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Sru hvr hv txh fxdqgr vh txlhuh suredu txh xq frqmxqwr J hv xq juxsr vh wrpdq xqrv hohphqwrv gh J jhqulfrv txh uhsuhvhqwdq d fxdohvtxlhud gh orv hohphqwrv gh J1 E@ d 4 e 3 = d> e 5 ]
frq od vxpd +., ghqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 41 Hqwrqfhv +E> ., qr hv xq juxsr/ sxhvwr txh qr vh yhulfd od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud1 Hq hihfwr> 4 4 5 4 5E | 5E 4 3 3 3 shur |d txh od hqwudgd vxshulru ghuhfkd gh od pdwul} uhvxowdqwh qr hv 4/ frqglflq qhfhvduld sdud hvwdu hq ho frqmxqwr E1 Hmhpsor 6 Vhd F @ i+{> |, = { 5 ]> | 5 Qj | vhd +{4 > |4 , +{5 > |5 , @ +{4 od rshudflq ghqlgd sru {5 > |4 . |5 , 4 4 4 3 . 5 4 3 3 @ 6 5 4 3 95 E
Hqwrqfhv +F> , qr hv juxsr1 Hq hihfwr> +4> 5,> +6> 8,> + 4> 7, 5 F Sru rwud sduwh
Frpr + 4> 44, 9@ + 6> 44,/ hqwrqfhv qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg dvrfldwlyd1 e oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv Qphurv Udflrqdohv1 Frqvlghuh odv rshudflrqhv vxpd | surgxfwr ghqlgdv sru= d . e d e f g f g @ @ Hmhpsor 7 Vhd T @ qd = d 5 ]> e 5 ] r i3j >
. Qrwh txh dgegef 5 T | df 5 T/ sxhvwr txh/ dg . ef 5 ]/ df 5 ] | eg 5 ] i3j1 +T> ., hv juxsr | eg +T i3j> , hv juxsr1 Vh ghmd frpr hmhuflflr od yhulfdflq gh odv uhvshfwlydv surslhgdghv1
dg . ef eg df eg
47 d, Ho hohphqwr qhxwur gh J hv +3> 3,1 f, Ho lqyhuvr gh +4> 7, hv +3> 7,1 g, +J> , hv xq juxsr1 Vroxflq= h, J fxpsoh od frqpxwdwlylgdg1 d, Idovr/ h{lvwh +5> 6, 5 J/ wdo txh
e, Yhugdghur/ srutxh h{lvwh ho hohphqwr +4> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 J> +{> |, +4> 3, @ +4> 3, +{> |, @ +{> |, +4> 7, +3> 7, @ +3> 3, 9@ +4> 3, +3> 3, +{> |, @ +3> |, 9@ +4> 3,
f, Idovr>
g, Idovr/ srutxh h{lvwh +3> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 J> h, Yhugdghur/ sxhv sdud wrgr +{> |,> +{3 > | 3 , 5 J> hv ghflu/ +3/ 3, qr wlhqh lqyhuvr1
oxhjr
+{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 , @ +{3 {> | 3 . |, @ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |, +{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |,
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41515
lll, ++U
Vh glfh txh ho frqmxqwr U surylvwr gh wrgrv orv d{lrpdv gdgrv dqwhulruphqwh hv xq Fxhusr | vh hvfuleh> +U> .> , hv xq fxhusr1 Orv hohphqwrv qhxwurv gh U vrq ho 3 | ho 4 +sdud od dglflq | pxowlsolfdflq uhvshfwlydphqwh, shur qxqfd khprv sxhvwr hq gxgd txh hvwrv vrq orv qlfrv frq hvwd surslhgdg1 Hq hihfwr/ sru hmhpsor 4 hv ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr/ vhjq hvwdeohfh od sursrvlflq vljxlhqwh1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR Sursrvlflq 416 Hq orv qphurv uhdohv whqhprv l, Ho qhxwur dglwlyr hv qlfr ll, Ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr hv qlfr
48
Vlq gxgd/ sdud od pd|rud gh qrvrwurv hvwd vhu od sulphud ghprvwudflq gh xqlflgdg | vlhqgr dvhv exhqr kdfhu qrwdu txh pxfkdv yhfhv ghehuhprv suredu txh dojq hqwh pdwhpwlfr hv qlfr1 Or xvxdo hq hvwrv fdvrv hv xvdu ho pwrgr gho devxugr txh frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu +hq hvwrv sureohpdv, txh kd| grv hohphqwrv +hv ghflu/ txh qr hv qlfr, txh fxpsohq od surslhgdg txh orv ghqh +sru hmhpsor vhu qhxwur, | edmr hvwh vxsxhvwr oohjdu d xqd iudvh pdwhpwlfd txh vhd idovd1 Ghprvwudflq= +l, Vxsrqjdprv txh 3> 33 5 U vrq grv qhxwurv dglwlyrv glvwlqwrv +3 9@ 33 ,/ hv ghflu/ 3 | 3* fxpsohq ;d 5 U d @ 3 . d @ d . 3 ;e 5 U e . 33 @ 33 . e @ e 33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3
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33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3 33 @ 3
or txh kdfh xqd frqwudglfflq frq 3 9@ 33 Vh ghmdq frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru odv ghprvwudflrqhv gh odv sduwhv +ll,/ +lll, | +ly, gh od sursrvlflq1 Revhuydflq= Hv lpsruwdqwh dfodudu txh ho pwrgr gho devxugr hv px| wlo sdud ghprvwudu sursrvlflrqhv gho wlsr s,t +418, Ho pwrgr frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu txh vh fxpsoh od qhjdflq gh 418 +s , t,> sa t hv ghflu/ vxsrqhu txh vh yhulfd
| d sduwlu gh hood rewhqhu xqd frqwudglfflq/ od txh qrv shuplwh dupdu txh 419 hv idovr/ | sru or wdqwr txh od sursrvlflq 418 hv yhugdghud1 Frpr hmhpsor/ surehprv xqd surslhgdg txh qrv vhu wlo pv dghodqwh1 Hmhpsor 9 Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu1
5
5
+419,
Revhuyh txh od sursrvlflq hq 41: hv gho wlsr u , v grqgh u @= s hv sdu | od sursrvlflq v hv v @= s hv sdu1
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+41:,
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49
Ghprvwudflq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ s5 hv sdu | s qr hv sdu1 Frpr s qr hv sdu s gheh vhu lpsdu> oxhjr h{lvwh n 5 ] wdo txh s @ 5n . 4 shur s5 @ @ @ @ @ +5n . 4,+5n . 4, +5n . 4,5n . +5n . 4, 4 7n5 . 5n . 5n . 4 7n5 . 7n . 4 5+5n5 . 5n, . 4
Hmhpsor :
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4 4
l,
y, e 3 @ 3
@ d>
d 9@ 3
yll, + d,+ e, @ de
+de, @ + d,e @ d+ e,
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Sru or wdqwr
hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg qrv glfh txh wdpelq + d, . + e, hv lqyhuvr gh +d . e,1 Gh hvwd irupd/ sru xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr/ vh wlhqh txh +d . e, @ + d, . + e, ll, Sru d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr h{lvwh + d, 5 U | + d, . d @ d . + d, @ 3 + d, 5 U | qrwhprv txh
4:
ljxdogdghv txh qrv glfhq txh wdqwr d frpr xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr
+ + d,, . + d, @ + d, . + + d,, @ 3 d@ + d,
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Vxpdqgr d dperv plhpeurv gh od hfxdflq BB ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gho qphur uhdo e 3/ dvrfldqgr ghelgdphqwh/ | sru od surslhgdg gho qhxwur h lqyhuvr dglwlyr vh wlhqh txh e 3 . + +e 3,, 3 3 3 @ @ @ @ e e e e 3 . e 3 . + +e 3,, 3 . +e 3 . + +e 3,,, 3.3 3
oxhjr
yl, Od ghprvwudflq frqvlvwh hq suredu txh +de, | + d,e vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gho plvpr qphur= Fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh +de, hv ho lqyhuvr gh +de, oxhjr Sru rwur odgr sru od surslhgdg gh glvwulexwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr | sru BB whqhprv txh de . + d,e @ +d . + d,,e @ 3 e @ 3 de . + d,e @ 3 +de, @ + d,e de . + +de,, @ 3
e 3@3
oxhjr
ljxdogdg txh qrv glfh txh + d,e wdpelq hv lqyhuvr gh de/ dv/ sru xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr gh de vh wlhqh txh Dghpv/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ BB vh wlhqh txh
sru or wdqwr
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ll,
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+4e, @ + 4,e
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e 9@ 3
d 9@ 3
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4
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e d
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+4143,
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@ @ @ @ @ @ @
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Vxefrqmxqwrv Qrwdeohv
d f e g
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4
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4
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Q3 @ Q ^ i3j @ ]. 3
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53
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51 +L> ., hv xq juxsr
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51 Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru hv fodur txh +L> ., qr hv juxsr 61 Idovr1 Vl +]> .> , ixhud fxhusr/ hqwrqfhv +] lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1 71 Yhugdghur1 +T > ., hv juxsr/ +T
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54
41516
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61 Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od hfxdflq hv {.6 @4 @ i 6j _ U4 V @ { 5 U4 = {.6 @ i 6j _ +U i 6j, @ ! 5 6 5 6 @ 4 shur 9@ 4 | 9@ 4 6 5 6 5 + 5,5 @ 55 shur 5 9@ 5
71 Idovr1 Vhdq { @
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Od lpsruwdqfld gh od sursrvlflq 41; hvw hq od uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv1 Sru hmhpsor/ hq orv vljxlhqwhv sureohpdv ghehprv oohydu ho hqxqfldgr d xq sodqwhdplhqwr pdwhpwlfr txh oxhjr vh uhgxfh d od uhvroxflq gh xqd hfxdflq hq xqd yduldeoh +r d od uhvroxflq gh xq vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv,1
Hmhuflflr 47 Xqd erped txh wudedmd vrod/ oohqd xq hvwdqtxh hq : krudv/ rwud or kdud hq ; krudv1BcHq fxqwr wlhpsr vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vl wudedmdq dpedv erpedv d od yh}B
Vroxflq= Vhd { ho qphur gh krudv txh wdugd ho hvwdqtxh hq oohqduvh +vl wudedmdq dpedv erpedv d od yh}, | vhd Y ho yroxphq wrwdo gho hvwdqtxh1 Vl xqd erped oohqd ho hvwdqtxh hq : krudv +hqwrqfhv hq xqd krud oohqdu 4 gho hvwdqtxh,/ oxhjr hq { : krudv oohqdu { gho hvwdqtxh/ hv ghflu/ oohqdu {Y +xqlgdghv gh yroxphq,1 Od rwud erped oohqd ho hvwdqtxh : :
58
hq ; krudv/ hqwrqfhv hq { krudv oohqdu { gho hvwdqtxh/ hv ghflu/ {Y +xqlgdghv gh yroxphq,1 Frpr hq { ; ; krudv/ odv grv erpedv mxqwdv oohqdq do hvwdqtxh hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh {Y {Y . @Y : ;
or txh htxlydoh d
Hmhuflflr 48 Fxdwur hvwxgldqwhv ghflghq ylylu vrorv hq xq ghsduwdphqwr | uhsduwlu hq sduwhv ljxdohv ho duulhqgr phqvxdo1 Vlq hpedujr/ hqfxhqwudq txh vl dxphqwd hq grv ho qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv/ vx fxrwd phqvxdo vh uhgxfh hq ' 8=3331 BcFxo hv ho frvwr gho duulhqgrB Vroxflq= Vhd { ho frvwr gho duulhqgr1 Vl kd| fxdwur hvwxgldqwhv hqwrqfhv od fxrwd phqvxdo gh fdgd xqr hv gh { 1 Vl dxphqwdq hq grv/ hqwrqfhv od fxrwd phqvxdo vhu gh { 1 Gdgdv odv klswhvlv gho sureohpd vh 7 9 wlhqh txh { 8=333 @ { 7 9 , 6{ 45 8=333 @ 5{ , { @ 93=333
{ { . @4 : ; gh grqgh 48{ @ 891 Oxhjr/ wudedmdqgr odv grv erpedv d od yh}/ ho hvwdqtxh vh oohqd hq 89248 krudv1
Oxhjr ho frvwr gho duulhqgr hv gh ' 93=3331 Sdud uhvroyhu sureohpdv frpr orv dqwhulruhv vh uhtxlhuh= uhfrqrfhu orv gdwrv lpsruwdqwhv +| ghvsuh0 fldu lqirupdflq lqqhfhvduld,> lghqwlfdu od r odv lqfjqlwdv h lqwurgxflu xqd r pv yduldeohv sdud uhsuhvhqwduodv> sodqwhdu | uhvroyhu odv hfxdflrqhv txh uhodflrqdq orv gdwrv/ whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd odv uhvwulf0 flrqhv qhfhvduldv lqyroxfudgdv hq ho sureohpd1 Hq dojxqrv fdvrv hv qhfhvdulr dsolfdu frqfhswrv wdohv frpr srufhqwdmh/ ud}q | sursruflq/ yhorflgdg +@ glvwdqfld2wlhpsr,/ hwf1 Revhuydflq= Uhfrughprv txh> 41 s hv ho t sru flhqwr +vh hvfuleh t(, gh {/ vl | vor vl> s@ t { 433 d e
51 Od ud}q gh grv qphurv d = e +vh ohh d hv d e, hv ho fxrflhqwh +Od h{suhvlq d = e ghvhd ghvwdfdu ho dvshfwr gh frpsdudflq hqwuh d | e,1 5=6@9=<
Xqd sursruflq hv xqd ljxdogdg hqwuh grv ud}rqhv/ sru hmhpsor> txh vh ohh 5 hv d 6 frpr 9 hv d <
61 Vh glfh txh d hv gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d e vl | vor vl h{lvwh xqd frqvwdqwh t wdo txh Vh glfh txh d hv lqyhuvdpdqwh sursruflrqdo d e vl h{lvwh xqd frqvwdqwh t wdo txh d@t Hq dperv fdvrv t vh oodpd idfwru gh sursruflrqdolgdg | jhqhudophqwh vh wlhqh t A 31 4 e d @ te
59
Hmhuflflr 49 Vl ho udglr gho flolqgur glvplqx|h hq xq 43( plhqwudv txh vx dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45( hq tx wdqwr sruflhqwr ydudq d, Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur e, Ho duh odwhudo gho flolqgur Vroxflq= Vhd u = udglr lqlfldo gho flolqgur/ k = dowxud lqlfldo gho flolqgur d, Vl ho udglr glvplqx|h hq xq 43( hqwrqfhv ho qxhyr udglr uq vhu Vl od dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45( hqwrqfhv od qxhyd dowxud kq vhu oxhjr ho qxhyr yroxphq vhu Yq kq @ k . 3> 45k @ 4> 45k uq @ u +3> 4,u @ 3> <u
41 +d, Sdudohohsshgr gh dulvwdv {/ |/ }1 Yroxphq= Y @ {|} Duhd= D @ 5{| . 5{} . 5|} +e, Flolqgur gh udglr u | dowxud k1 Yroxphq= Y @ u5 k Duhd= D @ 5u5 . 5uk +f, Frqr uhfwr gh udglr edvdo u | dowxud k1 Yroxphq= Y @ 4 u5 k s6 Duhd= D @ u u5 . k5 +g, Hvihud gh udglr u1 Yroxphq= Y @ 7 u6 6 Duhd= D @ 7u5
hvwr hv/ ho yroxphq glvplqx|h hq 3> 3<5;u5 k xqlgdghv> hv ghflu/ glvplqx|h hq <> 5;( e, Ho uhd gho flolqgur vhu oxhjr ho uhd odwhudo dxphqwd hq 3> ;(1
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Hmhuflflr 4: Hq xqd suxhed gh pdwhpwlfdv/ ho 45( gh orv hvwxgldqwhv gh xqd fodvh qr uhvroyl xq sure0 ohpd/ ho 65( or uhvroyl frq dojxqrv huuruhv | orv 47 hvwxgldqwhv uhvwdqwhv rewxylhurq od vroxflq fruuhfwd1 Fxqwrv hvwxgldqwhv kded hq od fodvhB Vroxflq= Vhd { ho qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv/ hqwrqfhv 45 { qr uhvroylhurq ho sureohpd 433
65 { uhvroylhurq frq dojxqrv huuruhv ho sureohpd 433 47 = uhvroylhurq ho sureohpd fruuhfwdphqwh 65 45 {. { . 47 @ { 433 433 89{ @ 4733> {@ 4733 @ 58 89
Hmhuflflr 4; Xqd wlhqgd gh dqwlj hgdghv frpsu grv pxheohv hq ' 558=333 | ghvsxv orv yhqgl | rewxyr xq ehqhflr gho 73(1 Fxqwr sdj sru fdgd pxheoh vl ho sulphur ghm xq ehqhflr gho 58( | ho vhjxqgr xq ehqhflr gho 83(B Vroxflq= Vhd { shvrv +hq plohv, or txh oh kd frvwdgr ho sulphu pxheoh hqwrqfhv ho vhjxqgr or frpsu hq +558 {, plo shvrv
hv ghflu/ 4> 58{ plo shvrv1 Ho vhjxqgr glr xq ehqhflr gho 83(/ oxhjr vh yhqgl hq 4> 83+558
Sru klswhvlv/ od wlhqgd frpsu orv grv pxheohv hq 558 plo shvrv | rewxyr xq ehqhflr wrwdo gho 73(/ oxhjr orv grv pxheohv vh yhqglhurq hq Dv/ rewhqhprv od hfxdflq gh grqgh oxhjr 4> 73 558 @ 648 plo shvrv1
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Ho sulphu pxheoh vh yhqgl hq ' <3=333 | ho vhjxqgr hq ' 468=3331 Revhuydflq= Ho wdqwr sru flhqwr gh ehqhflr vh fdofxod hq uhodflq frq ho suhflr gh frvwr +wrpdgr frpr 433(,1
5;
Hmhuflflr 4< Orv glphwurv gh grv flolqgurv vrq hqwuh vfrpr 6 = 7 | vxv dowxudv frpr 8 = 91 BcTx wdqwr sru flhqwr gho yroxphq gho pd|ru gh hoorv hv ho yroxphq gho phqruB Vroxflq= Vhdq g4 > g5 orv glphwurv gh orv flolqgurv | k4 > k5 vxv uhvshfwlydv dowxudv1 Sru klswhvlv gho sureohpd whqhprv odv vljxlhqwhv uhodflrqhv> 6 g4 @ > g5 7 8 k4 @ k5 9
+4145,
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Vroxflq= Vhd y np2ku od yhorflgdg gh od sulphud shuvrqd SD / hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh od vhjxqgd shuvrqd SE vhu gh +y 5, np2ku Od shuvrqd SD wdugdu w4 @ 57 krudv | SE wdugdu w5 @ y575 krudv y Frpr SE oohjd xqd krud pv wdugh txh SD / hqwrqfhv>
57 57 w5 @ w4 . 4 , y 5 y , 57y 57+y 5, , y5 5y 7; , +y ;,+y . 9, , y@;
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Shur y A 3/ dv/ y @ ; np2ku1 Oxhjr od glvwdqfld txh uhfruuh SD hq xqd krud hv gh | SE uhfruuh g4 @ y 4 @ ; np
Hmhuflflr 55 Xq wuhq uslgr ixh reoljdgr d ghwhqhuvh 49 plqxwrv hq xq glvfr urmr1 Sdud uhfxshudu hvwh wlhpsr/ yldm hq xq wudpr gh ;3 nlophwurv 43np2ku pv uslgr txh or qrupdo1 BcFxo hv od yhorflgdg qrupdo gho wuhqB Vroxflq= Vhd y np2ku od yhorflgdg suhylvwd sru ho wuhq +grqgh y A 3,1 Od yhorflgdg uhdo ixh gh +y . 43, np2ku w4 @ w5 @ w4
;3
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Vroxflq= Pxowlsolfdqgr sru 6 od vhjxqgd hfxdflq | vxpqgrvhod d od sulphud vh rewlhqh od hfxdflq gh grqgh { @ 4 1 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hvwh ydoru hq fxdotxlhud gh odv grv hfxdflrqhv vh rewlhqh | @ 6 1 7 7 Oxhjr od vroxflq gho vlvwhpd hv { @ 4> | @ 6 7 7 49{ @ 7
r ho sxqwr +{> |, @ +4@7> 6@7, Od lqwhusuhwdflq jhrpwulfd gh hvwd vroxflq hv ho sxqwr gh lqwhuvhfflq gh odv uhfwdv fx|dv hfxdflrqhv vrq { 6| @ 5 | 8{ . | @ 5 frpr vh pxhvwud hq od vljxlhqwh jxud
64
Hmhuflflr 57 Xq flhuwr qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq xqd uhvlghqfldo1 Vl vh xelfdudq grv hvwxgldqwhv sru kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv txhgdudq 5 hvwxgldqwhv vlq slh}d1 Vl vh xelfdudq 6 hvwxgldqwhv sru kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv vreududq 5 slh}dv1 Fxqwdv kdelwdflrqhv glvsrqleohv kd| hq od uhvlghqfldo | fxqwrv hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq hoodB Vroxflq= Vhdq { = qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv | = qphur gh kdelwdflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv srghprv uhsuhvhqwdu ho sureohpd phgldqwh odv hfxdflrqhv { 5| @ 5 { 6+| 5, @ 3 ghvshmdqgr { gh od sulphud hfxdflq | uhhpso}dqgroh hq od vhjxqgd/ |@; Sru or wdqwr kd| ; kdelwdflrqhv | 4; hvwxgldqwhv1 { @ 4;
65
Vroxflq= Vhdq { @= orqjlwxg gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv | @= dqfkr gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od fdmd wlhqh odv glphqvlrqhv vljxlhqwhv +yhu jxud yhujxud dqwhulru,= orqjlwxg = +{ ;, fp dqfkr = +| ;, fp dowxud = 7 fp
Hmhuflflr 58 Xqd fkdsd uhfwdqjxodu gh hvwdr gh shuphwur <9 fp vh xvd sdud kdfhu xqd fdmd vlq wdsd1 Sdud hoor vh uhfruwd xq fxdgudgr gh 7 fp gh odgr hq fdgd hvtxlqd | vh xqhq orv erughv/ +yhu jxud dqwhulru,1 Fxohv vrq odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fkdsd vl ho yroxphq gh od fdmd hv gh :9;B fp6 =
7+{ +{
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Hmhuflflr 59 Xq reuhur kdfh xq flhuwr qphur gh slh}dv lgqwlfdv hq xq wlhpsr ghwhuplqdgr1 Vl kxelhud khfkr 43 slh}dv pv fdgd gd/ kdeud whuplqdgr ho wudedmr frpsohwr hq 7 4 gdv dqwhv gh or suhylvwr/ | vl 5 kxelhvh khfkr 8 slh}dv phqrv fdgd gd kdeud wdugdgr 6 gdv pv gh or suhylvwr1 Fxqwdv slh}dv kl}r | hq fxqwr wlhpsrB Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho reuhur kdfh { slh}dv hq | gdv1 Hqwrqfhv surgxfh { slh}dv sru gd/ sru | klswhvlv/ vl kxelhud uhdol}dgr { . 43 slh}dv / kdeud frpsohwdgr ho wudedmr hq | 7 4 gdv1 Oxhjr frpr | 5 7 4 @ < whqhprv 5 5 < { . 43 | @{ | 5 Dv/ rewhqhprv ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd { | 43| < { 5| 8| . 6 { | 8 +| . 6, @ {= @ 78 @ 48 { @ 83 |
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Hmhuflflr 5: Grv reuhurv wlhqhq txh kdfhu xq wudedmr frqvlvwhqwh hq phfdql}du xq orwh gh slh}dv lgqwlfdv1 Ghvsxv txh ho sulphur kd wudedmdgr gxudqwh : krudv | ho vhjxqgr gxudqwh 7 krudv/ kdq frpsohwdgr 8 gho < 4 wrwdo gho wudedmr1 Vl vljxlhudq wudedmdqgr orv grv d od yh} gxudqwh 7 krudv pv/ ohv txhgdud sru kdfhu 4; gho wudedmr1 Fxqwr wdugdud fdgd xqr hq kdfhu ho wudedmr frpsohwrB
Frpr ghvsxv wudedmdq mxqwrv rwudv 7 krudv/ kduq 4 sru or wdqwr whqhprv od hfxdflq Uhvwqgrod gh od sulphud/ rewhqhprv gh grqgh { @ 4;1 Hqwrqfhv
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vh wudqvsruwd hq { krudv kdflhqgr fdgd fdplq gh 6 wrqhodgdv | yldmhv sru krud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd fdplq gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgd kdu | . 4 yldmhv sru krud1 Sru klswhvlv/ od sduwh uhvwdqwh gh phufdqfdv +hv ghflu/ 9<306:8@648 wrqhodgdv, vh wudqvsruw hq { 5 krudv/ kdflhqgr orv fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv | . 4 yldmhv sru krud | orv fdplrqhv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgdv +| . 4, . 4 @ | . 5 yldmhv sru krud1 Rewhqhprv dvho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv 8 6+{ 8 6{| . 43 5,+| . 4, . 43 6 +{ 5
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i +j k, @ +i j, k |d txh wlhqhq ljxdo grplqlr/ uhfruulgr | uhodflq +iupxod, txh odv ghqh1 Hq orv gldjudpdv vljxlhqwhv vh ylvxdol}dq orv sdvrv khfkrv hq ho ghvduuroor1 Sdud i +j k, | sdud +i j, k Hmhuflflr 44< Vhdq U $ U. > ` 3
