nourishment the reserve fat in their from of lomps and can survive long periods for withoutwater.

DEER
D e e ra r e e v e n - t o erd m i n a n t sM o s t d e e r ,e s p e c i a l t y e u . lh males,have bony antlerswhich are shed and renewe0 t h r o u g h olufte . i
T h e r e d - d e elr v e si n t h e { o r e s t s n d w o o d l a n do t E u r o D e .0 r t h i a s n w e s t e r n f r i c aa n dA s i a .T h es l a g( m a l e i)s a b o u 1 2 m l a l l A . t *The s i k a o r J a p a n e sd e e r , r o m8 0 t o 8 6 c m t a l l , i s f o u n d e f i n J a p a n n dC h i n aT h eC h i n e sve l u et sa n l l e r s sm e d i c i n e , a . a i a In summer coathaswhitesoots ils whichfadeawavin winter

T h em o o s ei v e sn e a rl a k e s n t h e f o r e s t s f N o r t h m e r i c al t i s l i o A a b o u 2 m t a l l ,a n di s t h e l a r g e so f t h ed e e r l t s a n t l e r s r eh u g e t t a

P d r e D a v i d ' sd e e r w a s d i s c o v e r eid n P e k i n g C h i n aa n d n o w l i v e s i n p a r k s , t h e r e 1 1i s a b o u t1 1 m t a l l a n d l o o k s like a donkey ith longantlers w

T h e o k a p i l i v e s i n t h e j u n g l e so f c e n t r a lA f r i c a l t i s b u i l t l i k e a g i r a f f eb u t h a s a s h o r t e r e c ka n d n l e g s . T h eo k a p ii s a b o u t1 . 5 m t a l l a n d h a s w h i t e b a n d so n i t s l e g s a n dt h i g h s .

T h e c a r i b o ua n d t h e r e i n d e e l a r ev e r y u c h l i k e .T h ec a r i b o u m a i s a b o u t1 . 2 m t a l l a n d l i v e si n the Arctic regionsof northern Canada. Both the male and t h e f e m a l eh a v e l a r g ea n t l e r s

!r*

G IR A F F E S T h eg i r a f f et,h e t a l l e slti v i n g n i m a li,sa n a e v e n - t o erd m i n a n t l t h a sa n e l o n g a t e d u . n e c kw h i c he n a b l eis t o r e a c h u d s a n d t b y t e n d e r o u n gl e a v e o f t h ea c a c i ar e e .l t s t h a sn e i t h e c a n i n t e e t hn o r i n c i s o ris i t s r e n upper jaw. lts ancestor, Palaeotragus, the l i v e df r o m t h e M i o c e n eo t h e P l i o c e n e t ( t y Epoch abou25 ts 10nrillion earsago) v a n d l o o k e d e r y ' i : . ; h l i k et h e o k a p i f o today.The giraffe two or threeshort has hornson its forehead which are covered b y s k i na n dt u f t so f h a i r .

107

IHE CATTIEFAMITY .The cattlefamily,or Bovidae, includes cattle.sheep, buffaloes, bison. goats, antelopes. Usually themale thefemale " and both and have horns that arepermanent cannot shed..The horns and be have coreof bone a which grows fromthe skull. - Members thisfamilyhave of foot. fourtoeson each T h e i r o l a r h a v e i d g e d u r f a c essu i t a b lfe r g r i n d i np l a n t o o d . - T h e y m s r g s o f .S a r et y p i c ar u m i n a n t si t h f o u r p a r t s 0 t h e i rs t o m a c h s . o m eo f t h e m l w t have been successfully domesticated.
T h eA s i a t i c a t e r - b u f f a il s a b o u t1 . 8 m t a l l . l t s l o n g , w o flat horns sweptback. lt is usedby farmers pl0ugh are t0 r i c e - f i e l d s . i l dw a t e r - b u f f a l oa rs f o u n d e a r w a m p s W ee n s and watercourses India.Indo-China. Borneo. in and

The Cape buffalo

T h e A f r i c a no r C a p eb u f f a l ol i v e si n t h e l o n g g r a s s e s fl a n d e q u a t o r i a o r e s t so f A f r i c a ,s o u t h0 f t h e S a h a r a ly I t i s a p o w e r f u l b u i l t a n i m a l e t w e e1 5 m a n d1 . 7m t a l l . b, n Its massive horns nearly meetin thecentre theforehead of

