Microscope - Exercise 1 1.

In the diameter of field of view of a light microscope at 40X magnification is 6,000 micrometer (um), what would be the field of view at 400X magnification? 40 x 6000 = 600 um 400 2. An elodea cell was found occupying 40% of field of views diameter at 400X magnification. At this magnification the field of view of the microscope is 200 micrometer. What is the size of the elodea cell? Remember this is a gesstimate percent of the diameter of the field of view is occupied by the object (image). 40 = .4 100 .4 x 200 = 80 um =============================================================== Organic Molecules of Life - Exercise 2 1. You are given two unlabeled containers and told that one of them contains a solution of pure glucose and the other contains a solution of pure maltose, a disaccharide. How can you identify the content of the bottle by performing chemical assays? You can perform the Bendicts and Barfoeds assay to see what reactions are positive. Maltose will only be positive in the Bendcits assay due to the pH (7) environment. And, if you perform the Barfoeds assay and get a negative result, then you know you got Benedicts assay for maltose. For glucose you get a positive reaction for the Bendicts assay and a negative result for Barfoeds assay. 2. What is a monosaccharide? Why all monosaccharides and most disaccharides are reducing sugars? A monosaccharide is a simple sugar that contain a carbonyl group. They can accept (gain) the Cu ion under acceptable pH levels, for instance, pH 7. 3. In solution, chain and ring forms of glucose molecules exist in equilibrium. Explain this statement? Solutions of these sugars will contain both the chain and ring form in equilibrium, and each of the forms can freely convert in to the alternative form under favorable chemical conditions. 4. Both fructose and glucose are reducing sugars. When these two simple sugars become chemically bonded, a disaccharide, sucrose, is formed. Why sucrose is not a reducing disaccharide? Sucrose always has rings, so its a non-reducing sugar. You could put sucrose into any solution, and its the same thing as throwing water, so nothing would change. 5. What is the active ingredient in Benedicts solution? Cu 6. What is the active ingredient in Barfoeds solution? Cu

7. The above answer identify that both Benedicts and Barfoeds solutions are made from the same ingredient. Why are their reaction capabilities different? pH is different, so some carbohydrates are able to receive electrons form Cu based on the environment, so in this case its pH. 8. Write three names of monosaccharides. Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose 9. Write two names of reducing disaccharides. Lactose & Maltose 10. What is the difference between reducing disaccharide and non-reducing disaccharides? The environment, in our case, the pH was the factor. Under alkaline conditions a disaccharide could gain an electron from the copper ion, but in an acidic environment (pH 4.5) the disaccharide cant accept the electron from the copper ion. 11. What are three names of polysaccharides. Starch, Glycogen, & Cellulose a. Sucrose b. Maltose c. Starch d. Glucose e. Egg albumin 12. This substance gives a negative Benedicts assay, a negative Barfoeds assay, a positive iodine assay and a negative Biuret assay. C - Starch 13. This substance gives a positive Benedicts assay, a positive Barfoeds assay, a negative iodine assay, and a negative Biuret assay. D - Glucose 14. This substance gives a positive Benedicts assay, a negative Barfoeds assay, a negative iodine assay, and a negative Biuret assay. B - Maltose 15. This substance is positive in Biuret assay and negative in all other assays. E - Egg albumin 16. All test (Bendicts, Barfoeds, iodine, and Biuret) on the substance came negative. A - Sucrose 17. Benedicts assay is for reducing sugars Positive reaction for Benedicts assay produces red color. 18. Barfoeds assay distinguishes between monosaccharide and reducing sugar. 19. A protein solution can be identified by performing the Biuret assay.

=============================================================== Enzymes - Exercise 3 1. What is an Enzyme: A protein catalyst that speeds up a reaction without getting consume in a chemical reaction. It lowers the activation energy barrier too. 2. Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by. A. B. C. D. Decreasing the requirement of activation energy. Providing the activation energy to the reaction. Both A & B None of the above.