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jk
4> 4^F
i +jk,
U $ U. > ` 3
Vroxflq= Hq sulphu oxjdu ghwhuplqhprv +j i,+{,1 s j+ { 4,> { A 4 +j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @ j+{6 ,> {4 s 6 Shur s od ixqflq j wlhqh glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl { 4 | { vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh fhur1 Frpr { 4 A 3/ sdud wrgr { A 4 vh whqgu txh s s j+ { 4, @ + { 4,5 > vl { A 4 Shur {6 wlhqh grv frpsruwdplhqwrv hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 4`/ d vdehu/ {6 A 3 vl { 5`3> 4` | {6 3 vl { 5` 4> 3`1 Dv/ ; s ? + { 4,5 > { A 4 { 5`3> 4` +j i,+{, @ +{6 ,5 > = 5+{6 , . 4> { 3 Ilqdophqwh fdofxohprv +i j,+{, {A4 i +{5 ,> +i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ i +5{ . 4,> { 4
Ghwhuplqh i j | j i 1
i+{, @
s { {6 >
4> 4^F
i j,k,
$
$ ^ 5> 4^
i j
Shur od ixqflq i wlhqh wdpelq glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl {5 | 5{ . 4 vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh xqr1 Fodudphqwh {5 A 4 vl { A 4 | 3 ? {5 4 vl 3 ? { 41 Sru rwur odgr 5{ . 4 4 vl { 31 Frq wrgd hvwd lqirupdflq whqhprv txh ; 5 6 3?{4 ? +{ , > s +i j,+{, @ {5 4> { A 4 = +5{ . 4,6 > { 3
478
51815
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv xqdv ghqlflrqhv txh qrv vhuq wlohv sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv/ |d txh hoodv wlhqhq txh yhu frq or txh vxfhgh do dsolfdu xqd ixqflq d dperv odgrv gh xqd lqhfxdflq/ sru hmhpsor hohydu do fxdgudgr1 Ghqlflq 518 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh fuhflhqwh hq D/ vl hv yhugdghud od vljxlhqwh lpsolfdflq= ghfuhflhqwh hq D= hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq D= hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq D= +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,> +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,> +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, ? i +y,,> +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, A i +y,,=
Fodudphqwh/ i hv fuhflhqwh vl p A 31 Vl p @ 3 vh wlhqh od ixqflq frqvwdqwh i +{, @ e txh hv fuhflhqwh | ghfuhflhqwh d od yh}1 Jufdphqwh vh lqwhusuhwd frpr vljxh= Xqd ixqflq vhu hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl hvwdqgr sdudgr hq fxdotxlhu sxqwr gh od jufd gh od ixqflq vh frplhq}d d fdplqdu vreuh od jufd hq od gluhfflq srvlwlyd gho hmh R[/ qhfhvduldphqwh vh frplhq}d d vxelu hq ho jufr1 Hq ho fdvr gh fuhflhqwh vor vh sxhgh dvhjxudu txh qr edmd1 Hmhpsor 454 Od ixqflq i+{, @ Hq jhqhudo= 1 s { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv sdud wrgr {> | 5 U. s s { ? | , { ? |=
Hmhpsor 453 Od ixqflq i +{, @ p{ . e hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl p hv qhjdwlyr1 Hq hihfwr/ vhdq x> y 5 U/ hqwrqfhv x ? y , px A py , px . e A py . e , i +x, A i+y,
Hv ghflu/ xqd ixqflq i vhu hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl lqylhuwh ho rughq/ hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl frqvhuyd ho rughq1
s Hmhpsor 455 Od ixqflq i+{, @ q { frq q 5 Q hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1 Hq hihfwr hq od vhfflq gh qphurv uhdohv vh sure sru ho frurodulr 414; txh s s +;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , q { ? q |, Hmhpsor 456 Od ixqflq i+{, @ ^{` hv fuhflhqwh1 Hq hihfwr +;{> | 5 U,+{ ? | , ^{` ^|`, { ? | shur ^{` @ ^|` @ 4
479
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
Hmhpsor 457 Od ixqflq i+{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 U. wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 > shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U/ sxhvwr txh h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 4 5 U wdohv txh { ? | shur {5 9? | 5 = Sru rwud sduwh/ qrwhprv txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 . U wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 oxhjr {5 A | 5 / hv ghflu/ Sursrvlflq 519 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwhv wdohv txh Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv j i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq Grpi 1 Ghprvwudflq= Hv fodur txh vl Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1 Vhd {> | 5 Grpj i wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv/ gdgr txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh whqhprv i +{, ? i+|, +;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , i +{, A i+|,,
| sxhvwr txh j wdpelq hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv hq frqvhfxhqfld j+i +{,, ? j+i +|,, { ? | , +j i,+{, ? +j i ,+|, i hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq 4 vh
Vroxflq= Vhd {> | 5 G wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv i+{, i+|, sxhv i hv fuhflhqwh/ pxowlsolfdqgr sru wlhqh i +{, i +|, i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq G1 {?|, i+{, i+|,
Hmhuflflr 459 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh1 41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv Uhf+i . j, @ Uhfi ^ Uhfj=
51 Vhdq i / j | k ixqflrqhv wdohv txh G @ Grpi @ Grpj @ Grpk 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv +i . j,k @ i k . jk hq G k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G 61 Vl Uhfk _ Grp+i . j, 9@ > | G @ Grp+i . j, k/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
47:
Vroxflq=
j i @ Lg> ;{ 5 Grpi
ixqflrqhv1 Uhfi @ i 4j/ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^1 Oxhjr Sru rwud sduwh/ fx|r uhfruulgr hv ^ 4> 4^1
i . j = ^4> 4^ $ s U { { $
++i . j,k,+{, @ @ @ @ @
oxhjr/ gh grqgh
+k+i . j,,+{, @ @ @ @ @
k+{,+i . j,+{, k+{,+i+{, . j+{,, k+{,i +{, . k+{,j+{, +ki,+{, . +kj,+{, +ki . kj,+{,
: Hq uhdolgdg ho vperor Lg hvw ghqrwdqgr ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq lghqwlgdg / shur jhqhudophqwh vhuq ixqflrqhv glvwlqwdv/ ghshqglhqgr gho Grplqlr gh ghqlflq1 Dvkd| LgU / Lgdf>o hwf1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
oxhjr/ gh grqgh
++i . j, k,+{, @ @ @ @
hqwrqfhv Grp+j . k, @ Grpj _ Grpk @ U 9@ > | Uhf+j . k, U @ Grpi / dghpv +i +j . k,,+{, @ @ @ @ i ++j . k,+{,, i +j+{, . k+{,, i +{5 . 5{, {5 . 5{ . 4
i +{, @ { . 4 j+{, @ {5
k+{, @ 5{
Shur +i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ {5 . 4 | +i k,+{, @ i+k+{,, @ 5{ . 4/ oxhjr/ sru or wdqwr +i j,+{, . +i k,+{, @ {5 . 5{ . 5> i +j . k, 9@ i j . i k i +{, @ j+{, @ {
81 Idovr1 Odv ixqflrqhv i | j wdo txh vrq ghfuhflhqwhv hq U/ vlq hpedujr ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
91 Idovr1 Vhd
i+{, @
i+{, @ { hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4` | i +{, @ { 6 hv fuhflhqwh hq `4> 4^1 Vlq hpedujr i qr hv fuhflhqwh ` 4> 4`^`4> 4^@ U sxhv +sru hmhpsor,/ h{lvwh { @ 3 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U wdohv txh { ? | shur 3 @ i +{, 9? i +|, @ 41 +i Lg,+{, @ i +Lg+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G i LgG @ LgUhf i i @ i i Lg @ Lg i @ i
47<
| vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh Uhfi Grpj | j i @ Lg/ hqwrqfhv Vl { @ 4 vh wlhqh txh Vl { @ 5/ vh wlhqh txh +j i,+{, @ {> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U +j i,+4, @ j+i +4,, @ j+4, @ 4
i= U $ U { $ 4
Dqorjdphqwh/ vl i hv ixqflq gh D hq E qr qhfhvduldphqwh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh i j @ LgE > ;{ 5 Grpj= i j @ LgE
hv ghflu/ j+4, wlhqh grv ydoruhv 4 | 5 gh grqgh j qr hv ixqflq/ or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr1
Vlq hpedujr/ edmr flhuwdv frqglflrqhv hv srvleoh txh hvwr rfxuud/ hv ghflu/ txh sdud xqd ixqflq i gh D hq E h{lvwd j gh E hq D +oodpdgd od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i, wdo txh |
Yhuhprv pv dghodqwh txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh lqyhuvd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1 Ho frqfhswr gh lq|hfwlylgdg ; lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho uhfruulgr gh i oh fruuhvsrqgh xqd qlfd suhlpdjhq hq ho grplqlr gh i 1 Ho gh hsl|hfwlylgdg lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd oh fruuhvsrqgh sru or phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq/ hq rwudv sdodeudv/ ho frqmxqwr gh lpjhqhv gh i +uhfruulgr gh i , gheh vhu ljxdo do frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1 Ghqlflq 51: Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Hmhpsor 45: Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru +;x> y 5 D,+i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y, i= U i4j $ U { $ 5{.4 { 4
j i @ LgD
oxhjr/
; Rwur
i4j wdohv txh i +x, @ i+y,1 Vh wlhqh= @ @ @ @ @ i +y, 5y .4 y 4 +5y . 4,+x 4, 5yx 5y . x 4 y i4j
qrpeuh xwlol}dgr hq od olwhudwxud frpr vlqqlpr gh lq|hfwlyd hv 404 +vh ohh xqr d xqr ,1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
i= U $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
Vroxflq= i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ hq hihfwr i+4, @ i + 5, @ 6/ shur 4 9@ 51 Hv ghflu d | @ 6 5 Uhfi oh fruuhvsrqghq grv suhlpjhqhv= 4/051 Revhuyhprv od jufd gh i hq ho sulphu jufr vljxlhqwh
Qrwhprv txh do wud}du xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vwd sxhgh fruwdu d od fxuyd hq grv sxqwrv +h{fhswr hq | @ 6@7 d txlhq vor oh fruuhvsrqgh od suhlpdjhq {@0425, Fodudphqwh vh revhuyd txh vl vh uhvwulqjh od ixqflq do lqwhuydor ^ 4@5> 4^ do lqwhuydor ` 4> 4@5`/ hqwrqfhv vh rewlhqhq ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv/ hv ghflu/ i = ^ 4@5> 4^ $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
i= `
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv +jufrv fhqwudo | ghuhfkr gh jxud dqwhulru uhvshfwlydphqwh,1 Ghwhuplqhprv dqdowlfdphqwh hq tx lqwhuydor i hv lq|hfwlyd Vhdq x> y 5 U wdo txh i+x, @ i+y,1 vh wlhqh= i +x, @ i+y, +, x5 . x . 4 @ y 5 . y . 4 +, x5 y 5 @ y x +, +x y,+x . y, . +x y, @ 3 +, +x y,+x . y . 4, @ 3 +, x@y b y.x.4@3 Qrwhprv txh x @ y a x . y . 4 @ 3/ vl x @ y @ 4@51 Exvfduhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr gh i hq ho fxdo vh fxpsod= Qrwhprv txh , , , , x @ y | x . y . 4 9@ 3 ;x> y 5 G i
4 5
4> 4@5^ $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
x @ y a x . y . 4 9@ 3 x @ y a +x . y . 4 A 3 b x . y . 4 ? 3, +x @ y a x . y . 4 A 3, b +x @ y a x . y . 4 ? 3, 5x . 4 A 3 b 5x . 4 ? 3 x A 4@5 b x ? 4@5
484
shur 4@5 shuwhqhfh do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg1 Oxhjr/ srghprv frqvlghudu frpr grplqlrv gh lq|hfwlylgdg= r elhq Dv/ G @` 4> 4@5`
G @ ^ 4@5> 4^ i mG = ` i mG = ^ 4@5> 4^ $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv frpr |d vh ylr jufdphqwh< Hmhuflflr 45< Ghpxhvwuh txh i = U $ U { $ {6 hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1
4> 4@5` $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ U wdohv txh i+x, @ i +y, vh wlhqh i +x, @ +, x6 @ 6 +, x y6 @ 5 +, +x y,+x . xy . y5 , @ +, x@y b oxhjr/ @ y5 7y5 @
i +y, y6 3 3 x5 . xy . y5 @ 3
x5 . xy . y5 A 3> ;x> y 5 U
i3j
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpj @ U wdohv txh j+x, @ j+y, vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh= j+x, x +, x5 .8 5 +, x+y . 8, +, xy5 . 8x +, xy5 yx5 +, xy+y x, +, xy+y x, 8+y x, +, +y x,+xy 8, +, x@y
<
j= U $ U { $ j+{, @ {5{ .8 hv lq|hfwlyd1 Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv sdud txh or vhd1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ b j+y, y y5 .8 y+x5 . 8, yx5 . 8y 8y 8x 8+y x, 3 3 xy 8 @ 3
4 6 x5 . xy . y5 @ +x . y,5 . y 5 A 3 ;x> y 5 U 5 7
i3j
iG
lqglfd
uhvwulqjlgd do grplqlr
485
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr grqgh j vhd lq|hfwlyd1 Qrwhprv txh
vl
x@y x@y@
s 8 b x@y@
a xy @ 8
Shur
Dkrud elhq=
$ U $ j+{, @ {5{ .8
Revhuyhprv ho jufr gh j hq
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpk wdohv txh k+x, @ k+y,1 Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh x @ y k+x, @ k+y, +, +j i,+x, @ +j i,+y, +, j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,,
Sursrvlflq 51; Vl i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r elhq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd1
Hmhuflflr 465 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i 1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl k hv lq|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv i wdpelq or hv1 Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ D wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,1 Ghehprv qxhydphqwh ghprvwudu txh x @ y1 Frpr i+x, @ i +y, | j hv ixqflq whqguhprv txh j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,, gh grqgh k+x, @ k+y,/ shur frpr k hv 404 vh wlhqh txh x @ y1
Frpr j hv 404 vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh i+x, @ i +y,/ | vlhqgr i lq|hfwlyd/ uhvxowd txh x @ y or txh ghpxhvwud od sursrvlflq
486
Ghprvwudflq= Vlq suglgd gh jhqhudolgdg +v1s1j1,/ vxsrqjdprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/ +;x> y 5 Grpi ,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y,, +51<, | vxsrqjdprv dghpv txh i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwluq x> y 5 Grpi wdohv txh i +x, @ i+y, a x 9@ y xAybx?y gh grqgh
or txh frqwudglfh 51<1 Od ghprvwudflq hv dqorjd vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ txhgd sdud ho ohfwru uhsurgxfluod1 Qrwh txh ho uhfsurfr gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru qr hv flhuwr1 Xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd qr hv qhfhvduldphqwh hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuh od ixqflq | @ 4@{ uhsuhvhqwdgd sru od jufd gh od klsuerod htxlowhud> hvwd ixqflq hv lq|hfwlyd shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ql hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh Ghqlflq 51< Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh hsl|hfwlyd r vreuh|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Uhfi @ E1 Hmhpsor 466 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru i = U. $ U 3 s { $ i +{, @ {
Hvwd ixqflq qr hv hsl|hfwlyd/ sxhv Uhfi @ U. 9@ U1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl vh uhvwulqjh ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd d 3 U. / hqwrqfhv 3 i = U. $ U. 3 3 s { $ i +{, @ { vhv xqd ixqflq hsl|hfwlyd1 Hmhpsor 467 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru i= ` Revhuyh txh xqd ixqflq i = D $ Uhfi hv vlhpsuh hsl|hfwlyd1 4> 4^ $ U { $ i+{, @
Uhvwulqmdprv grplqlr | uhfruulgr gh prgr txh i vhd lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1 4> 4^ wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y, i +x, @ 4 @ 4 5 4 y @ x,+x . y, @ x@y b i +y,
s {5
4 4
Qrwhprv txh vl x @ 3 hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd txh x @ y a y . x @ 31 Hv fodur txh orv lqwhuydorv gh lq|hfwlylgdg gh i vrq ^3> 4^ | ` 4> 3`/ hv ghflu/ odv ixqflrqhv i4 = ` 4> 3` $ U { $ i+{, @
, +, +, +y +,
s x5 s
s4 y5 4 x5 3 x.y @3
4
s {5
4 4
i5 = ^3> 4^ $ U { $ i+{, @
s {5
4 4
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
@ i +{, @ s 44 {5 @ 4 4{5 5 @ | |5 4
|A3
frq | 5
43
s {5
4 4
Ghqlflq 5143 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh el|hfwlyd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd1 i = U. $ U3 3 { $ i +{, @ s {
| hv ghflu/
+ {, @ {
s s {, @ + {,5 @ { ;{ 5 U. 3 a j i @ LgU. 3
;{ 5 U3
Odv ixqflrqhv txh fxpsohq frq hvwd surslhgdg vh glfhq lqyhuwleohv/ vhjq vh h{solfd d frqwlqxdflq1
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV Surslhgdg 5144 Vl i = D $ E hv el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd qlfd i e, +i d, i i
4 4 4
grqgh
Ghqlflq 5145 Vl i = D $ E hv xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i vh ghqh frpr i 4= E $ D | $ { @ i 4 +|, Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru od lqyhuvd gh i hv j | od lqyhuvd gh k hv o1 Uhfsurfdphqwh od lqyhuvd gh j hv i | od | @ i +{, r {@i
4
Od ixqflq i
@ LgE | i @i
i @ LgD
+|,
lqyhuvd gh o hv k1 Revhuyhprv odv jufdv gh i | j 43 hq od jxud Sdud rewhqhu i 4 gh xqd ixqflq i el|hfwlyd ghehprv ghvshmdu { gh od hfxdflq | @ i +{,/ frpr vh h{solfd hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv1 Hmhpsor 46: Hq ho hmhpsor 467 ylprv txh od ixqflq i = ^3> 4^ $ ^4> 4^ { $ i+{, @ | @ i +{, t 5 +, { @ | |5 4
4
s {5
4 4
{@i i
4
+|, @
= ^4> 4^ $ ^3> 4^ | $ i
4
|5 4 |5 t 5 | 4 |5
+|, @
43 Gdgd od jufd gh i hq xqd krmd wudqvsdudqwh/ sdud frqrfhu od jufd gh vx lqyhuvd edvwd urwdu orv hmhv hq eD frqwud uhorm | gdu yxhowd od krmd | pludu sru ghwuv od jxud> hvwd owlpd fruuhvsrqghu d od jufd gh od lqyhuvd gh i 1
489
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
Hv frvwxpeuh uhvhuydu od ohwud { sdud orv hohphqwrv gho grplqlr gh xqd ixqflq/ oxhjr/ or dqwhulru vh hvfuleh i
4
= ^4> 4^ $ ^3> 4^ { $ i 4
4
+{, @
ixqflrqhv1
j= U $ U { $ j+{, @ { . 8
{5 4 {5
od h{suhvlq +| . 4,5 hvw ghqlgd sdud wrgr | hq U/ shur | . 4 3/ Sru or wdqwr i hv hsl|hfwlyd1 Dvsru +l, | +ll, i hv el|hfwlyd1 i e, Sxhvwr txh Uhfi od ljxdogdg k i @ j/ hv ghflu/
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4 Hmhpsor 4:< + 5q5 ,4 frqyhujh d fhur |d txh hood hv xqd vxevxfhvlq gh + 54 ,4 1 q@4 q q@4
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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Fkdswhu 7
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714
Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
71414
Ghqlflq 714 Vhd s 5 U | D U +s qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq D,1 Gluhprv txh s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / frqwlhqh dojq sxqwr d 5 D glihuhqwh gh s1 Hq qrwdflq pv irupdo ; % A 3 <d 5 D / 3 ? md ; % A 3 / +Ys> % isj, _ D 9@ != sm ? %=
Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflq
Ho frqmxqwr ghulydgr gh D/ ghqrwdgr sru D3 / hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gh dfxpxodflq gh D/ hv ghflu/ Hmhpsor 56: Vhd D @ `6> :`1 Frpr wrgd yhflqgdg gh 6 lqwhuvhfwd d D vh wlhqh txh 6 hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D +hv ghflu/ 6 5 D3 ,1 Hq irupd iflo vh sxhgh yhu txh D3 @ ^6> :`1 Xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du orv sxqwrv gh dfxpxodflq/ hvw gdgd hq od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq 4> 5^^i7j ^ ^8> :^1 7 qr hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D sxhv h{lvwh Y @`6> 8^ i7j, _ D @ !1 D3 @ is 5 U = s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh Dj=
Sursrvlflq 715 Vhd D U qr ydfr s 5 D3 vl | vror vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s frqwlhqh lqqlwrv sxqwrv gh D
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wrgrv sxqwrv gh D1
Hmhpsor 577 Vhd J @ ]1 Fodudphqwh vh yh txh qlqjq sxqwr gh ] hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq |d txh wrpdqgr/ s 5 ]/ yhflqgdg Ys> 4 / hood vor wlhqh xq sxqwr hq frpq frq ]/ | vl s 5 U ] vlhpsuh h{lvwh 7 xqd yhflqgdg txh qr frqwlhqh sxqwrv gh ]1 Oxhjr whqhprv J3 @ !1
Hmhpsor 576 Vhd H @ T hqwrqfhv H 3 @ U/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq I @ L +luudflrqdohv,/ I 3 @ U1 Hvwrv uhvxowdgrv vh ghehq do khfkr txh wrgr lqwhuydor wlhqh lqqlwrv udflrqdohv/ hq ho sulphu fdvr/ r lqqlwrv luudflrqdohv/ hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr
Ghqlflq 717 Xq sxqwr s hq D vh glfh dlvodgr/ vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / wdo txh +Ys isj,_D @ !