TheAsiatic water-buffalo,

The kudu

Ihe yak. Theyak comes fromTibetandwestern China andb dr foundon plateaus sea-hrd from4 000to 5 000m above I t c a n n o l i v e i n t h e w a r ml o w l a n d s l t i s a b o u tI 7 . t t a l l a n d h a s l o n g ,t h i c k h a i r l t i s u s e da s a b e a r burden The Americanbison comesfrom the plains of kO T h e k u d u ,a b o u t1 . 3 m t a l l , h a ss p i r a l l i n g o r n s n d i s America.This animalalmostbecame h a extinctbecacr i t o n e o f t h e l a r g e s A f r i c a na n t e l o p e sl.t l i v e si n h i l l y huntingby man. Today bisonslive in nationalFb, countrv in easternand southernAfrica and herdsare growinglargeagain. Theyare abor 1 7 m tall and their headsand forequarters massE are T h ee l a n d s a b o u t 8 m t a l l a n d i s t h e l a r g e sA f r i c a n i 1 t a n t e l o p e l.t h a s a l o o s ef l a p o f s k i n h a n g i n gr o m i t s f n e c k . l t l i v e s0 n t h e o l a i n s n d i n t h e b u s ho f e a s t e r n a and southernAfrica.

'f,gt

t'tno'

T h ep r o n g h o r n

T h en i l g a i .

T h en i l g a io r b l u eb u l l ,a b o u 1 3 m l a l l , i s t h e l a r g e s t , t A s i a t i c n t e l o p el.t l i v e s0 n t h e p l a i n s f I n d i a .l t h a s a o s m a l l h o r n sl i k e t h o s e o i c a t t l e .

T H E P R O N G H O BF A M I L Y N " T h ep r o n g h oirs o f t e n i s t a k efn r a na n t e l o p e . n m o - l t i s n o t a t r u e a n t e l o pa n d i s e a family ll by a itself. " Both male and female pronghorns . h a v e i m p l e r a n c h eh o r n sd i f f e r e n t o mt h o s e s b d fr -The h o r n sh a v e a n o u t e r , of the antel0pe. w h o r n ys h e a t h h i c hi s s h e da n d r e n e w e d a c h e y e a r . " T h e p r 0 n g h o rc a n r u n v e r y f a s t - l t n grasslands. rocky desert, livesin scrub, and areas of the westernand mid-western UnitedStates

108

it d T h e l o n g - f a c eh a r t e b e e ss a b o u t1 . 2 m t a l l a n d i s p o s h y . l t l i v e si n h e r d s n t h e A f r i c a n l a i n s a is o T h e b l a c k b u c k ,r I n d i a n n t e l o p e , a b o u t8 0 c m l a l l o c a n d l i v e so n t h e o p e np l a i n s { I n d i a l t s b e a u t i f u l o a t l. i s b l a c k o n t o o a n d w h i t e u n d e r n e a t h t s h o r n sa r e ringed and twisted in spirals.

i T h e c h a m o i ls v e so n r o c k y , o u n t a i s l o p e s n E u r o p e i m n a n dA s i a M i n o r l t i s a b o u t8 0 c m t a l l . T h e m a l ea n d havecurved horns. the female The Barbary sheepis the only wild Africansheepthat Africa. lt is lives on the hills and rangesof northern abouta metretall and has long horns. 1 T h eb r i n d l e g n u .o r b l u ew l l d e b e e sits a b o u t 3 m t a l l d , a n d l i v e so n t h e A f r i c a n l a i n s l t s h e a dl o o k sl i k e a o buffalo. T h em o u f l o ns t h e o n l yw i l d E u r o p e a n e e p l t l i v e si n i sh the mountains Europe of and on the islandsof Corsica a n d S a r d i n i a . t i s a b o u t7 0 c m t a l l . l The saigais a stockyanimalabout70 cm tall. lt has a swollenmuzle and small,erect horns. lt lives on the plainsof central Asia and south-eastern Hussia. T h e t a h r i s a g o a t - l i k e n i m a t h a t l i v e so n p r e c i p i c e s a l I i r a n d s t e e ph i l l s i d e sn K a s h m ia n d n o r t h e r nn d i a . l t i a a b o u t m e t r ea l l . a t

Thehartebeest.