3. Do you expect an enzyme to be active at 0o C. Why? Yes, the enzyme is still active but is working at slower rates. 4. If you keep an enzyme at 0o C for an extended period of time and then bring back to its optimum temperature, would you expect the enzyme to be active? Explain. Yes, because the enzyme is not denatured at 0o C, it just works at a slow rate, but when your increase the temperature to its optimum temperature, the enzyme will work. 5. Name at least three physical and chemical factors that affect enzymes activity (denature a protein/enzyme)? Temperature, pH, Concentration (salt), Cofactors, & Inhibitors 6. All enzymes function optimally at PH 7.4 True or False 7. What is the importance of enzyme in living systems? Enzymes speed up reaction 8. The optimum temperature of our enzyme was 35 degrees Celsius. 9. In general, as temperature increases, the rate of enzyme activity (increases/decreases) up to a certain point called the optimum temperature, at which activity is at a maximum. After this point, activity (increasing/decreases). At very high temperatures we see (high/low/no) activity because the enzyme is denatured. 10. Draw a curve representing enzyme activity as it changes with temperature. Label the point of the optimum temperature.

=============================================================== Diffusion & Osmosis - Exercice 4 1. Define osmosis: The diffusion of water (or some other solvent) across a selective permeable membrane hyp, hyper, iso. Special case of diffusion of water (Higher concentration to lower concentration). 2. How does dialysis differs from osmosis? In dialysis water has to go through a selectively permeable membrane thats specific to a substance size, but in osmosis its concentration of gas, molecules, water from higher to lower concentration and water is the solvent moving, and only water. 3. If a 50% sucrose solution is separated from a 20% sucrose solution by a membrane that does not allow sucrose to pass through, in which direction the movement of water will take place. a) b) c) d) There will be no net movement of water Water will move into 50% sucrose solution from 20% sucrose solution. Water will move into 20% sucrose solution from 50% sucrose solution. In this case only dialysis will take place.

4. A dialysis bag, permeable to water and not permeable to sucrose, filled with 30% sucrose solution and was placed in a beaker full of water. The bags initial weight was 15g, and after 15 minutes it became 17g. Calculate the percent change in weight of the dialysis bag. 17 - 15 X 100 = 13% 15 5. A dialysis bag, permeable to water and not permeable to sucrose, filled with water was place 30% sucrose solution. The bags initial weight was 15g, and after 15 minutes it became 17g. Calculate the percent change in weight of the dialysis bag. After 45 minutes it was found the same bag weighted 20 g. What Is the cumulative percent change in weight of the bag at that point? 17 - 15 X 100 = 13% 20 - 15 X 100 = 33.33% 15 15

6. Four dialysis tubing bags were filled with the following solutions listed on the table below and closed off. Each of the bags were placed in separate beakers that contained 40% sucrose. The bags were weight every 15 minutes for 45 minutes. The dialysis tubing that was used in permeable to water but not to sucrose.
BAG Bag # 1 Bag # 2 Bag # 3 Bag # 4 SOLUTION IN BAG Contains 0% sucrose Contains 40% sucrose Contains 60% sucrose Contains 20% sucrose SOLUTION IN THE BEAKER 40% Sucrose 40% Sucrose 40% Sucrose 40% Sucrose

In the table below, describe the expected weight changes, if an , for each of the four bags after 45 minutes. Answer by saying one of the following. The bag will gain weight slowly; The bag will gain weight rapidly; The bag will lose weight slowly; The bag will lose weight rapidly. The bag will not change in weight. State whether the bag is hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic to the beaker.

Bag Bag # 1 Bag # 2 Bag # 3 Bag # 4

General Weight Changes The bag will lose weight quickly The bag will not change in weight, but theres movement. The bag will gain weight The bag will lose weight slowly

Hyper, Isotonic, Hypo Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

7. Iodine diffused into the starch as seen by the dark blue color (inside/outside) of the bag. 8. This happens because iodine has a smaller molecular molecules than starch.