4 Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru ] hvw irupdgr vor sru sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq Q | frq i q = q 5 Qj 3 / whqhprv od fhuwh}d txh duelwuduldphqwh fhufd gh s vlhpsuh kd| hohphqwrv gh D/ Revhuydflq= Vl s 5 D hvwr qr rfxuuh vl s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr gh D1
hv ghflu/ orv hohphqwrv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqrv d s +orv sxqwrv gh od yhqflqgdg Ys ,/ vdoyr ho plvpr s/ txh vrq wrpdgrv sru i+{, +|d txh ghehq hvwu hq D @ Grpi , wlhqh vxv lpdjhqhv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqdv d O +|d txh ghehq hvwdu hq YO , Qrwdflq= olp i+{, @ O olp i +{, @ O i +{, $ O {$s s {$s
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71415
Od ghqlflq dqwhulru hv qhfhvdulr hvfuleluod hq xq ohqjxdmh txh qrv shuplwd rshudu frq hood1 Frpr odv yhflqgdghv gh O vrq gh od irupd YO> % / od iudvh sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh O htxlydoh d wrpdu fxdotxlhu % A 3 +; % A 3,> or plvpr rfxuuh frq odv yhflqgdghv gh s/ Ys> / hq hvwh fdvr ho fxdqwlfdgru hq od ghqlflq hv h{lvwh/ < A 3
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71416
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558
hv ghflu/ vl Y @ i{ 5 U = m{ 5m ? 4j/ hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh= ;{ 5 Y> m{ 4m ? 5 | m8{+{ 6,.43m ? 8 5m{ 4m1 % Gh hvwd irupd/ gdgr % A 3/ h{lvwh ? 43 | ? 4 wdo txh m{ m{ Dv/ 5m ? 5m ? 5m ? , m{ , m{ 4m ? 5 +|d txh ? 4 , { 5 Y ,
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71417
D frqwlqxdflq yhuhprv xq whruhpd txh hv xwlol}dgr sdud suredu od qr h{lvwhqfld gh oplwhv/ ho whruhpd gh xqlflgdg Whruhpd 719 +gh xqlflgdg, Ho oplwh gh xqd ixqflq +hq xq sxqwr, hv qlfr Vhd D U> i = D $ U ixqflq > d 5 D3 1 Vl h{lvwh ho oplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d hqwrqfhv olp{$d i+{, hv qlfr1 Hv ghflu/ vl olp i+{, @ O4 | olp i +{, @ O5 hqwrqfhv O4 @ O5 {$d {$d
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559
Hv fodur txh E @ D _ +Y5 idj, _ +Y4 idj, 9@ ! +hv lpsrvleoh txh vhd ydfd od lqwhuvhfflq |d txh dpedv vrq yhflqgdghv gh d | d hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D sru or wdqwr i+E, YO4 a i +E, YO5
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Whruhpd 71: 5 Vhd E D U> s 5 E 3 +sru or wdqwr s 5 D3 ,1 Vhd i = D $ U | j @ imE 1 Vl olp{$s i +{, @ O hqwrqfhv olp{$s j+{, @ O1 Uhflsurfdphqwh1 Vl E frqwlhqh xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s vh wlhqh txh vl olp{$s j+{, @ O hqwrqfhv olp{$s i+{, @ O1
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5 Hmhpsor 586 Vhd i +{, @ m{ 5m > { 9@ 5/ { Surehprv olp{$5 i+{, qr h{lvwh +Sru ho devxugr,1 Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$5 i+{, h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ olp{$5 i +{, @ O1 frq O 5 U oxhjr/ vl frqvlghudprv
Od rwud sduwh gho whruhpd uhdo}d ho frqfhswr gh oplwh hq ho vhqwlgr txh edvwd dqdol}du orv sxqwrv fhufdqrv d s1
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+714,
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olp i m @ O+sru whruhpd 71:, {$3 E 4 4 @ vhq +5q, @ 3> ;q 5 Q Shur imD +d, @ vhq + d ,> d 5 D/ | vhq+ d , @ vhq 4 4 5q sru or wdqwr olp i m @ olp 3 @ 3> dv O @ 3 {$3 D {$3 4 Sru rwud sduwh/ imE +e, @ vhq+ 4 ,> e 5 E | frpr e @ 5q.@5 /hqwrqfhv e olp i m @ O {$3 D a Dv i mE +e, @ 4> ;e 5 E gh grqgh O @ 4/ or txh frqwudglfh 715 vhq 4 @ vhq +5q . @5, @ vhq@5 @ 4= e
4 Hmhpsor 587 Hq irupd dqdorjd vh suxhed od qr h{lvwhqfld gh olp{$3 i +{,/ grqgh i +{, @ vhq+ { ,/ { 5 U i3j Vhd 4 4 = q 5 Qj> E @ i = q 5 Qj D@i 5q 5q . @5 dperv wlhqhq d 3 frpr sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$3 i +{, @ O/ sru or wdqwr
+715,
Ghqlflq 71; Ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq d vh hqwlhqgh frpr ho oplwh vljxlhqwh olp{$d im`d>4^ | vh dqrwd olp{$d. i+{,1+vl d hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh `d> 4^_Grpi 9@ !,6 Dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr frpr olp{$d im` 4>d^ | vh ghqrwd frpr olp{$d i +{,1+vl d hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh ` 4> d^_Grpi 9@ ! Sru whruhpd dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh= Vl i hvw ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d +qr qhfhvduldphqwh ghqlgd hq d, hqwrqfhv l, Vl olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | hv ljxdo d O/ hqwrqfhv dperv oplwhv odwhudohv h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv1 Sru frqvljxlhqwh xvdqgr od htxlydohqfld s , t +, t , s whqhprv= +
715
Oplwhv Odwhudohv
ll, Vl orv oplwh odwhudohv qr h{lvwhq r vrq glihuhqwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{, qr h{lvwh1 +lqvlvwlpr hq txh vlhpsuh txh i hvw ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d,
{5 .9{.; { A 7 {.7 {5 49 {5 .:{.45 { ? 7 Fdofxohprv orv oplwhv odwhudohv hq { @ 71 Qrwhprv txh i hvw ghqlgd hq U
i+{, @ {5 49 olp d, olp i+{, @ {$ 7 {$ 7 {5 . :{ . 45 +{ . 7,+{ 7, @ olp {$ 7 +{ . 6,+{ . 7, { 7 @ olp {$ 7 { . 6 ; @ 4 @ ;
i 7j1
55;
{5 . 9{ . ; +{ . 5,+{ . 7, e, olp i +{, @ olp @ olp . @ olp . { . 5 @ 5 {.7 {.7 {$ 7. {$ 7. {$ 7 {$ 7 Sru d, | e, vh wlhqh olp{$ 7 i+{, 9@ olp{$ 7. i +{, oxhjr olp{$ 7 i+{, qr h{lvwh1 s Hmhpsor 589 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i +{, @ { s Khprv ylvwr hq xq hmhpsor dqwhulru txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv 31 Vlq hpedujr qr srghprv dupdu txh dperv oplwhv odwhudohv h{lvwdq1 Hq hvwh fdvr/ gho Grpi @ U. / oxhjr i qr hvwd ghqlgd hq 3 wrgr xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwhqjd d 31 Revhuydprv od ghprvwudflq gho hmhpsor 57; hv fodur txh s s olp { @ olp. { @ 3 {$3 {$3 Vreuh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr vh wlhqh txh od sursrvlflq s +; % A 3,+< A 3,+{ 5 Grpi a ? { ? 3 , m { Om ? %,
hv yhugdghud sdud wrgr O +O 5 U, |d txh qr h{lvwh { hq U txh fxpsoh { 5 Grpi a ? { ? 31 s { @ O sdud wrgr O 5 U Gh hvwd irupd dsduhqwdphqwh olp{$3 Shur 3 qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh ` 4> 3^_Grpi @ !1 Sru or wdqwr ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr hq { @ 3 qr vh sxhgh fdofxodu +qr wlhqh vhqwlgr od h{suhvlq,1 olp i+{, @ O +, {$d. +; % A 3,+< 4 A 3,++3 ? { d ? 4 a { 5 Grpi, , mi+{, Om ? %, olp i+{, @ O +, {$d +; % A 3,+< 5 A 3,++ 5 ? { d ? 3 a { 5 Grpi, , mi+{, Om ? %, olp i +{, @ olp i+{, @ O {$d {$d.
Revhuydflq= Hq wuplqrv gh > % od ghqlflq gh oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr | odwhudo l}txlhugr hv= +716, +717,
Dkrud/ vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv orv oplwhv odwhudohv gh xqd ixqflq i hq { @ d/ hv ghflu/ Hqwrqfhv srghprv dupdu txh olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d i +{, @ O1 Hq hihfwr= Gdgr txh h{lvwhq orv oplwhv odwhudohv hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh 716 | 7171 Vhd % A 3 | frqvlghuhprv @ plqi 4 > 5 j hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh { 5 Grpi a 3 ? { d ? ? 4 , mi +{, { 5 Grpi a 5 A A { d A 3 , mi +{, ?{
Om ? % Om ? %
gh grqgh=
Whruhpd 71< Vl orv oplwhv odwhudohv hq { @ d h{lvwhq +vh sxhghq fdofxodu, | dperv vrq ljxdohv d O hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d i+{, @ O1 i +{, @ +
d ? a { 9@ d, , mi+{,
Om ? %
Ghwhuplqhprv vl h{lvwh olp{$4 i+{,1 6 4 Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ olp{$4 { 4 @ olp{$4 {5 . { . 4 @ 6 { s | olp{$4. i+{, @ olp{$4. <{ @ 6 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 i+{, @ olp{$4. i +{, @ 61 Oxhjr/ sru whruhpd dqwhulru olp{$4 i+{, @ 61
{6 4 { s 4 <{
{?4 {4
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV Hmhpsor 58; Vhd i +{, @ { . m{ 5m / yhultxhprv txh i+{, qr wlhqh o plwh hq 51 { 5 Frpr olp{$5. i +{, @ olp{$5. +{ . 4, @ 6 | dghpv olp{$5 i+{, @ olp{$5. +{ 4, @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$5 i +{, qr h{lvwh1 Hmhpsor 58< Ghwhuplqhprv ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv l, olp{$3. ll, olp{$3
4
55<
m4 {m
{
@ 31 @ olp{$3
5
m4 {m
{
Vroxflq=
s 7. 5 y, olp{$3 { { { @ 4
Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv 4
olp {$3
{m @ 4
{ hq Y sru or
oxhjr
m4 { 4
@ olp. {$3 {m
m4 { 5 {
@4
lll, Yhugdghur1 olp{$4. ^{` @ 4> olp{$4 ^{` @ 3/ oxhjr olp{$4. ^{` 9@ olp{$4 ^{`1 olp i +{, @ 4 {$4
Qrwh txh 4 { fdpeld gh vljqr fhufd gho sxqwr 4 | do wrpdu { whqglhqwh d fhur hvwdprv wrpdqgr sxqwr fhufd gh fhur grqgh 4 { wlhqh ho ydoru srvlyr1
olp {$3
9@ olp {$3
ly, Yhugdghur1 olp{$4. i +{, @ olp{$4. ^{` @ 4 | olp{$4 i+{, @ olp{$4 +5{ 4, @ 4 oxhjr orv oplwhv odwhudohv vrq ljxdohv sru or wdqwr
s {5 s 7. 5 s ly, Idovr1 olp{$3 { { { @ olp{$3 m{m { .4 @ olp{$3 m{m {5 . 41 Fdofxodqgr orv oplwhv odwhudohv { s s whqhprv olp{$3. { {5 . 4 @ olp{$3. {5 . 4 @ 4 | sru od l}txlhugd { s s {5 . 4 @ 4 olp{$3 {{ {5 . 4 @ olp{$3
{5 m{ m{ dm dm d5 h{lvwd
O. @ olp. {$d
d5 +{ d, { d {5 d5 +{ d, olp { d {$d. +{ d,+{ . d 4, olp { d {$d. olp. { . d 4 {$d 5d 4 olp {$d. {5 d5 . +{ d, +{ d, 5 { d5 . +{ d, +{ d, +{ d,+{ . d . 4, +{ d, +{ . d . 4,
m{ m{
dm dm
d5
@ @ @
Oxhjr O h{lvwh vl | vor vl olp{$d. i+{, @ olp{$d i +{,/ hv ghflu/ gh grqgh d @ 31 Sru or wdqwr/ ho oplwh h{lvwh vl | vor vl d @ 31 olp {$3 4 m4 6{m { 5d 4@ 5d 4
Hq hvwh fdvr/ qrwhprv vl { wlhqgh d fhur ho idfwru 4 { fhufd gh 3 | olp {$3. 4 m4 6{m { @ @
6{m @ 4
6{ sdud wrgr
Whruhpd 7143 Vhd [ Grpi _ Grpj U> s 5 [ 3 | vhdq i | j wdo txh h{lvwdq orv oplwhv olp{$s i +{,/ olp{$s j+{, hqwrqfhv d, oplwh gh od vxpd i . j wdpelq h{lvwh hq s | vh wlhqh olp +i . j,+{, @ olp i +{, . olp j+{, {$s {$s {$s
71514
Oxhjr olp{$3
m4 6{m
{
6{ olp {$3 { @ 6 @ @ 61
Dojheud gh Oplwhv
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV e, oplwh gho surgxfwr i j h{lvwh hq s | vh wlhqh olp +i j,+{, @ olp i+{, olp j+{, {$s {$s {$s f, oplwh gho fxrflhqwh i @j h{lvwh hq s fxdqgr olp{$s j+{, 9@ 3 | vh wlhqh olp{$s i +{, olp +i @j,+{, @ {$s olp{$s j+{,
564
Ghprvwudflq= Xvdu uhvxowdgr gh dojheud gh oplwhv gh vxfhvlrqhv | whruhpd gho hqodfh/ txh yhuhprv srvwhulruphqwh1 Revhuydflq= Hq sduwlfxodu gh +e, vh ghgxfh txh Vl 5 U hqwrqfhv olp{$s i +{, @ olp{$s i +{,1 Revhuydflq= Hv lpsruwdqwh hqidwl}du txh sdud dsolfdu ho dojheud gh oplwhv/ ghehprv hvwdu vhjxurv gh txh vh yhultxhq odv klswhvlv1 Vl qr hv dv srghprv rewhqhu frqwudglfflrqhv frpr yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq1 { 5 Hv fodur txh olp{$5 { 5 @ olp{$5 4 @ 41 Vlq hpedujr/ vl hvfulelprv { olp {$5 { 5 @ olp +{ 5 {$5 5, { 4 5
| dsolfdprv ho dojheud gh oplwhv vlq dvhjxuduqrv gh txh dpedv o plwhv h{lvwdq srghprv ghflu htxlyrfdgd0 phqwh txh1 olp +{ {$5 5, { 4 5 @ olp +{ {$5 5, olp {$5 { 4 5 @ 3 olp {$5 { 4 5 @3
gh grqgh olp { 5 @ 3 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq +| hvwr vxfhgh srutxh olp{$5 { 4 5 qr h{lvwh1 { 5 Revhuydflq= Vl olp{$s i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh +; % A 3, +< A 3,+^{ 5 Grpi a 3 ? m{ ;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ Grpi > O sm ? ` , mi+{, 4 ? i +{, ? O . 4= isj | wdpelq dfrwdgd lqihul0 Om ? %,=
Hv ghflu/ txh i hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru O . 4 hq od yhflqgdg Ys ruphqwh sru O 4 hq ho plvpr frqmxqwr1
Whruhpd 7144 +Dfrwdplhqwr, Vhd D U> s 5 D3 > i> j> k = D $ U1 Vhd Y xqd yhflqgdg gh s wdo txh 4, ;{ 5 +Y isj, _ D vh wlhqh= i+{, j+{, k+{, | dghpv 5, olp{$s i+{, @ olp{$s k+{, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp j+{, @ O {$s
565
Ghprvwudflq= +yhu jxud dqwhulru, Gdgr % whqhprv sdud i | k or vljxlhqwh shur +mi+{, Om ? % +, O +mk+{, Om ? % +, O +< k A 3,+3 ? m{ +< i A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? i a { 5 D, , mi +{, sm ? k a { 5 D, , mk+{, % ? i+{, ? O . %, | % ? k+{, ? O . %, dv/ ;{ 5 Y _ i{ = m{ O Sru or wdqwr/ Om ? % Om ? %
vh wlhqh
sm ? i a m{
sm ? k j
Sru or wdqwr
Or vljxlhqwh hvw uhodflrqdgr frq od jxud 1 Fxdqgr vh ghqh jhrpwulfdphqwh od ixqflq vhq +{, | frv +{, vh xwlol}d od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4 frpr hq od jxud / hv dv txh odv frrughqdgdv gho sxqwr S vrq S @ +frv+{,> vhq+{,, grqgh { hvwd phglgr hq udgldqhv1
566
Sru rwud sduwh/ shqvdqgr hq od ghqlflq gh odv ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv xvdqgr xq wulqjxor uhfwq0 jxor/ vh wlhqh txh7 wdq { @ fdwhwr rsxhvwr GV @ fdwhwr dg|dfhqwh RV
Iljxud
Gh hvwd irupd/ odv frrughqdgdv gho sxqwr G vrq +4> wdq+{,, Sru ho khfkr txh od flufxqihuhqfld wlhqh udglr 4 | ho qjxor { hvw gdgr hq udgldqhv/ vh wlhqh txh ho dufr gh flufxqihuhqfld gh S d V> g hv od orqjlwxg {1 SV Qrwd= hq od jxud ho qjxor { vdwlvidfh 3 { ? / shur fodudphqwh vh sxhgh yhu txh vl { hv qhjdwlyr 5 | pd|ru txh / vor kd| txh whqhu fxlgdgr frq ho vljqr hq odv uhodflrqhv txh d frqwlqxdflq gdprv sdud 5 {/ { 5` > ^1 5 5 m vhq+{,m m{m g @ m{m SV S F @ m vhq+{,m |d txh S F g SV
Hmhpsor 596 Sru or dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh olp{$3 vhq { @ 31 Hq hihfwr= Frpr m{m vhq { m{m > { 5` | olp{$3 olp vhq { @ 3 {$3
+718,
> ^ 5 5 m{m @ olp{$3 m{m @ 31 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh
Wdpelq xvdqgr od jxud vh sxhgh yhu txh fxdqgr { wlhqgh do qjxor fhur/ od klsrwhqxvd gho wulqjxor RFS / RS wlhqgh do fdwhwr dg|dfhqwh RF/ gho plvpr wulqjxor/ shur frpr RS hv vlhpsuh ljxdo d 4 | RF @ frv+{, vh wlhqh txh olp frv+{, @ 4> {$3 oplwh txh mxvwlfduhprv gh rwud irupd pdv dghodpwh1
7 Qrwdflq
DE
D E
|
D E
d
FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV vhq { @4 olp {$3 { Sdud uhvroyhu hvwr xwlol}duhprv xqd uhodflq h{lvwhqwh hqwuh grv uhdv gh od jxud uhd gh vhfwru flufxodu RVS uhd gho wulqjxor RVG 4 { wdq+{, > 5 5 vl { srvlwlyr
Pxowlsolfdqgr hvwd owlpd ghvljxdogdg d dperv odgrv sru ho qphur srvlwlyr frv+{, vhq+{, {
5 frv+ ,
{ rewhqhprv
Xwlol}dqgr ho khfkr txh frv+{, hv xqd ixqflq sdu +frv+{, @ frv+ {,, | frpr vhq+{, {/ srghprv ideulfdu od vljxlhqwh fdghqd dsursldgd sdud xwlol}du ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr ghvljxdogdg yolgd sdud { 9@ 3 | { 5` fxrflhqwh hv sdu,1 Gh hvwd irupd sru whruhpd 7144 | xwlol}dqgr txh frv+{, $ 4 fxdqgr { $ 3 rewhqhprv Hmhuflflr 598 Fdofxodu Vroxflq= olp {$3 vhq+{, @4 { frv+{,
vhq { 5{ olp {$3 6{ . 7vhq{ vhq { 5{ O @ olp {$3 6{ . 7vhq{ vhq { 5{ 4@{ olp {$3 6{ . 7 vhq { 4@{ vhq { 5 @ olp { vhq { {$3 6 . 7 { @
Frpr |
vhq { vhq { olp 6 . 7 @ olp 6 . 7 olp @ 6 . 7 @ : 9@ 3= {$3 {$3 {$3 { { olp {$3 vhq { { 1 5 @ olp {$3 vhq { { olp 5 @ 4 {$3 5@ 4=
4 :
m vhq
d m4 {
+719, +71:,
{ hvw
hq udgldqhv1
d m{ vhq m m{m {
568
Hvwh owlpr fdvr vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d ixqflrqhv dfrwdgdv1 Uhfrughprv txh xqd ixqflq i vh glfh dfrwdgd hq D vl h{lvwh n 5 U. wdo txh= mi+{,m n
d m{m { vhq + , m{m= { d m{m @ 3 | olp{$3 m{m @ 3 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh olp{$3. m{ vhq { m @
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr mi+{,m n vh wlhqh hv ghflu/ Hmhpsor 59: Ghprvwudu Hq hihfwr olp{$4 { vh wlhqh 71;1
Whruhpd 7145 +Fhur Dqltxlod, Vhd i xqd ixqflq dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys +qr qhfhvduld0 phqwh ghqlgd hq s,1 Vl olp{$s j+{, @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$s j+{,i+{, @ 3 mj+{,i+{,m nmj+{,m
5 @3 +71;, olp +{ 4, frv {$4 { 4 4 @ 3 | od ixqflq i +{, @ frv+ { 5 4 , hv dfrwdgd/ oxhjr sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod/ vhq+ { 4 6 ,
4
{ 6 vhq + { 4 6 , Vroxflq= O @ olp{$6 @ olp{$6 +{ 6, vhq { 4 6 1 4 { 6 Frpr olp{$6 { 6 @ 3 | i+{, @ vhq { 4 6 hv dfrwdgd/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod O @ 31
Hmhuflflr 59< Ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho whruhpd dqwhulru txh Vroxflq= Edvwd ghprvwudu txh olp{$d +vhq { vhq { olp vhq +{, @ vhq +d, {$d { d vhq d, @ 31 Xvdqgr od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd 5 , frv+ {.d , 5
olp {$6
| ho khfkr txh frv+ {.d , hv dfrwdgr | olp{$d vhq+ { 5 d , @ olpx$3 vhq x @ 3 grqgh { 5 d @ x1 Vh wlhqh sru 5 whruhpd fhur dqltxlodgru txh= olp +vhq { vhq d, @ 3 {$d Hq irupd dqorjd vh sxhgh suredu txh Hmhuflflr 5:3 Vhdq d A 3> e A 3/ Ghprvwudu txh olp frv { @ frv d {$d
vhq d @ 5 vhq+
4 ^{` { > ;{ 5 U=
e { e @ olp. d {$3 d {
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
e {
e e 4 { {
Hmhuflflr 5:4 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 51 olp{$ 41 olp{$3
vhq +4 4 7
+{ . 7,^{` @ 31
@{, @{ @ 41
frv+ ,
Vroxflq=
<1 Vl olp{$d +i . j, h{lvwh | olp{$d i qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d j h{lvwh1 41 Idovr1 Frpr olp{$3 vhq4+4@{, @ olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, | olp{$3 { @ 3 | i +{, @ vhq +4@{, hv dfrwdgd @{ hqwrqfhv olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, @ 3 sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod1 51 Yhugdghur1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` hv dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gho | olp{$ +{ . 7, @ 3 oxhjr sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod 8 ^{` 7 i rudoo{ 5` 7/ hv ghflu/ 8> 6^
{ { , qr h{lvwh1
olp +{ . 7,^{` @ 3= {$ 7
4 4
@ 41
56:
91 Yhugdghur1 Vxsrqguhprv txh olp{$3 frv+{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv O1 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh sru { dojheud gh oplwhv olp{$3 frv+{, { gheh h{lvwlu shur { olp {$3 frv +{, { @ olp frv+{, @ 4 {$3 {
:1 Yhugdghur19 Vdehprv sru +4, txh> olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, h{lvwh +| vx ydoru hv fhur, | olp{$3 frv { qr { h{lvwh sru +9, Oxhjr frv { olp +{ vhq 4@{ . , qr h{lvwh= {$3 { |d txh gh h{lvwlu wdpelq ghehud h{lvwlu +sru oplwh gh od vxpd, olp +{ vhq 4@{ . {$3 frv { { { vhq+4@{,,
or fxdo hv xqd frqwudglfflq sru od xqlflgdg gho oplwh1 Sru or wdqwr ho ydoru O qr h{lvwh1
71515
4 4 <1 Idovr1 Vhdq i +{, @ { | j+{, @ { oxhjr olp{$3 +i . j, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv fhur/ shur olp{$3 i+{, @ 4 4 olp{$3 { qr h{lvwh | olp{$3 j+{, @ olp{$3 { qr h{lvwh1
4 ;1 Idovr1 Vhdq i +{, @ vhq {> j+{, @ { > olp{$3 i+{,j+{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv 4/ dghpv olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv fhur/ shur olp{$3 j+{, qr h{lvwh1
Hmhpsor 5:5 Vhd i +{, @ {/ od ixqflq lghqwlgdg hq U1 Vh vdeh txh olp{$s i +{, @ s1 Xvhprv ho whruhpd dqwhulru sdud suredu txh = d, olp{$s {5 @ s5 1 e, olp{$s {n @ sn grqgh 5 U | . q {q f, olp{$s t+{, @ t+s,/ grqgh t+{, @ 3 . 4 { . 5 {5 . Vroxflq= d, Frpr {5 @ i +{,i+{, vh wlhqh olp {5 @ olp i+{, olp i+{, @ s s @ s5 = {$s {$s {$s
Dv/ olp{$s {5 @ s5 e, Hvwd vh kdu xvdqgr lqgxfflq hq n1 Sdud n @ 4 hv flhuwr |d txh olp{$s { @ olp{$s olp{$s { @ s Vxsrqguhprv dkrud txh hv yolgr sdud n | ghprvwuduhprv txh hv yolgr sdud n . 4 f, Od whufhud wdpelq vh kdu sru lqgxfflq hq n Sdud n @ 4/ vh wlhqh olp{$s 3 . 4 { @ 3 . 4 s1 Dv sru dojheud vh fxpsoh sdud n @ 41
9 Vh
yhu hq wuplqrv pv jhqhudohv hq hmhuflflr 5::1
olp {n.4 @ olp +{n ,{ @ olp +{n , olp { @ sn s @ sn.4 = {$s {$s {$s {$s
56;
Vxsrqjdprv txh ho oplwhv hv yolgr sdud q @ n ghprvwuduhprv txh hv yolgr sdud n . 41 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oplwhv vh wlhqh= olp . 4 { . {$s 3 . n {n . n.4 {n.4 @ olp 3 . 4 { . {$s . n {n @ 3 . 4 s . . n {n . olp n.4 {n.4 {$s . n sn
olp {n.4 @ n.4 sn.4 {$s n.4 . n {n . n.4 {n.4 @ 3 . 4 s . olp t+{, @ t+s, {$s . n sn . n.4 sn.4
Sru frqvljxlhqwh 1
olp . 4 { . {$s 3
Vroxflq= Frpr olp{$5 { . 4 @ 6 9@ 3 | olp{$5 {5 . 6{ . 4 @ 44/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv +f, olp {$5 {5 . 6{ . 4 {.4 @ @ olp{$5 {5 . 6{ . 4 olp{$5 { . 4 44 6
olp {$5
{5 . 6{ . 4 = {.4
Vroxflq=
Revhuydflq= Qrwdu txh qr vh wxhgh dsolfdu ho dojheud gh oplwhv1 Vl { wlhqgh d 41 Hq orv vljxlhqwhv h mhuflflrv wdpsrfr srghprv xvdu ho dojheud gh o plwhv gluhfwdphqwh/ shur hvr qr vljqlfd txh ho oplwhv qr h{lvwh/ frpr vh yhud d frqwlqxdflq1 s s Hmhuflflr 5:7 Vdelhqgr txh olp{$s t+{, @ t+s,/ vl t+s, A 31 Fdofxodu s 6 5{ . 4 olp 5 {$7 { 49 O @ olp {$7 6 s 5{ . 4 {5 49 s s 5{ . 4 6 . 5{ . 4 s {5 49 6 . 5{ . 4 < +5{ . 4, s @ olp 5 {$7 +{ 49,+6 . 5{ . 4, 5+7 {, s @ olp {$7 +{ 7,+{ . 7,+6 . 5{ . 4, 5 s = @ olp {$7 +{ . 7,+6 . 5{ . 4, @ olp {$7 6
56<
Revhuydflq= Vh suredu hq od vhfflq gh frqwlqxlgdg txh vl q 5 Q> t+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv s s olp q t+{, @ q t+s, {$s s 6 +{ . d,5 olp {$3 { s 6 5 d s 6 5 d e,+d5 . de . e5 ,1 s 6 5 d > vl d 9@ 3=
Hmhuflflr 5:9 Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh h{lvwd olp{$5 i +{, grqgh + s s { { s; {A5 s{ 5 i +{, @ = d{ . 4 { ? 5 i5j1 Ho oplwh h{lvwlud vl vor vl olp i+{, @ olp i +{, {$5. {$5
s 5 s s s 5 6 6 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { . 5d @ 5d | olp{$3 @ olp{$3 6 +{ . d,5 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . d5 @ 6 d7 9@ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv vh wlhqh 5d O@ s 6 6 d7
+{ . d,5 d5 olp s 6 {$3 {+ 6 +{ . d,5 5 . s+{ . d,5 d5 . sd5 5 , 6 {5 . 5d{ s = s olp s {$3 {+ 6 +{ . d,7 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . 6 d7 ,
s s { { ; s olp s {$5. { 5 s s s s +{ { ;,+ { 5 s s olp. s s {$5 + { 5,,+ { . 5, s s s s 5 { . { 5{ ; { 49 olp { 5 {$5. s s +{5 7, . +{ 5{ 5 5{, olp { 5 {$5. s +{ 5,+{ . 5, . +{ 5,+ 5{, olp { 5 {$5. s +{ 5,+{ . 5 . 5{, olp { 5 {$5. s olp { . 5 . 5{= {$5.