T h ec h a m o i s .

TheBarbary sheep.

T h eb l a c k b u c k

gnu. The brindled

T h es a i g a .

T h em o u f l o n .

serow . The
a a T h es e r o w , b o u t m e t r e t a l l , h a s s h o r t h o r n sa n d longears like a donkey. I t i s f o u n d n c l i f f sh i g hi n o t h e m o u n t a i fos t h e e a s t lf , e r n H i m a l a y a sB u r m a s o u t h w a r dt o M a l a y s i a , s C h i n aT a i w a na n dJ a p a n . , ,

109

B B E E DO F D O M E S I I C A T T I E S

Short-horn,

Brahmin bull.

TheHolstein, originally Holland, about 5 m from is 1 tall andis the largest the dairy of cattle. The short-horn. originally England, from isabout m 1.4 andis raised its meat. for Thebrahmin originally India, about m bull, from is 1.2 tall. lt withstands very soisraised thewarmer heat well in areas theworld. of

The jersey,originally from England, about1.3 r 4 is It is the smallestof the dairy cattle. The Ankoleoriginally camefrom Africa. lts horr r aboutl2mlong TheSwissis aboutl 4 m tall. lt is bredfor dairypurpe The Hereford. origin_ally from England, about l2 . is tall. lt is a popular breedof beef cattle.

B R E E O SFS H E E P O The merino weighs to 120 lt is bred itsfine up kg. for


wool. Theconiedale comes fromNewZealand Australia and and weighs t0 95kg. lt isreared itswool meat, up for and The Lincoln, originally fromEngland, weighs between 100and160kg. lt is a long-wool producing breed the
longestfleece.

The aed

-tailed sheep

TheKashmir a breed is related theangora. is fod to h in Tibelandis about cmin height 60 Thesaanen, between and90 kg in weight, 50 crc fromSwitzerland. produces milk. good lt The toggenburg. between and kgin weight, 45 80 cr fromSwitzerland. is a milking lt goat. Theangora province Anka comes theTurkish from of (formerly Angora). weighs lt between andS br 45 Thefibreof thewoolis commonlv called mohair.
5

INDEX
Aardvark, 98 Agouti, 87 Alaudidae, SS Albatrosses, 30 black-footed,30 Laysan,30 Steller's,30 wandering, 30 Alligators,26 Mississippi,26 Amphibians.7-14 Amphiuma, 8 Anglo-Norman, 102 Anaconda, 22 Anhingas,3l A n is m o o t h - b i l l e d , 4 8 , Ankole,0 11 green, Anole, 20 Anseriformes, 34 Ant-eaters, 80 spiny,66 A n t e l o pn d i a n . 1 0 9 I e, Antlers, 104 Apes, 78 Apodiformes, 50 Apterygiformes, 28 Armadillos, Sl Artiodactyla, 104 Auks, 45 Avadarat, 64 red, Babblers, 58 black-crested,58 red-capped,58 scimitar, SS Babirussa, 105 Baboon, hamadryas, 78 Badger, 93 Bald-eagle. 39 Barbary sheep, 109 Barbets.52 Basilisk, 1I Bats, 73 American leaf-nosed, 74 common, 74 fruit, 74 horseshoe, 74 long-legged, 74 0ldWorld sheath-tailed, 74 tube-nosed, 74 Bears, 92 brown, 92 polar, 92 spectacled,92 Beaver, 85 Bee-eater, common, 51 Bell-bird, naked-throated, 53 Binturong, 94 Birds.27-64 B i s o n ,m e r i c a n . 1 0 8 A Bitlerns,32 American.32 litrle.32 B l u e b i r a i,r y , 5 8 fd Boas. 22 constrictor,22 emerald,22 rubber,22 Boidae, 22 Boobies,3l Borzoi,91 Bovidae, 108 Boxer, 91 Brain, lemur, of 75 of macaque. 75 of moles, 75 oftree-shrew, 75 Broadbills,53 Budgerigars, 47 Buffaloes, 108 Asiatic, 108 Cape, 108 B u l b u lS S s, B u l lb r a h m i n , 1 l 0 , Bullfinch,64 llf Bu rog American, l2 North South American,12 black-headed, 64 Bunting. indigo,63 meadow, 64 painted, 63 pine,64 snow. 63 Bush-baby, 76 43 Bustards, Houbara,43 84, 1 Caecum, 100, 01 ians, Caecil 9 Calotes, 15 Camel, ctrian,106 Ba Canary, 64 Canidae.91 Caprimulgiformes, 49 Capybara, American, South 87 Cardinal, common, 63 Caribou, 107 Carnivores. 90 Cassowary. 28 rex, Castor 83 Casuariformes, 28 Cats, 95 Abyssinian,95 Persian, 95 short-haired,95 Siamese. 95 Cattle,108,1l0 Cellulose,101 84, Chameleons,20 Chamois, 109 Charadriiformes,44 Chequered keelback, 23 Chevrotain. 106 water, Chihuahua,9l Chimpanzee, T9 Chin.91 Chinchilla.87 Chipmunk, Eastern, 85 Chloropseidae, 58 Ciconiformes,32 Cinclidae, S9 Civets, 94 Coati, white-nosed, 92 Cobras. 24 fangs 24 of. Indian,24 king. 24 spitting, 24 Cockatoo, 47 -the-rock, Cock-of Peruvian.
E1