=============================================================== Cellular Respiration Gerbil Metabolism - Exercice 5

1. What was the name of the instrument that we used in the cellular respiration lab? Manometer 2. What did this instrument measure? Amount of oxygen consumed 3. During the experiment, the fluid moved (towards/away from) the gerbil because of changes in gas or air pressure as the animal respired. 4. An organism whose body temperature changes with the outside environment is called an ectotherm or poikilotherm Its metabolic rate (increase/decreases) as temperature increases. 5. An organism who is able to maintain a stable internal body temperature regardless of the environmental temperature is called an endotherm or homeotherm Its metabolic rate (increases/decreases) as temperature increases. 6. Which of the following is homoeothermic? a. Fish b. Reptiles c. Grass hopper d. Chicken e. Paramecium 7. In the experiment you did on cellular respiration, the soda lime in the gerbils jar:

a. Provided oxygen for the gerbil. b. Absorbed oxygen given off by the gerbil c. Absorbed CO2 given off by the gerbil. d. Provided CO2 to the gerbil. e. Absorbed moister to keep the gerbil dry. 8. In the experiment, you determined metabolic rate by measuring: a. Oxygen production by the gerbil b. The body temperature of the gerbil c. Oxygen consumption of the gerbil d. The rate at which the gerbil moved. 9. What is the relationship between the body size and metabolic rate? The bigger you are, the slower your metabolic rate will be and vice versa. 10. In case of fish or frog, what will happen to the metabolism of the animal if the surrounding temperature is gradually decreased? Their metabolism will decrease too because there both cold blooded animals. This is a direct relationship.

11. What is fermentation? What is the advantage of fermentation? What is the disadvantage of it? Ethanol + CO2 are produced by fermentation & no oxygen is required.
12. Calculate the metabolic rate of a gerbil that weights 120 g and consumes 4.2 ml of oxygen in 6 minutes. 4.2/6 x 60 = 42 42/120 .35 ml/hr/g

13. Calculate the metabolic rate of a gerbil that weights 100 gm and consumes 2 ml of oxygen in 3 minutes. 2/3 x 60 = 40 40/100 .4 ml/hr/g

14. A 50 gram gerbil who consumes 5 mL of oxygen in 3 minutes would have a metabolic rate of? 5/3 x 60 = 100 100/50 2 ml/hr/g =============================================================== Photosynthesis - Exercise 6

1. What type of energy is used in this reaction? Sunlight (light intensity - wattage) 2. What absorbs that energy? Chlorophyll 3. A spectrophotometer measures? Absorption of light wavelengths 4. Which colors of light absorb the most pigment? Violet/blue and a little red. 5. Which colors of light will be most effective for photosynthesis? Violet/blue some red. 6. This is the absorption spectrum for which pigment? Chlorophyll 7. a) b) c) Paper chromatography separators pigments on the bases of which 3 properties? Molecular weight Solubility in the solvent Affinity for the chromatography paper

8. Labe the pigments on the chromatograph:

9. A paper chromatography was done using acetone as a solvent. At the end of the chromatography it was found that the solvent traveled 20 cm and a pigment molecule traveled 17 cm from its origin. Calculate the Rf value of the pigment molecule? 17/20 = .85 cm 10. Which pigment has the second highest molecular weight? Chlorophyll-a 11. Which pigment is the most soluble, lowest molecular weight, and has a low affinity? Carotenes 12. Which pigment has the highest affinity and molecular weight? Chlorophyll-b 13. Complete the following table and plot a graph with the data (Wattage: Y axis Vs. rate on photosynthesis X axis)

14. Why does this graph make sense? As wattage increases more oxygen is being release by the plant, but at a certain point photosynthesis has to stop because a plant simply just give up oxygen for infinity of time, thats why the graph is going down, or maybe the plant is small in structure.