Sru rwud sduwh olp{$5 i+{, @ olp{$5 d{ . 4 @ 5d . 4/ oxhjr olp{$5 i+{, h{lvwh vl | vor vl 5d . 4 @ 9/ gh grqgh d @ 8 1 5 Hmhuflflr 5:: Ghpxhvwuh txh> Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j,+{, qr h{lvwh1 + , t, vl | vor vl +s a t , +s
Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$d +i . j, h{lvwh/ oxhjr sru dojheud gh oplwhv/ gdgr txh olp{$d i h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, i h{lvwh/ shur i . j i @ i or txh frqwudglfh od qr h{lvwhqfld gh olp{$d j1 Hmhuflflr 5:; Ghpxhvwuh txh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv qr h{lvwh1
4 51 olp{$3 +{ . { ,1 4 41 olp{$3 {
Vroxflq=
4 Hmhuflflr 5:< 41 Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh | vx ydoru ydoru hv O1 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh/ 4 hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv/ h{lvwh ho oplwh gho surgxfwr/ hv ghflu/ olp{$3 { { h{lvwh
4 51 Frpr olp{$3 { h{lvwh | olp{$3 { qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv sru hmhuflflr 5:: vh wlhqh
4 olp { @ olp 4 @ 4> {$3 { {$3 oxhjr sru xqlflgdg gho oplwhv vh wlhqh txh 3 @ 4 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq1 4 olp { . {$3 { qr h{lvwh
Revhuydflq= Hq jhqhudo/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu sru ho pwrgr gho devxugr txh= +{, Vl olp{$d i+{, @ f 9@ 3 | olp{$d j+{, @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$3 i +{, qr h{lvwh1 Hq hvwh fdvr vh glfh txh ho j +{, f oplwh olp{$d i +{, hv gh od irupd 3 j
olp {$6@5 6
^{` 5{
olp {$4
frv5 { { 4
d5 . d . 6dk5 k5
574 5@3
5 6 5 Gdgr txh olpk$3 k5 @ 3/ hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .dkdk 5 sxhgh h{lvwlu vl: olpk$3 d5 . d . 6dk5 5 5 5 +vl olpk$3 d5 . d . 6dk5 5 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6dk 5 qr h{lvwh,1 k5 Dkrud>
+, +d . 5,+d 4, @ 3 +, d @ 5 b d @ 4 5 5 9k5 Vl d @ 5 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6dk 5 @ olpk$3 k5 @ 91 k5 5 5 6k5 Vl d @ 4 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6dk 5 @ olpk$3 k5 @ 61 k5 5 .d.6dk5 5 Sru or wdqwr olpk$3 olp d h{lvwh vl d 5 i 5> 4j1 k5 s s Hmhpsor 5;5 Prvwudu txh olp{$d { @ d/ vl d 31 s s Vroxflq= Vl d A 3 edvwd suredu txh olp{$d + { d, @ 3 shur s s s s s s {. d s { d @ { d s {. d { d s @ s {. d 4 s +{ d, @ s {. d 4 4 s ?s 3? s {. d d s d@3 olp d5 . d . 6dk5 k$3 5 @ 3 +, d5 . d 5@3
71516
Whruhpd 7146 +Vxvwlwxflq, Vhdq [> \ U | i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U ixqflrqhv wdohv txh i +[, \ 1 Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$s i+{, @ e | txh h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh i+{, 9@ e1 sdud wrgr { 5 Ys isj [1 Vl olpx$e j+x, @ O hqwrqfhv olp{$s j+i+{,, @ O1 hv ghflu> olp j+i +{,, @ olp j+x, @ O= {$s x$e olp {$ vhq+{ , {
Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflq
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxvwlwxflq r fdpelr gh yduldeoh x @ { 1 Hv fodur txh olp{$ { @ 3/ hv ghflu/ vl { $ hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ gh grqgh { 9@ 3 hq Y ij/ oxhjr sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq +gdgr txh olpx$3 vhq x @ 4,/ vh wlhqh x vhq+{ , vhq x olp @ olp @4 {$ { x$3 x 6{ olp {$3 vhq+7{,
: Frqglflq
575
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ 7{1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ +dghpv 7{ 9@ 3 sdud { hq xqd yhflqgdg gho fhur vlq wrpdu ho fhur, hqwrqfhv/ 6 6{ 6 x @ olp @ olp olp {$3 vhq 7{ x$3 7 vhq x 7 x$3
vhq
Frurodulr 7147 Vhdq [> \ U | i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U | i +[, \ 1 Vhd s 5 [ 3 a e 5 \ _ \ 3 a olp{$s i +{, @ e a olp{$e j+{, @ j+e, hqwrqfhv olp{$s +j i ,+{, @ j+e,= [ s $ i +[, \ :$ e $ U :$ j+e,
Sdud xqd yhflqgdg gh f> Yf / sxhvwr txh olp{$e j+{, @ f/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh e> Ye / wdo txh j+Ye iej, Yf 1 Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr olp{$s i +{, @ e sdud od yhflqgdg Ye h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s wdo txh i+Ys isj, Ye 1 Sru or wdqwr j+i+Ys isj,, j+Ye ,1 Dv/ sdud xqd yhflqgdg Yf / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh +j i ,+Ys isj, Yj+e, / hv ghflu/ Hvwh whruhpd vh xwlol}d hq or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu fdpelr gh yduldeoh r vxvwlwxflq olp +j i,+{, @ j+e,= {$s
Hmhpsor 5;8
s t s +71<, olp {5 . 7 @ olp {5 . 7 @ 7 @ 5> {$3 {$3 s s s sxhvwr txh= Vl wrpdprv j+{, @ { | i +{, @ {5 . 7 | gdgr txh olp{$7 j+{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7 @ 5 | olp{$3 i +{, @ olp{$3 {5 . 7 @ 7/ hqwrqfhv sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru vh wlhqh 71< olp hi +{, @ holp{$e i +{, {$e Vroxflq= Vhd j+{, @ h{ frpr +j i,+{, @ hi +{, | sxhvwr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd / hqwrqfhv olp{$e +j i ,+{, @ j+olp{$e i +{,, @ holp{$e i +{, 1 Dv whqhprv sru hmhpsor= s{ 4 6 olp h { 4 @ h4@6 {$4 s 6 {1 Vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 4 | Hq hihfwr1 Vhd x @ s 6{ 4 x 4 @ olp 6 olp {$4 { 4 x$4 x 4 x 4 @ olp x$4 +x 4,+x5 . x . 4, 4 @ olp 5 x$4 x . x . 4 4 @ = 6 Hmhpsor 5;9 Vdelhqgr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd 1 Surehprv txh vl h{lvwh olp{$e i+{, hqwrqfhv
576
Sdud dsolfdu ho whruhpd dqwhulru/ ghehprv dvhjxuduqrv txh vh fxpsodq od klswhvlv1 Gh qr kdfhuor srghprv rewhqhu frqwudglfflrqhv1 Hmhpsor 5;: Vhd d 5 ] olp ^{` 9@ ^ olp {` {$d {$d >
olp h {$4
s{ 4 s{ 4 6 6 { 4 @ holp{$4 { 4 @ h4@6 =
Hq hihfwr> Vdehprv txh olp{$d ^{` qr h{lvwh sxhv orv oplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv Vlq hpedujr> gdgr txh olp{$d { @ d/ hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh ^olp{$d {` @ ^d` @ d1 olp ^{` @ d {$d. olp ^{` @ d {$d 4
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$d mi+{,m @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$d mi+{,m @ 3 dghpdv mi +{,m i+{, mi +{,m | sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr whqhprv txh olp{$d i +{, @ 31 s 4 . {5 4 olp {$3 { s 4 6 4 5{ olp {$3 { s s 64 4 . {5 olp {$3 {
5{
s 4 . {5 {
e, Vhd x6 @ 4
5{1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 4 oxhjr/ s 4 6 4 5{ 4 x @ olp olp {$3 x$4 +4 x6 ,@5 { 4 x @ 5 olp x$4 +4 x,+4 . x . x5 , 4 @ 5 olp x$4 4 . x . x5 5 @ 6
4 . {5
s 64
5{ @ @ @ @
Hv qhfhvdulr uhfrugdu/ sdud ho fofxor gh oplwh wuljrqrpwulfrv dojxqdv lghqwlgdghv1 41 frv5 { . vhq5 { @ 4 61 frv+5{, @ 5 frv5 { 81 vhq+{ :1 frv+{ 51 frv+5{, @ 4 5 vhq5 { 4
71 vhq+{ . |, @ vhq { frv | . vhq | frv { 91 frv+{ . |, @ frv { frv | ;1 vhq { <1 frv { |, @ vhq { frv | vhq | frv { vhq { vhq |
|, @ frv { frv | . vhq { vhq | vhq | @ 5 frv+ {.| , vhq+ { 5 | , 5 frv | @ 5 vhq+ { 5 | , vhq+ {.| , 5
Hmhpsor 5<3 Ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho whruhpd dqwhulru txh olp vhq +{, @ vhq +d, {$d { d
vhq d @ 5 vhq+
| ho khfkr txh frv+ {.d , hv dfrwdgr | olp{$d vhq+ { 5 d , @ olpx$3 vhq x @ 3 grqgh { 5 d @ x1 Vh wlhqh sru 5 whruhpd fhur dqltxlodgru txh= olp +vhq { vhq d, @ 3 {$d Hq irupd dqorjd vh sxhgh suredu txh olp frv { @ frv d {$d
Hmhpsor 5<4 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oplwh | lghqwlgdghv wuljrqrpwulfdv fdofxodu ho oplwh gh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq hq d i+{, @ wdq { > d 9@ . q > q 5 Q 5
578
Hmhpsor 5<5 Fdofxodu/ xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh fdpelr gh yduldeoh/ txh Vroxflq= Hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 3 vh wlhqh od lghqwlgdg s frv+{, @ 4 Wrpdqgr x @ 4 Hmhuflflr 5<6 Fdofxodu olp frv+{, @ 4 {$3
vhq+{, olp wdq+{, @ olp {$d {$d frv+{, olp{$d vhq+{, @ olp{$d frv+{, vhq+d, @ frv+{, @ wdq+d,
vhq5 +{,/ fxdqgr { wlhqgh d 3> x wlhqgh d 4 s s olp frv+{, @ olp x @ 4 @ 4 {$3 x$4 s s |d txh olp{$d { @ d1 wj+{ 5, olp s {$5 8{ . 9 7
vhq5 {
gh grqgh
5 9@ 3 hq Y5 7
i5j,1
Revhuydflq= Hq ho fofxor gh oplwhv +olp{$d i +{,, txh lqyroxfuh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv/ or kdelwxdo hv kdfhu ho fdpelr gh yduldeoh x @ { d r x @ d {1 Hmhpsor 5<7 Fdofxodu 6 olp + {$@5 5 6 olp + {$@5 5 6{, wdq { {, wdq {
s vhq x 8x . 49 . 7 olp x$3 frv x +8x . 49, 49 s vhq x 8x . 49 . 7 @ olp x$3 8x frv x s 4 vhq x 8x . 49 . 7 @ olp olp 8 x$3 x x$3 frv x ; @ 4 = 8
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ 5
{ vl { $ hqwrqfhv x $ 3 oxhjr/ 5
579
6 olp + {$@5 5
6{, wdq { @ 6 olp + {, wdq { {$@5 5 vhq +@5 x, @ 6 olp x+ , x$3 frv +@5 x, frv x , @ 6 olp x+ x$3 vhq x x @ 6 olp frv x+ , x$3 vhq x x , @ 6 olp frv x olp + x$3 x$3 vhq x @ 6 4 4@6 olp {$4 5 5 frv +{ 4, +{ 4,5
olp 5+ {$4
4 vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 oxhjr/ 4
Hmhuflflr 5<9 Fdofxodu +vl h{lvwh, olp{$4 i +{,/ olp{$3 i +{,1 Vl + 4 {5 4?{?5 vhq +{s , i +{, @ s dufvhq +{@ 5, 5 ? { ? 4 a { 9@ 3 { Vroxflq= l,
frv +{ 4, 4 frv x , @ 5 olp + , x$3 +{ 4,5 x5 vhq5 x @ 5 olp + 5 , x$3 x +4 . frv x, vhq x 5 4 @ 5 olp olp x$3 4 . frvx x$3 x 4 @ 5 4@4 5
d, Frpr i hvw ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 4/ srghprv fdofxodu orv oplwhv odwhudohv1 4 {5 +4 {,+4 . {, O4 @ olp. i+{, @ olp. @ olp vhq+{, {$4 {$4 vhq +{, {$3 O4 x+5 x, olp x$3 vhq++4 x,, x +5 x, @ olp x$3 vhq+x, x 4 olp +5 x, @ x$3 vhq+x, x 4 @ olp olp +5 x, x$3 vhq+x, x$3 w @ 4 vh wlhqh txh oplwh dqwhulru hv vhq+w, @ O4 @ 4 5 4 5@ { ? 3,
Vhd x @ 4
{ vl { $ 4. hqwrqfhv x $ 3 +sxhv 4
|d txh olpx$3
vhq+
57:
Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 Dv
s dufvhq +{@ 5, olp i +{, @ olp {$3 {$3 { s s { Vhd x @ dufvhq+{@ 5, hqwrqfhv; vhq +x, @ s5 oxhjr { @ 5 vhq+x, x olp i+{, @ olp s {$3 x$3 5 vhq+x, x 4 @ s olp 5 x$3 vhq +x, 4 @ s 4= 5
4 s5 1
olp {$d wj { { wj d d
wj { {
vhq frv
wj d d
olp {$d
@ @ @ @ @ @
Whruhpd 7148 +gho Hqodfh, Vhd [ U> i = [ $ U ixqflq s 5 [ 3 Hqwrqfhv whqhprv od vljxlhqwh htxlydohqfld olp i+{, @ O +, {$s vh wlhqh txh olp i +{q , @ O q$4 Sdud wrgd vxfhvlq +{q ,4 frq {q 9@ s | {q $ s q@4
{ vhq { d { d frv d vhq { frv d vhq d frv { frv { frv d olp {$d { d vhq+{ d, olp {$d frv { frv d+{ d, vhq+{ d, 4 olp {$d +{ d, frv { frv d vhq+{ d, 4 olp olp {$d +{ d, {$d frv { frv d 4 4 frv5 d 5 vhf d
olp {$d
; Dtx
vh wrpd
x frpr
sdud
{1
57;
Ghprvwudflq= +,, Vhd +{q , vxfhvlq frq {q 9@ s | {q $ s1 Sru ghprvwudu txh olpq$4 i +{q , @ O1 Edvwd wrpdu ho frqmxqwr E [> E @ i{q = q 5 Qj1 Frpr {q $ s vh wlhqh txh s 5 E 3 | xvdqgr ho whruhpd 71: vh wlhqh olp{$s i mE @ O/ hv ghflu/ ++, Ghprvwudflq sru ho devxugr/ hv ghflu/ vxsrqguhprv txh sdud wrgr +{q ,4 txh vdwlvidfh od klswhvlv q@4 vh wlhqh txh olpq$4 i +{q , @ O | qr vh wlhqh olp{$s i +{, @ O1 Sru hvwr owlpr/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % wdo txh sdud wrgd Ys> +hvwr hv or plvpr txh ghflu 4 sdud wrgr , vh wlhqh txh ^i +Ys> isj, YO> % `/ hv ghflu/ sdud fdgd q @ q h{lvwh do phqrv xq sxqwr {q 5 Ys>q isj wdo txh i+{q , 95 YO> % 1 Dv/ khprv ideulfdgr xqd vxfhvlq +{q ,4 1 Frpr q $ 3/ {q $ s | dghpv i +{q , 9$ O +|d txh i+{q , q@4 hvw do phqrv % ohmrv gh O sxhvwr txh i+{q , 95 YO> % , or txh frqwudglfh ho khfkr wrgd vxfhvlq% gh odv shglgdv> oxhjr i+{q , $ O1
4 Frqvlghuhprv i+{, @ vhq { | vhd {q @ q > {q 9@ 3> ;q 5 Q { Vl q $ 4 hqwrqfhv {q $ 3 | sru whruhpd gh hqodfh vh wlhqh
4 olp i+{q , @ olp q vhq+ , q$4 q$4 q 4 @ olp vhq { { vhq { @ olp { @ 4
q7 . 5q 4 4 olp vhq+ , @ q$4 8q6 . 6 q 8 4 4 q7 . 5q q6 . 5 olp vhq+ , @ olp q vhq+ , q$4 8q6 . 6 q$4 8q6 . 6 q q 4 4 @ 8 4 @ = 8
5 4 Hmhpsor 633 Xvdqgr ho khfkr txh olp{$d {5 @ d5 1 Fdofxodu olpq$4 +4 . q . q5 ,q 5 4 q @ ++4 . 4 ,5 ,q @ ++4 . 4 ,q ,5 | olpq$4 +4 . 4 ,q @ h/ xvdqgr whruhpd gho Vroxflq= Frpr +4 . q . q5 , q q q 4 hqodfh vh wlhqh txh olp {5 @ h5 grqgh {q @ +4 . q ,q q
Hmhpsor 634 Vxsrqlhqgr txh olp{$d oq { @ oq d> d A 3 Fdofxoh 4 4 olp oq+4 . . . q$4 4$ 5$ .