4 w h o o p i n g .3 Crocodiles,26 Crocodilians,26 Crossbill,64 Crows, 56 Cuckoos, 48 c o m m o n ,8 4 emerald,43 greatspotted, 48 h a w k4 8 , Cuculiformes,4S 41 Curassows, Dachshund.9l 6 D a s y u r e , m m o n ,9 co 0eer,104,107 Pere avid's,107 D '107 red, 72 Dermoptera, D i p p e r s .9 5 D o d o4 6 , D o g s9 1 , D o l p h i n s ,S - 8 9 S c 0 m m o n ,9 8 Risso's,88 Donkey, 1 10 D o v e s ,6 4 D r a c o19 . Dromedary, 106 D u r k s3 6 - 3 7 , golden-eye,37 harlequin,3T m al a r d , 6 3 mandari36 n, spot-billed,36 tufted,37 D u g o n g ,8 9 Eagles,39 Echidna,66 E d e n t a t eS 0 s, Egrets,32 cattle.32 E a s t e rg l e a tw h i l e ,3 2 n little,32 E i d e rc o m m o n ,7 , 3 E l e p h a n t9 9 s, A f r i c a n9 9 , I n d i a n9 9 , round-eared,99 E m u2 8 , E l a n d10 8 , Ermine,93 Eurylainidae.53 Falcons,40 peregrine,40 F a l c o n ep,y g m y .0 l 4 Falconiformes,3S-40 F i n c h e s ,3 6 saffron,63 woodpecker,63 Flamingos,33 F I y c a t c h e Ss . r4 acadian,54 J a p a n e s eu e , 5 4 bl n a r c i s s uS , s4 4 F o w l , r a h m a ,2 B j g r e e nu n g l e . 4 2 j , g r e y u n g l e4 2 long-tailed,42 P l y m o u tR o c k , 4 2 h Fox91 , F r i g a t e - b i r d s ,' 31 Fingillidae,63 Frogmouths. 49 tawny,49 F r o g s10 - 12 , arrow-poison, 12 1 c o m m ow o o d . 1 n c o m m oe d i b l e13 n , G o e lids ,12 ' 1 G o l i a t h .0