Vroxflq= Vl |q @
4 , q$
57<
s q.4
sq
Gho whruhpd dqwhulru/ vh rewlhqh xqd khuudplhqwd px| wlo sdud suredu od qr h{lvwhqfld gh dojxqrv oplwhv1 Frurodulr 7149 Vhd [ U> i = [ $ U ixqflq s 5 [ 3 1 Vl h{lvwhq +{q ,> +|q , grv vxfhvlrqhv wdohv {q 9@ s> |q 9@ s> {q $ s> |q $ s shur r dojxqrv gh hoorv qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$s i+{, qr h{lvwh1 Ghprvwudflq= +dsolfdu s , t +, t , s,1 olp i +{q , @ O4 | olp i +|q , @ O5 frq O4 9@ O5 q$4 q$4
4 Hmhpsor 636 Surehprv txh olp{$3 vhq+ { , qr h{lvwh1 4 4 Frqvlghuhprv {q @ .5q > |q @ .5q 1
Fodudphqwh {q $ 3/ |q $ 3 grqgh {q 9@ 3> |q 9@ 31 4 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+ { ,= Oxhjr olpq$4 i+{q , @ olpq$4 vhq @ 3/ | olpq$4 i +|q , @ olpq$4 vhq @ 41 5 4 Sru or wdqwr/ sru frurodulr dqwhulru olp{$3 vhq+ { , qr h{lvwh1
5
716
Ghqlflq 714: Vhd D U> s 5 D/ gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i+s,> Yi +s,> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh i +Ys> , < Yi +s,> %
Frqwlqxlgdg
Hmhpsor 637 i+{, @ 5{ hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 6 sxhvwr txh= Xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i+6, hv gho wlsr = Yi +6,> % @`i +6,
%> 9 . %^
< Qrwh
txh qr qhfhvduldphqwh
Grp
/ hv ghflu/ orv
{ M Ys>
583
Vl sdud od yhflqgdg dqwhulru gh i+6,/ h{lvwlhud xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> `6 hv ghflu/ shur frpr i hv fuhflhqwh/ whqhprv Sru or wdqwr/ gheh fxpsolu Sdud % gdgr/ gheh fxpsolu hv ghflu/ 9 i+`6 i +`6 i+`6 > 6 . ^ Yi +6,> % > > 6 . ^`9 %> 9 . %^
> 6 . ^@`5+6 `9
5> 9 . 5^
5> 9 . 5^`9 5 a
%?9
9 . 5 ? 9 . % 5 ? % >
>
Sru or wdqwr/ sdud od yhflqgdg Yi +6,> % h{lvwh do phqrv xqd yhflqgdg gh 6 |d txh edvwd wrpdu 5 ? % +hv ghflu/ ? %@5, wdo txh i +Y6> , Y9> % 1 Yhu jxud dqwhulru Hmhpsor 638 Vhd Ghwhuplqdu vl hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 61 i +{, @ 5 {6 5=34 { A 6
5 ? %
Vroxflq= Gdgd xqd yhflqgdg gh i +6,> Y5> % / ghehud h{lvwlu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> / + hv ghflu/ h{lvwh A 3 , wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> % Or dqwhulru hv htxlydohqwh d ; % A 3> < A 3> i +Y6> , Y5> %
584
i+`6
shur sdud % @ 3=334 r phqru hv lpsrvleoh rewhqhu od lqfoxvlq dqwhulru1 Frqfoxvlq= Frpr sdud wrgr % A 3 qr hv srvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> % vh wlhqh txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 61 Vh sxhgh yhu fodudphqwh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq orv rwurv sxqwrv Hmhpsor 639 Vhd i +{, @ 8/ +ixqflq frqvwdqwh,1 Hood hv frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv1
Vroxflq= Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr duelwudulr s1 Qrwhprv txh= ; A 3 i+Ys> , @ i8j %> 8 . %^ > ; % A 3
Dv/ ; % A 3> < A 3> i+Ys> , Yi +s,> % |d txh i+Ys> , @ i8j `8
71614
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv fxdwur fdudfwhul}dflrqhv gh frqwlqxlgdg 41 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D1 61 Vl s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq | s 5 D1 71 Fdudfwhul}dflq sru vxfhvlrqhv1 51 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg
41 Vl s hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl olp{$s i+{, @ i +s, Hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg glfh txh l, olp{$s i+{, h{lvwh ll, Ho oplwh dqwhulru hv ljxdo d i+s, h lpsoflwdphqwh hvwdprv glflhqgr txh i +s, h{lvwh1 d, olp{$s. i +{, h{lvwh e, olp{$s i +{, h{lvwh f, orv oplwhv dqwhulruhv vrq ljxdohv d i +s, 4 BcHv frqwlqxd hq 4 B
51 Vl D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s +sru or wdqwr s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq, whqhprv or vljxlhqwh= i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl Hmhpsor 63: Vhd i +{, @ s {
Revhuydflq= Qr srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflq 51 sxhv qr vh fxpsoh od klsrwvlv gh txh D frqwhqjd xqd yhflqgdg gh 41 Hq fdpelr/ vl srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflq 4/ sxhv 4 hv xqd sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | 4 5 D/ s s s hqwrqfhv gdgr txh olp{$4 { 4 h{lvwh | olp{$4 { 4 @ 4 4 @ 3 @ i +4,1 vh wlhqh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq 41
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv txh Grpi @ D @ ^4> 4^/ | dtx ylhqh qdwxudophqwh od htxlyrfdgd frqfoxvlq i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 4 |d txh olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh%/ frpr vh h{ljh hq 5f1
585
Wrphprv xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i +4, @ 3> Y3> % qhfhvlwdprv hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> / wdo txh rfxuud= i+Y4> , Y3> % +7143,
Yhdprv tx frqglflq gheh fxpsolu sdud txh hvwd owlpd lqfoxvlq vhd yolgd1 > 4 . ^ | i hv fuhflhqwh +yhu jxud,
1.5
0.5
s {
Oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 41
Uhvxplhqgr1 Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg Y3> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> +edvwd txh vhd phqru txh %5 wdo txh i +Y4> , Y3> % =
s ? % r htxlydohqwhphqwh ? %5 1
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh A 3, wdo txh Ys> _ D @ isj sru or wdqwr/ i +Ys> , @ i+isj, @ ii +s,j `i +s, `s > s . ^_D @ isj> %> i+s, . %^
Od lqfoxvlq owlpd rfxuuh sdud wrgr % A 3> gh hvwd irupd whqhprv od vljxlhqwh dupdflq1 i +Ys> , Yi +s,> %
Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i +s,> Yi +s,> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +od wrpdgd do lqlflr, wdo txh Or txh txlhuh ghflu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
586
Hmhpsor 63; Wrgdv odv vxfhvlrqhv {q = Q $ U vrq frqwlqxdv/ |d txh wrgr sxqwr gh Q hv sxqwr gh dlvodgr1 Hq od sufwlfd/ qr vh hqfxhqwudq pxfkrv grplqlrv frq sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ shur vl dsduhfhq hq vlwxd0 flrqhv hvshfldohv | sru hvh prwlyr or khprv ghvduuroodgr hq ghwdooh dtx/ dpq txh ohv idflolwdu ho/ hqwhqglplhqwr gho frqfhswr gh frqwlqxlgdg hq yduldv yduldeohv1 71 Ghqlflq wudglflrqdo1 i hv frqwlqxd hq s> s 5 Grpi @ D vl
Qrwh txh m{ sm ? | mi+{, i+s,m ? % kdeodq gh odv yhflqgdghv gh s | i +s, uhvshfwlydphqwh | od lpsolfdflrq +,, vh uhhuh d od lqfoxvlq gh frqmxqwrv> od phqflq h{soflwd gh { 5 Grpi hv sdud txh whqjd vhqwlgr od qrwdflq i +{,1 Sdud wrgd vxfhvlq43 +{q ,/ wdo txh {q frqyhujh d s vh wlhqh txh od vxfhvlq i+{q , frqyhujh d i +s,1 Hvwh fulwhulr hv pdv wlo sdud suredu od qr frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr txh od frq|lqxlgdg1 i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 +, ;+{q ,> {q $ s , i +{q , $ i+s, <+{q ,> {q $ s a i +{q , 9$ i +s, +i+{, qr frqyhujh d i+s,, i+{, @
4 vhq + { , { 9@ 3 4 {@3
; % A 3 < A 3> m{
sm ? a { 5 Grpi , mi +{,
i +s,m ? %
BcHv frqwlqxd hq 3 B
i +{q , @ vhq+
Frqfoxvlq=
4 , @ vhq+5q, @ 3 ;q 5 Q 4@5q
Wdpelq srghprv ghflu txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 sxhv olp{$3 i +{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhpsor 636,1
43 Qdwxudophqwh
od qrflq ghe h vhu gh hohphqwrv gh
587
71615
41 Frphqwdulrv lqwxlwlyrv44
Frphqwdulrv
51 Frphqwdulr Uhgxqgdqwh
ll, Xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq s qr sxhgh whqhu xq vdowr hq s/ qr sxhgh hvwdu fruwdgd hq s1
l, i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl odv lpdjhqhv gh sxqwrv fhufdqrv d s hvwq fhufdqrv d i +s, | sru px| h{ljhqwh txh vh srqjd +; % A 3, sdud shglu hvwdu fhufd gh i+s,/ vlhpsuh kd| xq prqwq gh sxqwrv fhufd gh s txh hvwq vxshu fhufd gh i+s,1
ll, Gh od iudvh Xqd ixqflq hv glvfrqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s% qr vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh qr wlhqh oplwh |d txh shuihfwdphqwh od glvfrqwlqxlgdg sxhgh ghehuvh d txh
/ i+4, qr h{lvwh shur olp{$4 i +{, @ 51 Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud
i+{, @
vhq+
Hq hvwd ixqflq vh wlhqh i +6, @ 8 9@ olp{$6 i +{,1Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud ho fdvr +e,1
{
6
6,
{ 9@ 6 {@6
Hmhpsor 645
lll, Vl olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh/ qr hv frqwlqxd i hq s1 Od qr h{lvwhqfld gho oplwh vh sxhgh ghehu d yduldv fdvrv/ hq ho hmhpsor 645 whqhprv ho fdvr hq txh fdgd oplwh odwhudo h{lvwh/ shur olp{$s. i +{, 9@ olp{$s i+{, i +{, @ Frpr ; A A ? A A =
{5 < { 6 9
{5 9{.< {6 5:
olp i+{, @ 9 @ i +6, 9@ olp i+{, @ 3 {$6. {$6 Sru or wdqwr qr hv frqwlqxd hq 6
Hvwd owlpr qrv glfh txh od frqwlqxlgdg hq ho sxqwr s ghshqgh vor gh orv sxqwrv txh hvwq fhufd/ | hvwr hv or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu frqfhswr orfdo1 Dv frqwlqxlgdg hv xq frqfhswr orfdo% do ljxdo txh oplwh1 Orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv vrq xwlohv sru ho khfkr txh qrv vluyhq sdud ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv r sdud ylvxdol}du txh xqd ixqflq hv frqwlqxd1
4 4 Hvwr 4 5 Uhfxhugh
qr vluyh sdud qdgd hq odv ghprvwudflrqhv/ s hur vl sdud ylvxdol}du1 txh
Whruhpd 714; l, Wrgd uhvwulfflq gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hv frqwlqxd1 Glfkr gh rwud irupd Vhd i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s 5 U1 Vl s 5 \ [ | j @ 45 i m\ hqwrqfhv wdpelq j = \ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s ll, Hq ho fdvr hvshfldo gh txh \ @ L _ [/ frq L xqd yhflqgdg gh s hqwrqfhv od uhfsurfd vh fxpsoh1 Glfkr gh rwud irupd1 Vhd j @ im\ frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s +frq \ @ Ys> _ [ hqwrqfhv i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd hv ho txh vluyh sdud prvwudu frq fodulgdg odv revhuydflrqhv +frphqwdulrv, dqwhulruhv
i\
hv od ixqflq uhvwulfflq gh
[ \
d
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
588
Whruhpd 714< +Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, Vhd i = [ $ U > j = \ $ U frqwlqxdv fdgd xqd hq s 5 [ _ \ hqwrqfhv l, i . j> i j> i j vrq frqwlqxdv hq s ll, Vl j+s, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i@j hv frqwlqxd hq s Hq ho fdvr txh s vhd xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh [ _ \ / od ghprvwudflq vh rewlhqh idflophqwh gho dojheud gh oplwhv1 Hq fdvr frqwudulr hv gluhfwd1 Frq hvwh owlpr whruhpd whqhprv/ sru hmhpsor/ txh orv srolqrplrv s+{, @ d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 . dq { q > frq dl frqvwdqwhv uhdohv
vrq ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv1 Uhfrugdqgr orv uhvxowdgr gh oplwhv whqhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr vx grplqlr, 51 frv {1 41 vhq {1
61 wdq { vl { 9@ . n> 5 81 6 frv { . fvf {1 :1 vhq5 {1 ;1 frv5 {1 71 vhq { . 5 frv {1 91 frw { . : vhq +{, vhf {1
n 5 ]1
Whruhpd 7153 +Od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hv frqwlqxd, Vhdq i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq s/ j = \ $ U frqwlqxd hq t @ i+s, wdo txh i+[, \ hqwrqfhv j i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s 41 vhq {5 |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh vhq { | {5 Hvwh whruhpd qrv d|xgd d prvwudu txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr U,1 51 frv +6{8 . :, |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh frv { | 6{8 . : 61 vhq +5 frv {, frpsxhvwd gh vhq { frq 5 frv { 71 6 vhq5 {6 . : frv {6 frpsxhvwd 6 vhq5 +{, . : frv +{,> {6
| pxfkdv rwudv frpelqdflrqhv gh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv | srolqrplfdv txh vhd rshudflrqhv dojh0 eudlfdv hqwuh ixqflrqhv evlfdv frpr vhq +{,> frv +{, | d{1
Vroxflq=
Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh i1
Hmhuflflr 647 l, Vhd { ? 3/ hqwrqfhv i +{, @ {5 frv+4@{,1 Sru frpsrvlflq | surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxd/ i hv frqwlqxd hq ` 4> 3^1
4> 4^$ U ghqlgd sru ; 5 {?3 ? { frv+4@{, 3 {@3 i+{, @ = {6 3?{?4 5, vhq+{
vhq+
lll, Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg gh i hq { @ 31 Fodudphqwh 3 5 Grpi | i +3, @ 31 Frpr 3 hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gho Grpi / ghehprv yhu vl h{lvwh olp{$3 i +{,1 Sdud hvwr/ fdofxohprv orv oplwhv odwhudohv {6 {5 @ olp. { olp. i+{, @ olp. @3 4@3 5, vhq {5 {$3 {$3 vhq+{ {$3 olp i+{, @ olp {5 frv+4@{, @ 3 {$3 {$3 olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ 3 {$3. {$3 olp i +{, @ i+3, @ 3 {$3
oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31
71616
Vl i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr +frpsdfwr, ^d> e` vh ghehud whqhu txh 41 Hq qlqjxq sxqwr gh ^d> e` kd| vdowrv/ |d txh vl orv kxelhud vdowr orv olplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv jxud gh pdv dedmr
r elhq ho oplwh gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr qr frlqflgh frq ho ydoru gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr yhu od vljxhqwh jxud
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
58:
51 Wdpsrfr od ixqflq sxhgh lu d lqqlwr hq dojq sxqwr gh ^d> e` / yhu jxud txh vljxh/ |d txh hq hvh fdvr oplwh qr h{lvwh
61 Wdpsrfr sxhgh rvflodu hq xq sxqwr {3 +yhu jxud txh vljxh, |d txh ho oplwh qr h{lvwluld1
58;
Whruhpd 7154 gho Ydoru Lqwhuphglr Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U frqwlqxd1 Vl hv xq qphur uhdo txh fxpsoh i +d, ? ? i +e, hqwrqfhv wlhqh do phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^1 +hv ghflu/ < f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i+f, @ , Frurodulr 7155 +H{lvwhqfld gh Udlfhv, Vhd d> e 5 U wdo txh 4, i+d,i+e, ? 3 +hv ghflu/ i +d,| i+e, wlhqh glvwlqwrv vljqrv, 5, i frqwlqxd hq xq frqmxqwr txh lqfox|d do lqwhuydor ^d> e` hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xqd udl} hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^ +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i +f, @ 3 , Frpr pv vh xwlol}d hvwh whruhpd/ hv hq od h{lvwhqfld gh udfhv gh xqd ixqflq1
Dv whqhprv +lqwxlwlydphqwh, txh od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e` gheh vhu gh wdo irupd txh xqr od sxhgh judfdu vlq ohydqwdu ho osl} hpsh}dqgr hq +d> i+d,, | whuplqdqgr hq +e> i+e,,1 Hq ho irqgr xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` hv vor xqd ghvirupdflq gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ vlhqgr vx jufd vrodphqwh xqd fxhugd qr lqqlwd txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +e> i+e,,1 Or dqwhulru qrv shuplwh fuhhu orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv1
Hmhpsor 648 Od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 . {5 . 6{ . 5 wlhqh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^ Hq hihfwr i+ 4, @ 4 . 4 6 . 5 @ 4 ? 3 | i+3, @ 5 A 3 oxhjr i + 4,i+3, ? 31 Dghpv i hv frqwlqxd hq ^ 4> 3` oxhjr sru frurodulr dqwhulru h{lvwh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` Hmhuflflr 649 Suxheh txh od hfxdflq h{ 6{ @ 3
4> 3^1
wlhqh do phqrv xqd ud} uhdo hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^1 Vroxflq= Vhd i+{, @ h{ 6{ i+3, @ h3 6 3 @ 4 A 3 | i+4, @ h 6 ? 3 oxhjr i+3,i +4, ? 3 Dghpv i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U hq sduwlfxodu hq ^3> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru/ h{lvwh f 5`3> 4^ wdo txh i+f, @ 3/ hv ghflu f hv xqd ud} r vroxflq gh od hfxdflq1
Frurodulr 7156 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr L/ hqwrqfhv i+L, wdpelq hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
58<
Frurodulr 7157 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e`/ hqwrqfhv i +L, hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr/ sru or wdqwr i hv dfrwdgd1 Hmhuflflr 64: Hvwxglh s frqwlqxlgdg gh od s d, i +{, @ s { 5 . 5 { s s e, i +{, @ {5 4 . 8 {+4 {, . {+ 4 D|xgd= Fxlgdgr frq orv grplqlrv1 f, i = ] $ U i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud, g, i = U $ U i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud, {,
Hmhuflflr 64< Sdud tx ydoruhv gh > i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr lqglfdgr1 +{ , vhq+ { 4 , { 9@ d, i +{, @ s@ s@3 3 {@ s @ 3> s @ 5 e, i +{, @ { > f, i +{, @ { 57 s@3 s@5 { Hmhpsor 653 Frqvlghuh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq ; vhq 7{ 5 6 {?3 A d oq+{ . h , . e 5{ A A A ? d{ . 6 {@3 i +{, @ A A A s4.e{5 4 A = 3?{? vhq {5
Hmhuflflr 64; Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh od ixqflq hq orv sxqwrv s lqglfdgrv1 frv+ { 4 6 , { 9@ 6 s @ 61 d, i +{, @ 3 {@6 { 6 s @ 6 | s @ 31 e, i +{, @ m{ 6m > +{ 6, frv+ { 4 6 , { 9@ 6 s @ 6 | s @ 31 f, i +{, @ 3 {@6
grqgh d | e vrq qphurv uhdohv 4, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 3 5, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhgr gh i hq 3 6, Hqfxhwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e txh kdfhq frqwlqxd d i hq 31 7, Ghwhuplqh sdud tx ydoru gh e h{lvwh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq Vroxflq= 4, 4 . e{5 4 vhq5 { s s 4 . e{5 4 4 . e{5 . 4 s olp. 5{ vhq {$3 4 . e{5 . 4 5 +4 . e{ , 4 s olp {$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4, e{5 s olp {$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4, {5 4 olp s e olp. 5 { {$3. {$3 vhq 4 . e{5 . 4 4 e 4 5 e 5 s
593 5,
vhq 7{ , olp i+{, @ olp +d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . e 5{ {$3 {$3 vhq 7{ @ olp d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . olp 5{ {$3 {$3 5 vhq 7{ @ d oq +h5 ,6 . olp e 5 5{ {$3 vhq 7{ @ 9d . 5e olp 7{ {$3 @ 9d . 5e 4 @ 9d . 5e olp i+{, @ 9d . 5e {$3.
6, i vhu frqwlqxd hq 3 vl olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3, oxhjr olp{$3. i+{, @ olp{$3 @ i +3,/ hv ghflu/ e e @ 9d . 5e @6 5 5 Dv e @ 9 | d @ 6 5 s4.e{5 4 710 olp{$ i+{, @ olp{$ vhq {5 Vl e @ 3 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 3 | olp{$ i +{, @ 3 Vl e 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv ho olplwh qr h{lvwh1 s Hq hihfwr> Vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ olp{$ i+{, @ O> O 5 U hqwrqfhv do fdofxodu olp{$ + 4 . e{5 4, gh grv irupdv glvwlqwdv whqhprv s 4 . e5 4 @ @ @ s olp + 4 . e{5 4, {$ s 4 . e{5 4 olp +vhq5 {, vhq5 { {$ s 4 . e{5 4 olp olp +vhq5 {, vhq5 { {$ {$ O 3 3
@ @
Hmhpsor 654 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 41 Od ixqflq i+{, @ ^5{` hv glvfrqwlqxd vor hq ] ^{` { 7 51 Od ixqflq i+{, @ hv glvfrqwlqxd hq { {?7
71 Vhdq i> j ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d/ wdo txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd d hqwrqfhv i . j hv glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
G @ i{ 5 ] = { 7j
594
51 Idovr= i hv frqwlqxd hq 7 sxhv olp{$7. i +{, @ olp{$7. ^{` @ 7 dghpv olp{$7 i+{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7 oxhjr olp{$7 i +{, @ 7 @ i+7,1 dghpv hv fodur sru od judfd +yhu jxud vljxlhqwh,
71 Idovr= H{lwhq i +{, @ ^{` | j+{, @ { glvfrqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vlq hpedujr +i . j,+{, @ { hv frqwlqxd hq d @ 41 81 = Ho plvpr hmhpsor1 Hmhpsor 655 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq
61 Yhugdghur= Sru dojheud gh oplwhv whqhprv1 Vl i . j/ i vrq frqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv +i . j, frqwlqxd hq d/ hv ghflu j hv frqwlqxd hq d1
i hv
Hv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor uhghqlu i vl hv srvleoh/ gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd1 Vroxflq= { @ 3 hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gho Grpi @` vor vl 4, 3 5 Grpi 5, olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh1 6, olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3,1 Dv= 4, Hv fodur txh 3 5 Grpi sxhv i +3, @ 4 5, Fdofxohprv olp{$3 i+{, @5> 4^ oxhjr i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl |
; ?
595
{5 . 5{ vhq +5{, {+{ . 5, olp 5 frv { vhq +{, {$3 4 {+{ . 5,, olp 5 {$3 vhq+{, frv +{, 4 { {.5 olp olp 5 {$3 vhq +{, {$3 frv { 5 @ 4 4 5
4
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5:3
e, Frpr od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh | @ vhq+{, hq fxdotxlhu sxqwr +d> vhq+d,, hvw gdgd sru vhq+{, vhq+d, p @ olp {$d { d | sru +d, whqhprv txh p @ frv+d,/ uhhpsod}dqgr d @ rewhqhprv txh p @ frv+ , @ 3 | dv od uhfwd 5 5 wdqjhqwh hv> | 4 @ p+{ , 5 | 4@3 |@4
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5:4
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5:7
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81414
Vroxflq=
Hmhpsor 66< Yhuhprv txh od ixqflq i+{, @ 6{ . 8 hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr s @ :1 i +: . k, i+:, k 6+: . k, . 8 +6 : . 8, @ olp k$3 k 6k @ 6= @ olp k$3 k Ho uhvxowdgr dqwhulru qr gheh vhu h{wudr |d txh qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i +od uhfwd | @ 6{ . 8, hv hood plvpd/ sru or wdqwr odv shqglhqwhv ghehq frlqflglu1 BcFxo hv od ghulydgd gh i hq rwurv sxqwrvB Sru ho dujxphqwr jufr txh khprv gdgr hq ho suudir dqwhulru ghehudprv whqhu txh i 3 +s, @ 6 ;s 5 U1 Frpsuxhehor Xg1 xvdqgr od ghqlflq gh ghulydgd1 i 3 +:, @ olp k$3 Vhd s xq qphur uhdo mr
@ dufwdq+i 3 +s,,
Hmhpsor 673 Od ixqflq j+{, @ 7 +ixqflq frqvwdqwh, wlhqh frpr jufd od uhfwd | @ 7 txh hv xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo +sdudohod do hmh {, vlwxdgd do qlyho 7> reyldphqwh vx shqglhqwh hv fhur/ sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hq wrgr sxqwr s gheh vhu qxod1 Frpsurehprv hvwr yd od ghqlflq1 j+{, j+s, { s 7 7 @ olp {$s { s @ olp 3 @ 3 {$s s Hmhpsor 674 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh k+x, @ x hq ho sxqwr s @ 71 j3 +s, @ olp {$s Vl hv txh h{lvwh k3 +7, hvwd gheh vhu ljxdo d k3 +s, @ @ @ @ @ k+x, x s x olp x$7 x s x olp x$7 x x 7 olp x$7 x 7 4 4 s @ 7 5 7 olp x$7 k+7, 7 s 7 7 s s s 7 x. 7 s s 7 x. 7 4 s s x. 7
8141 GHULYDGD Vl uhshwlprv orv sdvrv dqwhulruhv xq sxqwr mr s +shur duelwudulr, gh U. rewhqguhprv txh 4 4 k3 +s, @ olp s s @ s x$s x . s 5 s
5::
Xwlol}dqgr od jufd gh k> yhu jxud txh vljxh/ qrwhprv txh od shqglhqwh gh O5 hv pd|ru txh od shqglhqwh gh O4 | d phglgd txh wrphprv s pv fhufd gho ruljhq rewhqguhprv shqglhqwhv/ fdgd yh} pd|ruhv/ khfkr txh srghprv frpsuredu wdpelq hq od ghulydgd gh k txh k3 +s, hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq s +s 5 U. ,/ k3 +s, hv od ixqflq txh do vhu hydoxdgd hq s qrv g od shqglhqwh gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh od ud} fxdgudgd1
Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv lqgxfh d ghqlu od ixqflq ghulydgd% sru dexvr gh ohqjxdmh vh dfrvwxpeud oodpdu vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd1
5
Vhd i = L $ U xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq wrgr sxqwr gh M1 Vh ghqh od ixqflq ghulydgd i3 = M s $ U :$ i 3 +s,
Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv whqhprv fdofxodgdv odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv i +{, @ 6{ . :> L @ U> M @ U i 3 +{, @ 6 j+{, @ 7> L @ U> M @ U j3 +{, @ 3= s 4 k+{, @ {> L @ U. > M @ U. k3 +{, @ s 3 5 {
Hmhpsor 675 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, fdofxohprv od ixqflq ghulydgd gh i 3 +{, Hq orv hmhpsorv gh fofxor gh uhfwd wdqjhqwh sdud s 5 U rewxylprv i 3 +s, @ olp k$3 vhq+k . s, k vhq+s,
i/
Qrwh txh hq ho owlpr fdvr k+3, h{lvwh/ shur k3 +3, qr h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ M L1
@ frv+s,
i1
5 Xq
5:;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dv/ od ixqflq ghulydgd gh i+{, @ vhq+{, hv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,1 Ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor pxhvwud xqd ixqflq txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq wrgr sxqwr/ d shvdu gh vhu frqwlqxd hq wrgr U1 Hmhpsor 676 Vhd i +{, @ m{ Fofxor gh od ghulydgd hq {3 1 Vl { gh hvwd irupd= l, Vl {3 ? 7/ 7m1 Fdofxohprv vx ghulydgd hq wrgr sxqwr txh h{lvwd1 7 ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i +{, @ { . 7 | hq fdvr frqwudulr i +{, @ { 7/
i 3 +{3 , @ @ @
ll, Vl {3 A 7/ i 3 +{3 , @ 4 +fofxor dqorjr d orv uhflhq khfkrv,1 lll, Vl {3 @ 7 i +{, i +{3 , i 3 +7, @ olp {${3 { {3 Shur frpr i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr fhufd gho 7 sdud fdofxodu hvwh owlpr oplwh ghehprv wrpdu oplwhv odwhudohv | yhulfdu txh hoorv vrq ljxdohv i+{, i+7, { 7 3 olp @ olp. @4 { 7 { 7 {$7. {$7 i +{, i +7, {.7 3 @ olp @ 4 olp { 7 { 7 {$7 {$7
i +{, i +{3 , { {3 { 7 + {3 . 7, { {3 { . {3 @ 4 { {3
Frpr orv oplwhv odwhudohv txh ghqhq i 3 +7, vrq glvwlqwrv qr whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh i 3 +7,/ dv od ixqflq ghulydgd gh i hv i3 = U { i7j :$ $ U i 3 +{, @ 4 {A7 4 {?7
Qrwdu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 71 Revhuydflq= Gh or dqwhulru/ srghprv dupdu txh vl i hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Vlq hpedujr ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv dupd txh vl i hv ghulydeoh hq xq sxqwr s/ hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s1 Whruhpd 816 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d/ hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq d1 Ghprvwudflq= Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh olp i +{, @ i +d, {$d i+d,, @ 3 i+d, olp +{ {$d d
r htxlydohqwhphqwh qrv edvwdud prvwudu txh= Frpr olp i+{, {$d i+d, @ olp +i+{, {$d
d, @ i 3 +d, 3 @ 3
8141 GHULYDGD
5:<
Revhuyh txh ho whruhpd dqwhulru hv gh od irupd s , t/ od ixqflq i +{, @ m{ 7m txh ylprv hq ho hmhpsor 676 txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 7/ vlq hpedujr hood hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 7/ qrv vluyh gh frqwudhmhpsor sdud od dupdflq txh= frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr lpsolfd ghulydelolgdg hq ho sxqwr1 Qrwdflrqhv= Od ghulydgd gh i hq d hv ho oplwh i +d . k, i+d, k i +d.k, i +d, hv oodpdgd ghulydgd odwhudo l}txlhugd hq d ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i 3 +d,/ hv ghflu/ olpk$3 k | vh ghqrwd sru i 3 +d,1 Wdpelq vh ghqh od ghulydgd odwhudo ghuhfkd hq d txh fruuhvsrqgh do oplwh odwhudo 3 ghuhfkr | vh ghqrwd sru i. +d,1 i 3 +d, @ olp k$3 Hmhuflflr 677 Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i+{,/ grqgh ; A +{ 5,6 A 5 ? 7{ . 7 { i+{, @ < A A = vhq+{ . 4, {A5 4?{5 {@ 4 {? 4
Fodudphqwh orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv vrq { @ 5 | { @ 4 |d txh hq yhflqgdghv gh hoodv/ i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr | hvwh khfkr wudmr glfxowdghv hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru1 d, Yhdprv hq sulphu oxjdu vl i hv ghulydeoh hq s @ 5/ sdud hoor qhfhvlwdprv fdofxodu ho vljxlhqwh oplwh +vl hv txh h{lvwh,= i +{, i +5, @ i 3 +5, olp {$5 { 5 Hvwh oplwh ghehprv fdofxoduor phgldqwh orv oplwhv odwhudohv i+{, i+5, +{ 5,6 3 3 i. +5, @ olp. @ olp. @3 { 5 { 5 {$5 {$5 i+{, i+5, {5 7{ . 7 3 @ olp @3 olp { 5 { 5 {$5 {$5 Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv txh i hv ghulydeoh hq 5 | txh i 3 +5, @ 31 e, Dkrud yhdprv vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr { @ 41 Frpr i+{, i + 4, {5 7{ . 7 < olp . @ olp . @ olp 5 { {.4 {.4 {$ 4 {$ 4 {$ 4 | frpr ho rwur oplwh odwhudo1 olp {$ 4 i +{, i + 4, vhq+{ . 4, @ olp {.4 {.4 {$ 4 <
8@
qr h{lvwh6 vh wlhqh txh i qr hv ghulydeoh hq 4 f, Yhdprv dkrud vl i hv ghulydeoh hq orv sxqwrv d txh vrq pd|ruhv txh 51 Hq hvwh fdvr od ixqflq wrpd od irupd i+{, @ +{ 5,6 1 i 3 +d, @ i +{, i +d, { d +{ 5,6 +d 5,6 @ olp {$d { d ^+{ 5, +d 5,`^+{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d @ olp {$d { d @ olp +{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5 @ 6+d 5,5 {$d olp {$d
q
'
5,5
6 Sdud
frq f
' f1
3 n 2q
< 3
> i E{
q
5;3 g, Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr d/ d 5` h, Ilqdophqwh/ fdofxohprv i 3 +d, fxdqgr d ? i 3 +d, @ @ @ @ @ @ olp {$d olp {$d i +{, { i +d, {5 @ olp {$d d 4 4> 5^
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
7{ . 7 +d5 { d
7d . 7,
@ 5d
hv
Gh hvwd irupd/ od ixqflq ghulydgd +txh frqvhjxlprv sru sduwh | dqdol}dprv hq orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv, {A5 {@5 i 3 +{, @ 4?{?5 A 5{ 7 A = frv+{ . 4, {? 4 3 5,5 ; A 6+{ A ?
vhq+{ . 4, vhq+d . 4, { d vhq+x . d . 4, vhq+d . 4, olp x$3 x vhq+x, frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, frv+x, vhq+d . 4, olp x$3 x vhq+x, frv+x, 4 olp +frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, , x$3 x x vhq+x, frv+x, 4 +frv+d . 4,, olp . vhq+d . 4, olp , x$3 x x$3 x frv+d . 4,
Dkrud fdofxohprv dojxqdv ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv evlfdv/ hq ho vhqwlgr txh srvwhulruphqwh qrv d|xgduq d rewhqhu od ghulydgd gh rwudv ixqflrqhv1 Hmhpsor 678 Phgldqwh ho fofxor gh odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv1 Mxvwltxh ho vljxlhqwh olvwdgr1 41 Vl i+{, @ n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 3 51 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 4 61 Vl i+{, @ vhq+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,
71 Vl i+{, @ frv+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ vhq+{, s 4 81 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 5s{ / vl { A 3 91 Vl i+{, @ {q hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ q{q :1 Vl i+{, @ h{ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ h{ 41
4
/ vl q 5 Q
Vroxflq= Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv d lqglfdu xq hohphqwr jhqulfr gho grplqlr gh od ixqflq fruuhvsrqglhqwh1 i 3 +d, @ i +{, i +d, { d n n @ olp {$d { d 3 @ olp @3 {$d { d olp {$d
8141 GHULYDGD 51
5;4
i 3 +d, @
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq lghqwlgdg i +{, @ { wlhqh frpr ixqflq ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 41
i+d . k, i+d, k frv+d . k, frv+d, olp k$3 k frv+d, frv+k, vhq+d, vhq+k, frv+d, olp k$3 k frv+d,+frv+k, 4, vhq+d, vhq+k, olp k$3 k k +frv+d,,3 +vhq+d,,4 @ vhq+d,
vhq+{,
91 i 3 +d, @ @ @ @ @ @
g Dv/ g{ {q @ q{q 4 vl q 5 Q Hvwd iupxod wdpelq hv yolgd sdud srwhqfldv glvwlqwdv gh xq qphur qdwxudo shur od ghprvwudflq khfkd hv vor yolgd sdud q 5 Q
i +d . k, i +d, k +d . k,q dq olp k$3 k Sq q dq . n@4 dq n kn dq n olp k$3 k q q 4 . Sq q n kn kqd n@5 n d olp k$3 k q [ q olp qdq 4 . dq n kn 4 n k$3 n@5 qdq 4 . 3 olp k$3
5;5 :1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
i 3 +d, @
Ghprvwudflq=
Whruhpd 817 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr d/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq i frq 5 U mr wdpelq hv ghulydeoh hq d | +i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,, gi m{@d g{ i+d . k, i+d, k i +d . k, i+d, , @ olp + k$3 k i +d . k, i +d, @ olp k$3 k @ olp k$3
81415
Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv
Frpr i hv ghulydeoh/ ho owlpr oplwh hv vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr d1 Dv/ gi gi m{@d @ m{@d g{ g{ +i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
Hmhpsor 679 Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd | orv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh 41 +6 vhq+{,,3 @ 6+vhq+{,,3 @ 6 frv+{,
Whruhpd 818 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or hv i . j | dghpv vx ghulydgd vdwlvidfh gi gj g +i . j,+d, @ +d, . +d, g{ g{ g{
vhq+{, < 6@ 5:
5;6
j+d,
Vhsdudqgr orv vxpdqgrv | djuxsqgrorv sdud irupdu ho oplwh txh ghqh od ghulydgd +gh fdgd ixqflq, vh wlhqh +i . j,3 +d, @ i+d . k, . j+d . k, i +d, j+d, k i+d . k, i +d, j+d . k, j+d, . olp @ olp k$3 k$3 k k @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d, olp k$3
txh hv vlpsohphqwh ho uhvxowdgr shglgr/ vor txh hvw hvfulwr hq rwud qrwdflq1 s { . vhq+{, :{6
Hmhpsor 67: Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd whqhprv txh vrq ghulydeohv odv ixqflrqhv> 41 i +{, @ 51 j+{, @ frv+{,
71 o+{, @ 8h{
61 k+{, @ <{ . 7
7 vhq+{, s 8 {
7{8
s 41 i 3 +{, @ + {,3 . +vhq {,3 @ 51 j 3 +{, @ +frv,3 +{, 71 o3 +{, @ 8+h{ ,3 61 k3 +{, @ +<{,3 . +7,3
4 s{ . frv+{,
:+{6 ,3 @
vhq+{,
:+6{5 , @
vl { 5 U.
vhq+{,
7+{8 ,3
Whruhpd 819 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or vrq i j | i @j/ +sdud hvwd owlpd j+d, qr qxor, l, +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i +d, j 3 +d,
vl { 5 U.
7 frv+{, vl { 5 U
54{5 vl { 5 U
Xvdqgr rwud qrwdflq od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv gi gj gi j +d, @ +d, j+d, . i +d, +d, g{ g{ g{ gi g+i @j, md @ + md j+d, g{ g{ i+d, gj 4 md , g{ j5 +d,
| ho fxrflhqwh
5;7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ghprvwudflq= Od ghprvwudflq hv vlpsohphqwh xq hmhuflflr gh oplwhv/ vor txh hv qhfhvdulr ideulfdu orv o plwhv gh odv ghulydgdv> hq ho fdvr gho surgxfwr ho wuxfr hv vxpdu | uhvwdu +vxpdu fhur, ho wuplqr i +d,j+d . k,1 +i j,3 +d, @ +i j,+d . k, +i j,+d, k i +d . k,j+d . k, i +d,j+d . k, . i +d,j+d . k, i+d,j+d, @ olp k$3 k +i +d . k, i +d,, j+d . k, j+d, j+d . k, . i +d, @ olp k$3 k k olp k$3 +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,j+d, . i+d,j3 +d,
Sdud od rwud sduwh ghmduhprv do ohfwru exvfdu hq fxdotxlhu oleur gh fofxor evlfr1 Revhuydflq= Qrwhprv txh ho whruhpd qr glfh txh od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv ho surgxfwr gh odv ghulydgdv vlqr txh hv dojr edvwdqwh glvwlqwr/ hvwr wdpelq rfxuuh frq od ghulydgd gho fxrflhqwh1 Hmhpsor 67; Fdofxodu od ghulydgdv gh= 41 i+{, @ 6{7 frv+{,/ vl { 5 U1
81 i+{, @ vhf+{,/
71 i+{, @ fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
6 7 8
s{
{
i 3 +{, @ +6{7 ,3 frv+{, . 6{7 +frv+{,,3 @ 45{6 frv+{, . 6{7 + vhq+{,, @ 45{6 frv+{, 6{7 vhq+{, 51 i 3 +{, @ vhq+{, frv+{, 3 +vhq+{,,3 frv+{, vhq+{,+frv+{,,3 +frv+{,,5 frv+{, frv+{, vhq+{,+ vhq+{,, +frv+{,,5 frv+{, frv+{, . vhq+{, vhq+{, +frv+{,,5 4 @ vhf5 +{, frv5 +{,
@ @ @ @
wdq Dv djuhjdprv d qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv d phprul}du gg{ +{, @ vhf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
5;8
frv+{, vhq+{,
3
@ @ @ @
71
+frv+{,,3 vhq+{, frv+{,+vhq+{,,3 +vhq+{,,5 vhq+{, vhq+{, frv+{, frv+{, +vhq+{,,5 vhq+{, vhq+{, . frv+{, frv+{, +vhq+{,,5 4 @ fvf5 +{, vhq5 +{,
81
g fvf +{, @ g{
+4,3 vhq+{, 4+vhq+{,,3 +vhq+{,,5 4+frv+{,, +vhq+{,,5 frv+{, +vhq+{,,5 frw+{, fvf+{,
3
91
+4,3 frv+{, 4+frv+{,,3 +frv+{,,5 4+ vhq+{,, @ +frv+{,,5 vhq+{, @ +frv+{,,5 @ wdq+{, vhf+{, @
i 3 +{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,3 +8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,3 ^+8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,`3 @ +43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,++43{ . 45{6 , @ 5+43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , :1 i 3 +{, @ @ Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh +8{: +68{9 s s 6 {,3 +< { 7{8 , s +< { 6 s ,+<s{ 7{8, 5 { s +< { s s +8{: 6 {,+< { 7{8 ,5 s < +8{: 6 {,+ 5s{ 7{8 ,5 7{8 ,3 53{7 ,3
5;9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dojheud gh ghulydgdv1
41 +i,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq d hqwrqfhv i / i . j/ i j vrq ghulydeohv hq d | vl j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i @j hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Dghpv 51 +i . j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
Frurodulr 81: Vhd j ixqflq ghulydeoh hq d/ j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv od ixqflq 4@j hv ghulydeoh hq d | Hmhpsor 67< Frq hvwh frurodulr fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ {4 > q 5 Q q Hmhuflflr 683 Fdofxoh odv ghulydgdv gh i +{, @ Vroxflq= gi +{, @ g{
5
j+d, 9@ 31
g +4@j,+d, @ g{
g g{ +j,+d, +j+d,,5
4 + ,3 +d, @ j
j 3 +d, j 5 +d,
gi +{, @ g{
4 { . vhq {
>
j+{, @ gj +{, @ g{
81416
Vljxlhqgr frq whruhpdv txh qrv shuplwdq fdofxodu ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv xvdqgr odv |d fdofxodgdv/ yhdprv ho whruhpd gh od ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv frpsxhvwdv/ sru hmhpsor vdelhqgr txh i+{, @ vhq+{, | j+{, @ <{6 vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv Tx srghprv ghflu hq fxqwr d ghulydelolgdg/ gh +i j,+{, @ vhq+<{6 , | gh +i i,+{,B Hmhpsor 684 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ odv ghulydgd gh od ixqflq +i i,+{, @ vhq+vhq {, hq ho sxqwr { @ d1 Vroxflq= i 3 +d, @ @ @ olp {$d
Uhjod gh od Fdghqd
Revhuydflq= Yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq xq uhvxowdgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd txh qrv shuplwlu fdofxodu hvwd | rwudv ghulydgdv +gh xqd ixqflrq frpsxhvwd, gh xqd pdqhud pv vlpsoh1
@ @
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, { d vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, vhq +{, vhq +d, olp {$d vhq +{, vhq +d, { d vhq +x, vhq +e, vhq +{, vhq +d, olp olp frq x @ vhq { | e @ vhq +d, x$vhq d {$d x e { d frv +e, frv +d, frq e @ vhq d frv+vhq +d,, vhq +d,
8141 GHULYDGD
5;:
Whruhpd 81; +Uhjod gh od Fdghqd r Ghulydgd gh od frpsxhvwd, Vhd i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U/ i+[, \> d 5 [ _ [ 3 > e @ i+d, 5 \ _ \ 3 Vl h{lvwh i 3 +d, | j3 +e, hqwrqfhv h{lvwh +j i,3 +d, | r hvfulwd gh rwud irupd gj gi g ji md @ me md g{ g{ g{ s Hmhpsor 685 Vhdq j+{, @ frv+{,> i +{, @ :{6 . {/ i hv ghulydeoh hq U. | Uhfi U @ Grpj sru or wdqwr/ sdud d 5 U. +j i ,3 +d, @ j3 +i+d,,i 3 +d, s 4 @ j3 +:d6 . d, +54d5 . s , 5 d +j i,3 +d, @ j 3 +e, j 3 +d, @ j 3 +i +d,,j3 +d,=
s 4 d,, +54d5 . s , 5 d s 5 Hmhuflflr 686 Vhd i 3 +{, @ {6 h{ / i+4, @ 3 | j+{, @ +{ . 4,5 . 6 Fdofxoh +j i ,3 +4,1 +j i,3 +d, @ + vhq+:d6 . Vroxflq= Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd Oxhjr +j i ,3 +4, @ j 3 +i +4,, i 3 +4, 5 shur i 3 +4, @ 46 h4 @ h | j3 +{, @ s5+{.4, 1 5 +{.4,5 .6 5 3 +i+4,, @ j3 +3, @ s @ 4 1 gh grqgh j 5 5 7 Sru or wdqwr/ uhhpsod}dqgr hq 814 +j i ,3 +4, @ 4 h h@ 5 5 +j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,, i 3 +{, +814,
vhq {
Hmhpsor 687 Vhd j+{, @ vhq+vhq {, grqgh j @ i i frq i +{, @ vhq { hqwrqfhv j3 +{, @ i 3 +i+{,,i 3 +{, @ frv+vhq {, frv {1 s Hmhpsor 688 Vhd i +{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . <> { 5 U gi m{ g{ 4 @ k3 +o+{,,o3 +{, | frpr k3 +{, @ s 5 { 4 s +45{6 vhq+{,, @ 5 o+{, 45{6 vhq+{, s = @ 5 6{7 . frv+{, . <
Frpr i sxhgh vhu hvfulwd frpr od frpsxhvwd gh grv ixqflrqhv pv vlpsohv/ frpr vljxh= i +{, @ s k+6{7 . frv+{, . <, @ +k o,+{, grqgh k+{, @ { | o+{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . </ vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ vh wlhqh xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd
5;; Whqhprv txh i +{, @ vhf+k+{,, frq k+{, @ 5{8 . 7h{ oxhjr i 3 +{, @
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 68: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq { @ d1 Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ +i +{,,q > q 5 ]1 gj md g{ @
g vhf gk mk+{, m{ g{ g{ @ vhf+{, wdq+{,mk+{, +43{7 . 7h{ , @ vhf+k+{,, wdq+k+{,,+43{7 . 7h{ , @ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ , wdq+5{8 . 7h{ ,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
Frpr j+{, @ +k i ,+{, grqgh k+{, @ {q / xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd whqhprv txh gj gi mi +d, md g{ g{ gi @ q+i+d,,q 4 +d, g{
4
i 3 +{,
g+6{5 . frv {,8 @ 8+6{5 . frv {,8 4 +9{ vhq {, g{ Hmhpsor 68; Od uhjod gh od fdghqd sru lqgxfflq vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d od frpsrvlflq gh pv gh grv ixqflrqhv sru hmhpsor fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ +j k m n o,+{,
Vroxflq=
i +{, m{ g{
@ @ @ @ @
g+j k m n o, m{ g{ +j k m n, go mo+{, +{, g{ g{ gn go +j k m, mno+{, mo+{, +{, g{ g{ g{ gm gn go +j k, mm no+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{, g{ g{ g{ g{ +j, gk gm gn go mkmno+{, mm no,+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{, g{ g{ g{ g{ g{
Fdofxohprv fdgd ghulydgd lqglfdgd | uhdol}dqgr odv hydoxdflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwh whqhprv gi g{ ^vhf5 +{5 . : frv {,7 `^7+{5 . : frv {,6 `^5{ : vhq {`
g vhq { gi g vhf g wdq {7 @ mvhf+wdq+{5 .: frv {,7 , mwdq+{5 .: frv {,7 m+{5 .: frv {,7 +5{ g{ g{ g{ g{ g{ {5 .: frv {
: vhq {,
8141 GHULYDGD Hmhuflflr 693 Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ suxheh txh vl i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ hqwrqfhv Vroxflq= Frqvlghuprv od ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq U +hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{, ;{ 5 G
5;<
Sru klswhvlv i = G $ U hv xqd ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd uhjod gh od { :$ i +{, fdghqd j i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G | grqgh +j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @ hi +{, | j3 +{, @ h{ 1 Dv j 3 +i +{,, @ hi +{, 1 Sru or wdqwr hq 815 vh wlhqh +hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{, Hmhpsor 694 Fdofxoh od ghulydgd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv 41 hvhq{ +j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,,i 3 +{,
j= U $ U { :$ h{
+815,
Vroxflq=
s 51 h {.frv {
41 +hvhq { ,3 @ hvhq { +vhq {,3 @ hvhq { frv { vhq {,1
Vroxflq= Vdehprv sru surslhgdg gho orjdulwpr txh oxhjr sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru shur +j+{, oq i+{,,3
i +{, , ++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, i+{,
j +{, +i +{,,j+{, @ hoq+i +{,, @ hj+{, oq i +{,
;{ 5 G
hv od ghulydgd gh xq surgxfwr | gh frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv/ oxhjr +j+{, oq i+{,,3 @ j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, i 3 +{, i +{,
+816,
Dv uhhpsod}dqgr hq 816
Revhuydflq= Gh or dqwhulru vh rewlhqh= +ui +{, ,3 @ ui +{, i 3 +{, oq u vl u hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd +i+{,u ,3 @ ui +{,u 4 i 3 +{, vl i +{, A 31
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
s 41 i+{, @ +{5 . 5, {
51 j+{, @ 5{
5
.frv
Vroxflq=
51 j+{, @ h+{
s 5 41 i+{, @ h { oq+{ .5, oxhjr dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru s s 5 i 3 +{, @ h { oq+{ .5, + { oq+{5 . 5,,3 s 4 s 5{ @ +{5 . 5, { + s oq+{5 . 5, . { 5 , 5 { { .5
5
.frv , oq 5
/ dqdorjdphqwh
Frphqwdulrv
Dqdol}dqgr orv jufrv gh i | j hq od jxud txh vljxh/ srghprv qrwdu txh O/ uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh j qr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh txh P / uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i sxhvwr txh odv rqgxodflrqhv gh j+{, +iuhfxhqfld gh rqgd, vrq pv uslgd txh odv gh i/ reoljdqgr hvwr d whqhu pd|ru shqglhqwh O txh P1 gj 51 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd g{ @ 7 frv 7{/ yhdprv yld od ghqlflq frpr vh rewlhqh hvwh uhvxowdgr1 gj md g{ j+d . k, j+d, k vhq+7+d . k,, vhq +7d, @ olp k$3 k vhq+7d . 7k, vhq +7d, @ olp k$3 k @ olp k$3 vhq whqhprv
41 Yhdprv jhrpwulfdphqwh sru tx ghehprv xvdu od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ sdud hvr xvduhprv odv ixqflrqhv i+{, @ vhq { | j+{, @ vhq+7{,1 gj gj Vl qr xvdprv od uhjod frphwhprv ho wslfr huuru gh dupdu txh g{ @ frv 7{/ dv hq @5/ g{ m@5 @ frv 5 @ 41
5 frv+7d . 5k, vhq+5k, k vhq +5k, @ 7 olp frv+7d . 5k, olp k$3 k$3 5k @ 7 frv+7d, 4
8141 GHULYDGD
5<4
Iljxuh 814= 61 Vreuh odv glihuhqwhv qrwdflrqhv Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq Y / yroxphq gh xq flolqgur gh dowxud o | udglr u/ hv ghflu/ od ixqflq yroxphq Y @ u5 o1 Vl qrv slghq fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh Y hq ho sxqwr d/ hv ghflu/ Y 3 +d, Tx ghehprv frqwhvwduB Qr hv or plvpr txh qrv slgdq i 3 +d,/ grqgh i +{, @ 6 vhq {/ |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr hvw fodud od yduldeoh/ shur hq ho fdvr gh Y Fxo hv od yduldeohB Gheh vhu wrpdgd u frpr yduldeoh lqghshqglhqwhB R d or phmru oB1 Hq hvwh fdvr od qrwdflq Y 3 +d, hv dpeljxd | hv frqyhqlhqwh xvdu od qrwdflq gY mu@d gu r gY mo@d go
|d txh gh hvwd irupd txhgd h{soflwd od yduldeoh frq uhvshfwr d od fxdo vh txlhuh ghulydu1 gY mu@d gu Y +d . k, Y +d, k +d . k,5 o d5 o olp k$3 k 5do Y +d . k, Y +d, olp k$3 k u5 +d . k, u5 d olp k$3 k 5 u olp k$3
Phgldqwh od ghqlflq srghprv yhu txh orv uhvxowdgrv vrq wrwdophqwh glihuhqwhv vl vh wrpd xqd x rwud yduldeoh @ @ @ @
gY mo@d go
Hq ho fdvr txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh pv gh xqd yduldeoh +sru hmhpsor i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6 , vh gi dfrvwxpeud d lqglfdu od ghulydflq frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh | sru hmhpsor/ frpr Ci d fdpelr gh g| / C| dv/ Ci lqglfd od ghulydgd gh i frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh } vrodphqwh/ txhgdqgr odv rwudv yduldeohv C} frpr frqvwdqwh +hv ghflu/ vh frpsruwhq frpr qphur sdud ho prphqwr gh ghulydu1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
@ | 5 frv { . 3 @ 5| vhq { . 3 @ 3 . 6} 5
Hmhpsor 698 Hq ho fdvr gho yroxphq gho flolqgur Y @ u5 o CY @ 5uo Cu CY @ u5 Co
Hmhpsor 699 Vhd j+{> |> }, @ 6{5 . :{6 vhq | hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh Cj C{ Cj C| Cj C}
Wrphprv dkrud od ixqflq i @ 8{5 .vhq {1 Fodudphqwh whqhprv/ sru or dqwhulru/ txh Ci @ 43{.frv { C{ | txh Ci @ 3 |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr ghehprv shqvdu txh od yduldeoh hv |/ shur i vh frpsruwd C| frpr frqvwdqwh uhvshfwr d hvwd yduldeoh dv txh vx ghulydgd hv fhur Ci i +| . k, @ olp k$3 C| k i+|, @ olp k$3 8{5 . vhq { +8{5 . vhq {, @3 k
Vhdq | @ i +x,> x @ j+{, vxsrqjdprv txh dpedv wlhqh ghulydgdv | txh hv srvleoh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd | @ i +j+{,,1 +hv ghflu/ vl gq odv klsrwhvlv gh od uhjod gh od fdghqd,1 Hqwrqfhv C| Cy C| @ C{ Cy C|
Hmhpsor 69: Vhd | xqd ixqflq gh {/ ghulydeoh frq uhvshfwr d {1 Fdofxohprv odv ghulydgdv txh vh lqglfdq
Qrwdflrqdophqwh ho wuplqr l}txlhugr gh od ljxdogdg vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | fdofxodgd ghvsxhv gh kdehu khfkr od frpsxhvwd gh i | j +i j,/ hq fdpelr ho sulphu idfwru gho wuplqrv ghuhfkr C| vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | dqwhv gh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd1 Cy
g| g 41 g{ +{7 | 6 , @ {7 6| g{ . 7{6 |6 g| g 51 g{ +{ vhq |, @ vhq | . { frv | g{ g| g 61 g{ +wj {|, @ +vhf5 +{|,,+| . { g{ , g| g 71 g{ +5{| 6 . { vhq+{|,, @ 5| 6 . 9{| 5 g{ . vhq +{|, . { frv+{|,+| . { g| , g{
8141 GHULYDGD
5<6
g| g| g :1 g{ +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | g{ . 6| 5 g{ g ;1 g{ +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | . 6| 5 g <1 g} +vhq | . | 6 , @ 31 Hmhuflflr 69; Ghwhuplqdu vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv
g s 81 g{ + |, @ g s 91 g| + |, @
5 5
4 g| s| g{
4 s|
Vroxflq=
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq `d> e^1 Vl i | j vrq fuhflhqwhv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
Hmhpsor 69< Hq tx sxqwrv/ h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq ; {3 ? frv { i+{, @ = s 6 4 5{ { ? 3 Vroxflq=
51 Idovr1 Vhdq j+{, @ m{m/ i+{, @ {5 | d @ 3 j hv frqwlqxd hq 3 shur qr ghulydeohv hq 3 | i hv ghulydeoh hq j+3, @ 3/ shur +i j,+{, @ m{m5 @ {5 od fxdo hv ghulydeoh hq 3
41 Yhugdghur Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv fuhflhqwh | ghulydeohv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, 3 | j3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ oxhjr +i . j,3 +{, @ i 3 +{, . j 3 +{, 3 ;{ 5`d> e^ Sru or wdqwr i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
d, Vl { A 3/ i +{, @ frv {1 Vdehprv txh frv { hv ghulydeoh sdud wrgr { 5 U hq sduwlfxodu sdud { A 3> i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,1 s e, Vl { ? 3> i +{, @ 6 4 5{1 Hq hvwh fdvr i hv od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | vx ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 4 +4 5{, 5@6 + 5,/ sru uhjod gh od fdghqd1 6
f, Vl { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du sru ghqlflq od ghulydgd gh i/ |d txh i hvw ghqlgd gh irupd glvwlqwd sdud { A 3 | sdud { ? 3 , Yhdprv vl h{lvwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{ i +3, 1 3 Sdud hvwr fdofxohprv
3 i. +3, @
@ @ @ @ @
i+{, i+3, { 3 frv { 4 olp { {$3. frv5 { 4 olp {$3. {+frv { . 4, vhq5 { olp. {$3 {+frv { . 4, vhq { vhq { ,+ , olp + frv { . 4 {$3. { + 4,+3, @ 3 olp {$3.