hairy,13 N e wZ e a l a ntd i l e d 10 a , , S c h r e i g e lgs e e n13 'r s i l v e r - s p e c k l 11 , ed W a l l a c ef'ls i n g1 3 y . Furnariidae, SS F u r - s e a9 , l7 Gadwall,36 G a l l i f o r m e s1- 4 2 4. G a n n e t3, s1 G a r t e r - s n a k e ,m m o n ,3 co 2 2 G a v i a l s ,6 18 Geckos, b e n t - t o e d8 1, 'flying'. 18 g i a n t 1I , 3 G e e s e ,5 bar-headed.35 3 C a n a d a .5 Chinese,35 greylag,3S l e s s ew h i t e J r o n t e 3 5 r d. M a g e l l a n3 s '5 white-fronted,35 d. G e r m as h e p h e r 9 1 n Gibbon,78 r G i l am o n s t e 2,1 G i r a f f e10 7 , Glass-snake,21 , G l i d e rs u g a r6 9 , G n u10 9 , G o a ta n g o r a ',1 0 , l K a s h m i11 0 r, s a a n e n ,10 1 t o g g e n b u r11,0 g ' n, G o l d f i n c E, r o p e a6 4 hu G o r i l l a .9 T 39 Goshawk, G r e aD a n e9 1 t , 2 G r e b e s ,9 black-necked.29 great rested,29 c little,29 pied-billed.29 red-necked,29 G r o u s e ,1 4 Gruiformes.43 G u a nw h i t ec r e s t e d ,1 , 4 1, G u a g g a0 1 Guinea-pig,86 Gulls,45 c o m m o n ,5 4 glaucous.4S G y m n u r M,a l a y a n ,1 e 7 i: Gyrfalcon,40 "': " 'H a c k n e y0 2 1. , H a m s t eg,o l d e n8 6 , r H a w k s3 9 , Hares.82-83 B e l g i a n .3 S blue,83 brown.83 Patagonian,86 Harpy-eagle,39 H e d g e h oc o m m o7 1 g, n H e l l b e n d Sr , e H e r e f o r d 10 1, Herons,32 boat-billed,32 g r e ab l u e , 3 2 t g r e y3 2 . little lue,32 b reef, 2 3 Herring-gull,45 H i b e r n a t i oS , n Hippopotamuses, l06 p y g m y ,0 6 1 Holstein, 0 11 H o o f e d n i m a l s , 0 - 110 a 10 even-toed,104-110 odd-toed.100 3 10

H o o p o e ,1 5 Hornbills,51 great,51 H o r s e s , 1 01 0 2 0 1 A r a b i a n .0 2 n d i g e s t i oin , 10 1 e v o l u t i oo f , 10 0 n locomoti0f,102 on P r z e w a l s k i 10,1 's Humming-birds.50 bee,50 giant,50 50 ruby-throaled. 94 Hyaenidae, H y e n a s .4 9 Hyracoidea.9S H y r a xr,o c k 9 8 , l b i s e s3 3 . lcteridae,55 lguanas, 19 I n d r i s7 6 , T0 I n s e c t i v o r e s .- 7 1 J a c a n a ,4 4 Jackal,91 J a g u a r9 6 , Jaguarundi,96 J a y ,t u r q u o i s e . 56 J e r b o aE g y p t i a S,T , n Jersey, 10 1 K a n g a r o o - r8 5, at K a n g a r o o6 8 s, r e d ,6 8 tree-climbing,68 Kestrel,40 K i n g f i s h e rS l, s gr 5 Kiskadee. eat 4 K i t e ,s w a l l o w - t a i l e3 9 d, K i w i ,2 8 K o a l a6 9 , 2 K o m o dd r a g o n ,1 o K o o k a b u r rS l, a K r a i t , a n d e d ,4 b 2 'l Kudu,08

Laniidae, 61 Larks. 55 horned,55 58 85 tlpng, 72 dwarf;)6


ring-tailed,.76 L e o p o9 6 n, L e o p a r9 6 d, l-eopard-cat,96 Lingsang,94 Lion96 . Lizards8-21 1, alligator,2l A u s t r a l i a ni l l e d 1I fr . c o m m orn dw o r m 2 1 e , F l o r i dw o r m2 1 a , f r i n g e - t o e19 d, hornetoad. 9 d 1 giant,21 t a i l0 f . 1 9 Loons,29 L o r r ss l e n d e r ,6 , T L o v e b i r dm,a s k e d ,7 s 4 Lynx, 95 Lyre-birds,54 superb,54 47 lVlacaw, l V l a g p i e s6 S, l V l a m bb l,a c k2 4 a , 6 M a m m a l s .5 - 110 9 M a n a t e e ,8 M a n d r i lT.S l

Colies,50 Coliiformes.50 Collie.91 Columbiformes,46 Condor, Andean. 38 Coots, 43 Coraci iformes, 51 Cormorants, 31 great, 31 Guanay, 31 red-faced,31 Temminck's,31 Corvidae, S6 Cotingas, 53 Cotingidae, 53 Cottonmouth, 25 Coucals,43 Coyote, 91 Coypu, 87 Crake, ruddy. 43 Cranes, 43 crowned,43 demoiselle,43 Siberian 43 white,

111

ANIMALS AND THEIR FO D O

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