5<7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq=
Hmhpsor 6:3 Frqvlghuhprv dkrud od ixqflq ; 6 A { frv+4@{5 , { ? 3 A A A ? 3 {@3 i+{, @ A A A A s = {5 . 5{6 { A 3 Ghwhuplqhprv od ghulydgd gh i 1
3 Frpr i 3 +3, 9@ i. +3, hqwrqfhv qr h{lvwh i 3 +3, | hq frqvhfxhqfld ; A s 5 5 {?3 ? 6 6 +4 5{, i 3 +{, @ A = vhq { {A3
Grpi 3 @ U i3j +dv sdud fxdotxlhu sxqwr { 5 U
d, Hv fodur txh sdud { ? 3 od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 frv+4@{5 , hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud | frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ oxhjr xvdqgr odv uhjodv gh ghulydflq whqhprv i 3 +{, @ 6{5 frv+ 4 4 5 , . {6 + vhq+ 5 ,,+ 6 , 5 { { {
f, Sdud { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du i 3 +3, phgldqwh od ghqlflq/ |d txh i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr hq wruqr do fhur/ hv ghflu/ ghehprv fdofxodu i 3 +3, @ olp {$3 i 3 +3, @
.
s {5 . 5{6 @4 {
8141 GHULYDGD
5<8
Hmhpsor 6:4 BcHq tx sxqwrv gho lqwhuydor ^ 4> 5^ od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` . m{
Vroxflq= Vhsdudqgr ho grplqlr gh i dsursldgdphqwh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1 ; { 4{?3 A A A A ? 4 { 3{?4 i +{, @ A A A A = { 4{?5 e, Hq { @ 41 d, Vl 4 ? { ? 3/ i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4/ dqorjdphqwh sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | 4 ? { ? 5 vh vdeh txh i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 4 ? { ? 51
, i frpr vrq glvwlqwrv/ vh frqfox|h txh ho oplwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{ 3 +3, qr h{lvwh1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 | sru or wdqwr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hvw ghqlgd vrodphqwh sdud U i3j | vx ydoru hv= ; 5 5 5 ? 6{ frv+4@{ , . 5 vhq+4@{ , { ? 3 i 3 +{, @ = s{.6{5 6 {A3 {5 .5{
4m hv ghulydeohB
3 4/ vor wlhqh vhqwlgr ghwhuplqdu i. + 4, +vl h{lvwh, txh sru ghqlflq hv od ghulydgd gh i hq 3 i. + 4, @
i +{, i + 4, {.4 { 4 @ olp @ 4 {$ 4. { . 4 olp {$ 4.
Hv fodur txh hq { @ 3 | hq { @ 4 i hv glvfrqwlqxd/ oxhjr i qr hv ghulydeoh hq hvwrv sxqwrv/ dv i +{, hv ghulydeoh hq ^ 4> 5^ i3> 4j i 3 +{, @ Hmhuflflr 6:5 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq ; ? = 4 4 4 { ? 4> { 9@ 3 4?{?5
grqgh d> e 5 U Ghwhuplqh d | e gh prgr txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 41 , 3 Vroxflq= i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl | vor vl olp{$4 i +{{ i +d, h{lvwh +hv ghflu i. +4, @ i 3 +4, ,1 d i 3 +4, @ i +{, i +4, { 4 6 . d{ +6 . d, @ olp { 4 {$4 d+{ 4, @ olp {$4 { 4 @ olp d @ d {$4 olp {$4
i+{, @
6 . d{ { 4 {5 . e { A 4
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
3 i. +4, @
shur hvwh oplwh srguld h{lvwlu vor vl olp{$4. {5 . e +{ . d, @ 3 shur olp{$4 {5 . e +6 . d, @ 4 . e +6 . d,1 3 oxhjr i. +4, srguld h{lvwlu vor vl 4 . e +6 . d, @ 3 gh grqgh e @ 5 . d sru or wdqwr> {5 . e +6 . d, { 4 5 { . 5 . d +6 . d, @ olp { 4 {$4. {5 4 @ olp {$4. { 4 @ olp. { . 4 @ 5 {$4 3 Dv i. +4, @ i 3 +4, +, d @ 5/ oxhjr e @ d . 5 @ 71
3 i. +4, @
olp {$4.
5 f Revhuydflq= Vl olp{$4. {5 . e +6 . d, @ f frq f 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 { .e +6.d, / hv gh od irupd 3 { 4 oxhjr ho oplwh qr h{vlwh Rwud irupd gh uhvroyhu ho sureohpd/ hv ghwhuplqdu frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd +Vl qr or ixhud i qr vhud ghulydeoh,/ gh grqgh Rewhqhprv> olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i+4, {$4. {$4 or txh htxlydoh d ghwhuplqdu od frqglflq e@5.d 3 +4, | i.+4, xvdqgr od frqglflq e @ 5 . d1 3 | oxhjr fdofxodu i
{?3 {8 . {5 . 9 D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, { 3 Ghwhuplqdu D | E hq U sdud txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 31 i+{, @ olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ i +3, {$3 {$3. {$3
Vroxflq= Sulphur ghwhuplqhprv frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 olp i+{, @ olp D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, {$3. {$3. @ D . E @ i+3, olp i+{, @ olp {8 . {5 . 9 @ 9 {$3 {$3 i +{, i +3, {8 . {5 . 9 +D . E, { {8 . {5 . 9 9 sxhv D . E @ 9 @ olp { {$3 {8 . {5 @ olp { {$3 @ olp {+{6 . 4, @ 3 {$3 olp {$3
8141 GHULYDGD Dkrud sru od ghuhfkd i 3 . +3, @ olp. {$3 i +{, { i +3, @ D+frv 6{ . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, +D . E, { D frv 6{ . 6D vhq { . E{ D @ olp. { {$3 D+frv 6{ 4, 6D vhq { E{ . . @ olp. { { { {$3 olp {$3.
5<:
olp {$3.
D+frv+6{, {
4,
3 Oxhjr i 3 . +3, @ 6D . E/ i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl i. +3, @ i 3 +3,/ hv ghflu/ 6D . E @ 3/ shur D . E @ 9/ oxhjr uhvroylhqgr ho vlvwhpd whqhprv D @ 6 | E @ <1
Hmhuflflr 6:7 Vhd 6{5 9{ ; 8{7 7{5 i+{, @ 4 A A = 7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ ; A A ? {? 4 4{?4 {@4 {A4
frv5 +6{, 4 @ D olp. {$3 {+frv+6{, . 4, vhq5 +6{, @ D olp. {$3 {+frv+6{, . 4, vhq+6{, vhq+6{, @ D olp. { frv+6{, . 4 {$3 vhq+6{, vhq+6{, @ 6D olp olp . . frv+6{, . 4 6{ {$3 {$3 @ 6D + 4, 3 @ 3
l, Ghwhuplqdu i 3 +{,1
D @ i 3 + 5,i 3 +4@5, 9{
i 3 + . 4,
e, Vhd 4 ? { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 8{7 53{6 ;{1 f, Vhd { A 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 7{5 frv+{ Qrwhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @
;/ i hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | 7{5 1 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ whqhprv i 3 +{, @
4, . 6{
i 3 +{, @ ;{ frv5 +{
4 | hq { @ 41
4, . 7{5 + vhq+{
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
3 i. + 4, @
i+{, i+ 4, {.4 7 8{ 7{5 4 @ olp . {.4 {$ 4 6 +8{ 8{5 . { 4,+{ . 4, @ olp . {.4 {$ 4 6 5 8{ . { 4 @ 45 @ olp 8{ {$ 4. olp {$ 4. i+{, i+ 4, {.4 5 6{ 9{ ; 4 @ olp {.4 {$ 4 6+{ . 4,+{ 6, @ olp {.4 {$ 4 @ olp 6+{ 6, @ 45 {$ 4 olp {$ 4
i 3 + 4, @
45
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6 . ;+ . 4, . 6 5
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633
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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| i hv frqwlqxd hq 41 Revhuydflq= Qrwh txh od klswhvlv gh frqwlqxlgdg hv ixqgdphqwdo1 Or srghprv yhu hq ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor1 8{ . : { 6 i +{, @ 8{ . ; { ? 6
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl D . E @ 91 Dghpv 8{7 . 5{ 3 +{, @ i D+ 6 vhq+6{, . 6 frv {, . E Orv oplwhv olp{$3. i 3 +{, | olp{$3 i 3 +{, h{lvwhq sxhv |
hv ghflu/ d @ 5 | frpr e @ 5 . d/ hqwrqfhv e @ 71 Dqdorjdphqwh hq ho hmhuflflr 6:6 {8 . {5 . 9 {?3 i+{, @ D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, { 3 {?3 {A3
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8141 GHULYDGD
634
81417
Frurodulr 8143 Fofxor gh ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq lqyhuvd Vhd i = [ $ Uhfi U ixqflq lqyhuwleoh | ghulydeoh/ ghqrwhprv sru j d od lqyhuvd i 4 / dv j = Uhfi $ [1 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d 5 [ _ [ 3 frq ghulydgd i 3 +d, 9@ 3 | j hv ghulydeoh frqwlqxd hq i +d, @ e1 Hv ghflu/ od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd i 4 hq e vh fdofxod xvdqgr ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh od ghulydgd gh i hq d +uhfrughprv txh i 3 +d, hv qphur uhdo qr qxor,1
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Hmhpsor 6:9 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh dufwdq+{,1 Uhfrughprv txh od lqyhuvd orfdo gh wdq+{, hv dufwdq+{,/ hv ghflu/ sdud { dsursldgrv vh wlhqh Xvdqgr frurodulr hq xq sxqwr e @ wdq+d,/ grqgh vhf5 +d, 9@ 3 whqhprv= g dufwdq 4 4 +{,me @ 3 +d, @ vhf5+d, g{ wdq vhf5 +{, @ wdq5 +{, . 4 dufwdq+wdq+{,, @ { | { @ wdq+dufwj+{,,
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5
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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vor txh dtx gheh xwlol}du rwud lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd1 + fvf5 { @ fwj 5 { . 4, Revhuydflq= Dkrud txh khprv orjudgr xqd wfqlfd sdud hqfrqwudu ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv lqyhuvdv fuhhprv txh hv exhqr kdfhu qrwdu or txh hv ho uhvxowdgr gho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd1
Revhuydflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | txh +i j, @ Lg hqwrqfhv qhfhvduldphqwh vxv ghulydgdv vrq qr qxodv1 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd vh wlhqh i 3 +j+{,,j 3 +{, @ 4
+e,
| frpr vh wudwd gh od pxowlsolfdflq gh grv qphurv uhdohv/ dperv ghehq vhu qr qxorv/ pdv dq/ xqr gheh vhu ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho rwur1 Uhfrughprv txh vhqr hv xqd ixqflq gh U hq U txh qr hv lq|hfwlyd | wdpsrfr hv vreuh|hfwlyd/ frpr vroxflq d hvwr owlpr srgudprv frqvlghuduod frpr vhq = U $ ^ 4> 4`/ shur ho sureohpd gh od lq|hfwlylgdg vhq dq shupdqhfh1 Hq ghqlwlyd qr vh sxhgh shqvdu txh vhq whqjd lqyhuvd gh ^ 4> 4` hq U/ shur gg{ +{,m{@ @ 4 txh hv glvwlqwr gh 3/ oxhjr ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd1 BcFxo hv od frqwudglfflq hqwuh hvwdv owlpdv grv iudvhvB Qlqjxqd/ sxhvwr txh ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd qr kdeod gh xqd ixqflq lqyhuvd gh vhq frq grplqlr hq ^ 4> 4` | uhfruulgr U/ vlqr txh qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd orfdo1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh h{lvwh M yhflqgdg gh i +d, | K yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1 Hq ho fdvr gh i+{, @ vhq { h{lvw M yhflqgdg gh fhur grqgh i+, @ 3 | K yhflqgdg gh wdo txh vhq = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1 Frq ho whruhpd gh od ixqflrq lqyhuvd srghprv orjudu yduldu lqyhuvdv orfdohv |d txh edvwd wrpdu sxqwrv {3 txh vdwlvidjdq od klsrwhvlv g vhq { m{3 9@ 3 g{ Hq orv sxqwrv grqgh vh dqxod od ghulydgd gh vhqr +sru hmhpsor hq @5, hv lpsrvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd lqyhuvd orfdo gh hood/ |d txh sdud wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwhqjd ho sxqwr/ vhqr vlhpsuh vhu qr lq|hfwlyd1 \d txh khprv kdeodgr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ vhq {/ fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i 4 +{, @ dufvhq {/ sdud { dsursldgr hq ho hmhuflflr txh vljxh Hmhuflflr 6:: Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i
4
+{, @ dufvhq {
636
Vroxflq= Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, grqgh vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frvd A 3 vl d 5` @5> @5^ | 4 +i 4 ,3 +e, @ frv d s Vhd } @ frv d hqwrqfhv } 5 @ frv5 d @ 4 vhq5 d1 oxhjr } @ 4 vhq5 d sxhv } A 3 shur d dufvhq e oxhjr s s } @ 4 vhq+dufvhq+e,, } @ 4 e5 Sru or wdqwr Hq fdpelr vl frqvlghudprv vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frv d ? 3 vl d 5`@5> 6@5^ | +i shur s s 4 vhq5 d @ 4 vhq+dufvhq e,, frv d @ sru or wdqwr vl frqvlghudprv i
4
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637
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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G5 i +f, @ i 33 +f, @
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= = = =
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g6 i +{, g{6
638
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51 Wrph xqd ixqflq jqhulfd i 5 F 5 `d> e^ | suxheh txh Hmhuflflr 6;3 Frqvlghuh od hfxdflq
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639
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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816
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63:
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n + 4,
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| ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , gheh fxpsolu od hfxdflq 8145/ whqhprv sru or wdqwr Uhhpsod}dqgr |3 @ 4 gh grqgh {3 whqhprv
5 {5 . |3 @ 9{3 3
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd
Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpwulfdv
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81815
Dsolfdflrqhv Ivlfdv
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Ghqlflq 814: Vl xq sxqwr S vh pxhyh vreuh xqd uhfwd gh prgr txh vx srvlflq hq ho wlhpsr w hv v+w,/ frq w 5`w3 > w3 . ^> A 3/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg phgld gh S hqwuh orv wlhpsrv w3 | w hv y@ | od yhorflgdg lqvwdqwqhd y+w3 , gh S hq ho wlhpsr w3 hv y+w3 , @ olp w$w3 v+w, w v+w, w v+w3 , w3
vlhpsuh | fxdqgr ho oplwh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu y+w3 , @ v3 +w3 ,1 Od udslgh} gh S do wlhpsr w @ w3 vh ghqh frpr my+w3 ,m | od dfhohudflq gh S do wlhpsr w3 frpr d+w3 , @ olp w$w3 y+w, w y+w3 , w3
v+w3 , w3
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 749 Xqd dwohwd fruuh orv flhq phwurv sodqrv9 / gh pdqhud txh od glvwdqfld v+w, txh kd uhfruulgr d orv w vhjxqgrv hvw gdgd sru 4 v+w, @ w5 . ;w phwurv 8 Fdofxodu od yhorflgdg gho fruuhgru d, hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd e, d orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd f, do fux}du od phwd Vroxflq= d, Qrwhprv txh hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd w @ 3/ od srvlflq gho dwohwd hv v+3, @ 3 phwurv1 Xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ od yhorflgdg gho dwohwd hq w @ 31 y+3, @ v+w, v+3, w 3 4@8w5 . ;w @ olp w$3 w @ olp 4@8w . ; w$3 @ ;p@vhj olp w$3
Txh hv htxlydohqwh d fdofxodu y+w,/ ghulydqgr v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr | oxhjr hydoxdqgr hq w @ 31 Dv/ 5 y+w, @ w . ; , y+3, @ ; 8 e, D orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd/ whqhprv 5 y+8, @ 8 . ; @ 43p@vhj 8
sru or wdqwr d orv 43 vhj ho dwohwd kd fux}dgr od phwd | vx yhorflgdg hv 5 y+43, @ 43 . ; @ 45p@vhj 8
Hmhpsor 74: Grv fduuhwhudv vh fux}dq irupdqgr hq xq qjxor gh 78 1 Vdelhqgr txh hq xq lqvwdqwh w3 grv dxwrpylohv D | E glvwdq gho fuxfh 433 npv/ ho dxwrpylo D dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh ;3 np@kuv | E dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh 93 np2kuv1 Ghwhuplqh od udslgh} frq txh vh vhsdud xqr gho rwur hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1 +jxud BB, Vroxflq= Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fuxfh do dxwrpylo D hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ |+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fuxfh do dxwrpylo E/ | v+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh D | E/ dghpv yD +w3 ,> yE +w3 , yhorflgdg gh orv dxwrpylo D/ E uhvshfwlydphqwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1 Sru klswhvlv {+w3 , @ |+w3 , @ 433npv / yD +w3 , @ {3 +w3 , @ ;3np2kuv | yE +w3 , @ | 3 +w3 , @ 93np2kuv1 Qrvrwurv exvfdprv gv +w3 ,1 gw
9 Wr grv
orv prylplhqwr vrq frqvlghudgrv uhfwlolqhr1
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 74; Ho yroxphq Y +hq slh6 , gh xqd shtxhd uhsuhvd gxudqwh od srfd gh ooxyld/ hvw gdgr sru grqgh w vh plgh hq phvhv | 3 w 61 Od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv ho xmr lqvwdqwqhr kdfld od uhsuhvd1 Fdofxoh ho xmr hq orv wlhpsrv w @ 3 | w @ 5 Bc Fxo hv ho ydoru gho xmr fxdqgr ho yroxphq hv gh 44=583slh6 B Y @ 8333+w . 4,5
Vroxflq= Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv gY 1 gw Hq hvwh sureohpd gY uhsuhvhqwd ho xmr kdfld od uhsuhvd/ hqwrqfhv ghulydqgr od ixqflq Y uhvshfwr gho gw wlhpsr whqhprv gY @ 43=333+w . 4, gw hydoxdqgr hq w @ 3 | w @ 5 rewhqhprv ho xmr> gY mw@3 @ 43=333slh6 @phvhv gw gY mw@5 @ 63=333slh6 @phvhv gw 44=583 @ 8=333+w . 4,5 gY mw@3=8 @ 48=333slh6 @phvhv gw
Hmhpsor 74< Od Whpshudwxud W +hq judgrv Fhovlxv, gh xqd vroxflq do wlhpsr w +hq plqxwrv, hvw gdgd sru 6 W +w, @ 43 . 7w . w.4 sdud 4 w 43 51 Fdofxoh od wdvd gh yduldflq r ud}q gh fdpelr gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w hq w @ 5 | w @ <1
41 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr r yduldflq gh od whpshudwxud gxudqwh ho lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr ^5> 5=68`1
Vroxflq=
41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr w @ 5> k @ 3=68 hq od ghqlflq vh rewlhqh txh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr gh W hq ^5> 5=68` hv W +5=68, W +5, 6=: 3=68 51 Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh yduldflq gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv W 3 +w, @ 7 Dv/ W 3 +5, @ 7 6 +5 . 4,5 6 +w . 4,5
W 3 +<, @ 7
Hmhpsor 753 Orv h{wuhprv gh xq deuhydghur gh 6 pw gh odujr wlhqhq od irupd gh wulqjxor htxlowhur frq odgrv gh 93fp +shuo,1 Vh vxplqlvwud djxd do deuhydghur d ud}q gh 53 O2plq1 BcFxo hv od udslgh} gh fdpelr r yduldflq gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv gh 53fpB +4O+olwur,@ 4333fp6 ,
6 +< . 4,5
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s 5 w s6 grqgh 63 6 hv od dowxud gho wulqjxor htxlowhur DFE1 Oxhjr u+w, @ k+w, | Y +w, @ 633 ks+6 , 1 Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w/ whqhprv gk 633 gY @ 5 s k+w, gw gw 6
s gk 6 gY @ = gw 933k+w, gw
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Hmhpsor 754 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd hv xq uhfwqjxor gh 93 slh gh odujr | 63 slh gh dqfkr1 Vx surixq0 glgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slh hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slh | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr qlyho orv 53 slh uhvwdqwhv frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud BB/ od fxdo uhsuhvhqwd xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Od slvflqd vh hvw oohqdqgr d ud}q gh 833 jdo2plq gh djxd1 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho prphqwr hq txh> 51 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 9 slh1 41 Od surixqglgdg hq od sduwh pv krqgd hv gh 7 slh +4jdo 3=466:slh6 ,1
fp6 @plq1
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61 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 8 slh1 41 Hq ho hmhpsor 43: gho fdswxor gh ixqflrqhv rewxylprv txh od ixqflq yroxphq hq wuplqr gh k hv 3?k?8 933k . 453k5 Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 8 k < Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ sru +uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv gk gk gY @ 933 . 453 5k gw gw gw gY gk @ gw gw 4 933 . 573k
grqgh k hv ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Oxhjr sdud fdofxodu od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr fxdqgr k @ 7 slh frqvlghudprv od ixqflq yroxphq sdud 3 ? k ? 8> Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5
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51 Sdud fdofxodu od ud}q gh fdpelr fxdqgr k @ 9 vh surfhgh gh pdqhud dqorjd d od sduwh +d, frq0 vlghudqgr Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 61 hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru sxhv hvwd ixqflq hvw ghqlgd sdud 8 k <1
Vroxflq= Vhd k od dowxud gho qlyho gh djxd | u od orqjlwxg gho udglr gho frqr fxdqgr od dowxud hv k +yhu jxud BB,1 Frpr gY @ n grqgh n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv Y @ nw . F1 Frpr Y @ 3 hq w @ 3 hqwrqfhv F @ 3 Oxhjr gw shur oxhjr shur gho wulqjxor DEF vh wlhqh Y @ nw 4 Y @ u5 k 6 Y @ nw @ 4 5 u k 6
Hmhpsor 755 Xq wdqtxh fqlfr gh 45 slh gh dowxud | ; gh glphwur hq od wdsd/ vh oohqd frq djxd d xqd ud}q frqvwdqwh1 Do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho d phgld dowxud/ od ud}q gh fdpelr gh hvwd dowxud hv gh 4slh2plq1 Bc Fxqwr wdugdud hq oohqduvh ho wdqtxhB
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Sru rwud sduwh ho wdqtxh hvw oohqr fxdqgr Y @ 4 75 45 @ 97/ hv ghflu ho wdqtxh vh oohqd fxdqgr 7w @ 97 6 gh grqgh w @ 491 Dv ho hvwdqtxh wdugdud hq oohqduvh 49 plqxwrv1
Qr wdq vor lqwhuhvd odv ud}rqhv gh fdpelr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ vlqr wdpelq frq uhvshfwr d rwudv yduldeohv1
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g| Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl od yduldeoh { fdpeld/ hqwrqfhv | fdpeld d ud}q gh g{ xqlgdghv sru xqlgdg gh fdpelr gh {1
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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od sulphud suhjxqwd hv
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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g{ gp gp g +w, @ 5p+w, +w, . 3 5 +w,533 frv++w,, . 5p+w, 533 vlq++w,, +w, gw gw gw gw g{ 4 gp gp g +w, @ p+w, +w, 533 +w, frv++w,, . 533p+w, vlq++w,, +w, K gw {+w, gw gw gw 5{+w, => xwlol}dqgr 7 orjuduhprv {+w3 ,
673 {5 +w3 , @ p5 +w3 , . 5335 5p+w3 , 533 frv++w3 ,, @ 65 . 5335 u 4s {+w3 , @ 73 33< 4533 5 5
Gh hvwd irupd K qrv txhgd 4 gp gp g g{ 6 +w3 , @ u +w3 , 533 +w3 , frv+ , . 933 vlq+ , +w3 , gw gw gw 7 7 gw 4s 73 33< 4533 5 5 g{ 4 gp gp g 6 +w3 , @ u +w3 , 533 +w3 , frv+ , . 933 vlq+ , +w3 , gw gw gw 7 7 gw 4s 73 33< 4533 5 5 4s 4 4s g{ 6 3> 5 533 5 3> 5 . 933 5 3> 8 +w3 , @ s s 4 gw 5 5 493 369 7;35 5 5 s g{ 4 pw +w3 , @ s s 3=9 . 463 5 3=<75 68 vhj = 4 gw 493 369 7;35 5 5 Sureohpd gho wuhq d ydsru= Hq od jxud kd| xqd ydulood gh odujr O md +hq ho sxqwr E,/hq ho dur gh xqd uxhgd gh udglr U ho rwur h{wuhpr gh od yduulood +D, vh pxhyh hq irupd krul}rqwdo +hmh {,1 Od uxhgd urwd md hq vx fhqwur R frqwud ho vhqwlgr gho uhorm d 6 uhyroxflrqhv sru vhjxqgr
Yhdprv od yhorflgdg gho prylplhqwr gho h{wuhpr D1 Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fhqwur R kdvwd ho sxqwr D +RD, hq ho wlhpsr w1 Frq hvwd qrwdflrq g{ +w,= srghprv ghflu txh ex|vfdprv gw Vhd +w, ho qjxor txh irupd ho hmh krul}rqwdo frq ho udglr txh xqh ho fhqwur frq ho h{wuhpr E gh od ydulood hq ho wlhpsr w= Xwlol}dqgr od oh| gho frvhqr hq ho wulqjxor RED ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv +qr roylgdu od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr | od uhjod gh od fdghqd,whqhprv g{ g{ g 5O 3 @ 5{+w, +w, . 5U 3 5 +w,U frv +w, . 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w, gw gw gw O5 @ {5 +w, . U5 5{+w,U frv +w,
674
g g{ +w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w, gw gw g{ +w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 9{+w,U vlq +w, gw g{ 6{+w,U vlq +w, +w, @ gw U frv +w, {+w, Tx uhodflq ghehq fxpsolu U | OB Hq txh srvlflq gho qjxor vh wlhqh pd|ru yhorflgdgB Hq txh prphqwr vh wlhqh yhorflgdg 3 B Frq xq plvpr = Odv yhorflgdgghv dxphquwdq r glvplqx|hq vl od uxhgd hv pdv judqghB1 Sureohpd gh duhqd Hq xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd gh frqr flufxodu uhfwr gh udglr U | dowxud K vh ghmd fdhu duhqd gh wdo irupd txh d phglgd txh vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vh irupd grv frqrv ljxdohv1
p6 Frq tx yhorflgdg vxeh ho h{wuhprv gh vxshulru gh od slod gh duhqd fxdqgr vh vhj khfkd ho p{lpr gh duhqdB Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gh od duhqd hq od sduhg gho flolqgur hq ho wlhpsr w/ u+w, ho udglr gh orv frqrv dvrfldgrv do qlyho k+w,= g5k Gdgd hvwdv qrwdflrqhv/ vh sxhgh ghflu txh exvfdprv +w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh vh oohqd ho gw hvwdqtxh / hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ K= Vl Y +w, ghqrwd ho yroxphq gh od duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w> frpr ho yroxphq wrwdo gh duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w hv grv yhfhv ho yroxphq gho frqr uhfwr gh dowxud k+w, | udglr u+w,> vh wlhqh Vl vh ghmd fdhu D Y +w, @ 5 4 k+w,u5 +w, 6
g5k Gh hvwd uhodflq vh sxhgh rewhqhu +w3 , yld ghulydflq/ shur wdpelq dsduhfhud od ghulydgd gh u+w,/ gw frpr vh yh dfrqwlqxdflq 4 gY 4 gk gu +w, @ 5 +w,u5 +w, . 5 k+w,5u+w, +w, v gw 6 gw 6 gw Shur vl yhprv ho wulqjxor glexmdgr do odgr gho frqr +frpr prghor pdwhpwlfr,/ yhprv grv wulqjxorv vhphmdqwhv/ sru or wdqwr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh uhodflq hqwuh vxv odgrv K U @ u+w, k+w,
675 | sru or wdqwr u@ uhhpsod}dqgr hq v whqhprv D@5 4 gk +w, 6 gw 5 U .5 k+w, K U k | K gu U gk +w, @ +w, gw K gw
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
gk D 4 D +w3 , @ @ 5 gw 5 U5 7 U U 5 K . KU 6 K 6 K
819
Khprv ylvwr dojxqdv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd1 Dkrud yhuhprv txh od ghulydgd dghpv qrv gd lqirupdflq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflrqhv/ | qrv shuplwdu hqfrqwudu orv sxqwrv grqgh kd| p{lprv r pqlprv1 Kd| grv wfqlfdv gluhfwdv sdud hqfrqwudu wdohv sxqwrv/ hvwdv wfqlfdv jhqhudophqwh vh ghqrplqdq fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd | fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Sdud hqwudu hq pdwhuld qhfhvlwdprv ghqlu frq suhflvlq txh hqwhqghuhprv sru p{lpr/ pqlpr/ hwf1 Ghqlflq 814< Vhd i = D U $ U/ gluhprv txh i +d, hv ho ydoru p{lpr gh od ixqflq i + Ydoru P{lpr devroxwr gh i r vlpsohphqwh ho p{lpr gh i, vl sdud wrgr hohphqwr { 5 D vh fxpsoh i +{, i +d, Hq irupd wrwdophqwh dqorjd vh ghqh pqlpr devroxwr r p qlpr1 i +d, hv ho ydoru pqlpr devroxwr hq D vl i +d, i+{, ;{ 5 D
P{lpr | Pqlpr
Qrwh txh qhfhvduldphqwh ho ydoru p{lpr +ho ydoru pqlpr, hv od lpdjhq gh xq sxqwr d 5 D @ Grpi> Vh glfh hq d hvw ho p{lpr gh i +hq d hvw ho pqlpr gh i%,1 Vl i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sxhgh h{lvwlu ydulrv rwurv hohphqwrv gh D grqgh i dofdqfh ho ydoru p{lpr r ho ydoru pqlpr/ vlq hpedujr ho ydoru p{lpr r ho ydoru pqlpr devroxwr vl h{lvwhq vrq qlfrv1 Sru hmhpsor od ixqflq i +{, @ vhq { qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ ho ydoru p{lpr gh i hv 4 | ho ydoru pqlpr gh i hv 4 | hvwrv ydoruhv vrq dofdq}dgrv hq pv gh xq sxqwr1 Kd| rwur frqfhswr gh p{lpr +r pqlpr, gh i txh hv phqrv h{ljhqwh/ hvwh hv p{lpr orfdo r uhodwlyr +pqlpr orfdo r uhodwlyr,1 Hq ho jufr gh yhqwdv gh xq surgxfwr hq ho dr/ xqd pxowlwlhqgd wlhqh grv judqghv phvhv gh yhqwdv Pdu}r | Glflhpeuh +yhu jufr vljxlhqwh,
676
Ghqlflq 8153 d, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh hq 5 D kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr r p{lpr orfdo vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh od ixqflq i mY / hv ghflu/ i+, i+{, ;{ 5 Y / dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh pqlpr orfdo
Hmhpsor 758 Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd frq jufd gdgd hq od jxud
e, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq 5 D vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, A i +{, ;{ 5 Y @ Y ij1 Dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh p qlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr
Ghqlflq 8154 Gluhprv txh xq ydoru i +d, frq d 5 D hv xq ydoru h{wuhpr gh i hq D vl hv ho p{lpr r pqlpr gh dojxqd hvshflh hq D | sxqwr h{wuhpr do sxqwr d grqgh dofdq}d ho ydoru h{wuhpr1
1 Fodudphqwh i +g, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr/ d glihuhqfld gh orv ydoruhv i +d,> i +o, txh vrq vrodphqwh p{lpr uhodwlyr | gh orv ydoruhv i +h,> i+e, txh vrq pqlprv uhodwlyrv xqlfdphqwh +i +g,> i +f, vrq wdpelq uhodwlyrv,
677
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 759 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . 5> { 5 ^ 7> 4` 1 Od jufd gh i hv xq wur}r gh xqd sduerod | fodudphqwh vh sxhgh qrwdu phgldqwh vx jufd txh i +3, @ 5 hv ho pqlpr devroxwr | txh i + 7, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr +wdpelq uhodwlyr, | i +4, p{lpr devroxwr hvwulfwr1 Hq hvwh fdvr i wlhqh wuhv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i+3,> i + 7,> i +4,1 Hmhpsor 75: Vhd i +{, @ h 5{ > { 5 ^ oq+8,> oq+:,` 1 Frpr od ixqflq hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh i wlhqh vor grv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i+ oq+8,, @ 58 txh hv ho p{lpr devroxwr hq D1 4 i+oq+:,, @ 7< txh hv ho pqlpr devroxwr hq D1
Qr srghprv ghflu txh 7 hv pqlpr devroxwr ql orfdo |d txh o gheh vhu lpdjhq gh xq hohphqwr gho grplqlr txh vh hvw xwlol}dqgr/ hq hvwh fdvr `5> 8`
Hmhpsor 75; Vhd i +{, @ 6{ 5> { 5`5> 8`1 Fodudphqwh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ sru or wdqwr ho p{lpr vh hqfxhqwud hq 8/ | hvwh hv i+8, @ 461 Shur hvwd ixqflq qr wlhqh xq pqlpr/ |d txh 5 95 Grpi / vlq hpedujr i+{, hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru 7/ sxhv 7 ? i +{, > ;{ 5`5> 8` Hq hvwrv grv owlprv hmhpsorv vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du or wlo txh uhvxowd whqhu od lqirupdflq uhodwlyd do ghfuhflhqwr r fuhflhqwr gh xqd ixqflq1 Frqvlghuhprv od jxud I
Vxsrqjdprv txh hood uhsuhvhqwd od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` | glihuhqfldeoh hq `d> e^ Qrwhprv txh hq ho lqwhuydor `d> f^/ grqgh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh/ od shqglhqwh gh od wdqjhqwh d od jufd gi gh i hq +x> i +x,, hv srvlwlyd/ sru or wdqwr g{ +x, A 3 Hvwr rfxuuh sdud fxdotxlhu x 5`d> f^/ dv i 3 +{, A 3 sdud wrgr { hq `d> f^1 Or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho lqwhuydor `g> e^/ hv ghflu/ i hv fuhflhqwh dk | wdpelq i 3 +{, A 3 hq `g> e^1 Vlq hpedujr hq ho lqwhuydor `f> g^ od ixqflq hv ghfuhflhqwh | od uhfwd wdqjhqwh wud}dgd hq +y> i+y,, wlhqh shqglhqwh qhjdwlyd/ dv i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5`f> g^1 Ilqdophqwh/ xvdqgr jxud I vh wlhqh txh odv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd hq orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv f | g wlhqhq shqglhqwh fhur/ hv ghflu> i 3 +f, @ 3 a i 3 +g, @ 3
Iljxud I
678
Hmhpsor 75< Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd vh dqxod hq 3/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +3, @ 3 | i wlhqh xq pqlpr { :$ {5 hq 3 +yhu jxud > jufr l}txlhugr1,1
Qrwh txh i +d,> i+e, vrq wdpelq h{wuhprv shur odv ghulydgdv ghuhfkdv h l}txlhugd; %/ gh h{lvwlu qr vrq qxodv1 Frpr frqfoxvlq gho fdvr dqwhulru whqhprv txh orv h{wuhprv vh sxhghq hqfrqwudu grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod/ grqgh qr h{lvwh od ghulydgd r hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor1 Yhdprv d frqwlqxdflq dojxqrv hmhpsorv grqgh hvwrv fdvrv rfxuuh1
Hmhpsor 763 Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd qr h{lvwh hq 3/ vlq hpedujr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq 3 { :$ m{m +yhu jxud > jufr fhqwudo1,1
Iljxud
Hmhpsor 764 Vhd d 9@ 3 | vhd i = ^d> e` $ U / od ghulydgd gh i qr vh dqxod hq d/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +d, 9@ 3 { :$ {6 | i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq d1+yhu jxud > jufr ghuhfkr,1
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr i+d, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh wlhqh txh Gh hvwd irupd Dv/ vl k A 3 | vl k ? 3 i +d, i +d . k, sdud k 5` i +d . k,
Whruhpd 8155 Vhd i ghulydeoh hq d 5 D Grpi / D yhflqgdg gh d | i +d, xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hqwrqfhv i 3 +d, @ 31 %> %^ + dojq %,
i +d . k, k i +d . k, k
i
hq d hv
i +d,
i +d, 3
i +d,
3 3
; od
ghulydgd ghuhfkd gh
| od ghulydgd l}txlhugd gh
hv
679 oxhjr
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
| frpr i hv ghulydeoh hq d vl wlhqh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh fdghqd gh grqgh vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +d, @ 3
i+d . k, k
i +d,
3 a i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3
i+d . k, k
i+d,
3
Frurodulr 8156 Vhd i +P , xq ydoru p{lpr gh i / i ghulydeoh hq P/ hqwrqfhv i 3 +P, @ 3 i +P , hv xq ydoru pqlpr gh
i/ sru whruhpd
Revhuydflq= Vl i 3 +d, @ 3/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i wlhqh xq h{wuhpr hq d1 Sru hmhpsor> i +{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq U wlhqh ghulydgd hq { @ 3 shur qr wlhqh h{wuhprv/ d shvdu txh hq 3 od ghulydgd hv dqxod1 Frqfoxvlq= Vl i hvwd ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s | i 3 +s, @ 3 +sru or wdqwr hv ghulydeoh hq s, hqwrqfhv sxhgh rfxuulu txh= e, i+s, vhd xq pqlpr uhodwlyr1 f, i+s, qr vhd ydoru h{wuhpr1 d, i+s, vhd xq p{lpr uhodwlyr1
Shur fpr ghflglu fxo gh hvwrv fdvrv vh fxpsohB Sulphur yhdprv fpr ghflglu hq ho fdvr txh vhdq h{wuhprv/ wudedmdqgr frq xqd ixqflq i frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^1 Sru or wdqwr/ vl i hv xq ixqflq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^| frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` srghprv dvhjxudu txh i dofdq}d ho p{lpr | ho pqlpr hq dojq sxqwr f 5`d> e^grqgh i 3 +f, @ 3 r hq orv erughv { @ dr { @ e1 Dv/ sdud ghwhuplqdu fxo hv ho ydoru p{lpr | fxo hv ho ydoru pqlpr edvwd hydoxdu od ixqflq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydorv { @ d r { @ e/ | orv sxqwrv grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod | frqvlghudu ho ydoru p{lpr | ho ydoru pqlpr hqwuh hvwrv ydoruhv1 Hmhpsor 765 Vhd i = ^ 4> 6` $ U = { :$ {5 4 Whqhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ^ 4> 6` | ghulydeoh hq ` 4> 6^1 Sxhvwr txh i 3 +{, @ 5{ @ 3 +, { @ 3 5` 4> 6^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr i hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ rewhqhprv> i +3, @ 4 i + 4, @ 3 i+6, @ ; Dv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh i hv ; | ho pqlpr devroxwr hv 41
4> { @ 6
Hmhpsor 766 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq rohrgxfwr gh xq sxqwr D d rwur sxqwr E txh glvwdq 8np | vh hq0 fxhqwudq hq ulehudv rsxhvwdv gh xq ur gh fdxfh uhfwr gh 6np gh dqfkr1 Ho rohrgxfwr lu edmr ho djxd gh D d xq sxqwr S hq od ulehud rsxhvwd | oxhjr vreuh ho vxhor gh S d E1 Ho frvwr sru nlophwur gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv ho fxguxsoh gho frvwr vreuh wlhuud1 Fdofxoh od srvlflq gh S txh plqlpl}du ho frvwr +ghvsuhflh od shqglhqwh gh ohfkr gho ur,1 Vroxflq= Vhd {od glvwdqfld +hq npv, gho sxqwr Rdo sxqwr S yhu jxud
67:
jxud
RE . 65 @ 85 s
grqgh 3 { 71 Frpr F+{,hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^3> 7`| ghulydeoh hq `3> 7^ hqwrqfhv F+{,dofdq}d vx p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydorv ^3> 7`1
Vhd f ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud vreuh wlhuud/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv 7f Oxhjr od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr gh frqvwuxflq gho rohrgxfwr hv s F+{, @ 7f < . {5 . f+7 {, F 3 +{, @ s 7f{ < . {5 f
DS @ 65 . {5
, DS @
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s48 5`3> 7^/ Frpr F 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 8 s 48 hydoxdqgr od ixqflq F+{, hq { @ 8 | hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3 | { @ 7 vh wlhqh>
s Frpr f A 3 | +6 48 . 7,f ? 49f ? 53f/ s hqwrqfhv ho pqlpr frvwr hv +6 48 . 7,f | od srvlflq gho sxqwr S gheh vhu 7 F+3, @ 49f F+7, @ 53f F+ s
s 48 , @ 6 48f . 7f 8
Vroxflq= Vhd {= ho qphur gh sr}rv dglflrqdohv> { 3> { 5 ]1 Vl vh wlhqh ; sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv hqwrqfhv od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 eduulohv gldulrv1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv oxhjr/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 43{
Hmhpsor 767 Xq fdpsr shwurohur wlhqh rfkr sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv gh fuxgr do gd1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv gldulrv BcFxqwrv sr}rv dglflrqdohv vh ghehq irupdu sdud rewhqhu od pd|ru surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gdB
67; sru or wdqwr od surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gd hv S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{, Frpr { 3 | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 533 43{ 3 +gh grqgh 3 { 53,1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv> S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,/ frq { 5 ^3> 53`1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Frpr S hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^3> 53` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 53^/ S dofdq}d vx p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3 r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor1 oxhjr> S 3 +{, @ +533 43{, . +; . {,+ 43,
Dv do hydoxdu od ixqflq S gh surgxfflq hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 9> { @ 53 whqhprv> S +3, @ 4933 S +9, @ 4<93 S +53, @ 3 Gh hvwd irupd od surgxfflq p{lpd vh rewlhqh frq 9 sr}rv dglflrqdohv1 Hmhpsor 768 Ho surslhwdulr gh xq kxhuwr gh pdq}dqd/ fdofxod txh vl vlhpeud 57 uerohv sru dfuh/ hqwrqfhv fdgd uero dgxowr gdu 933 pdq}dqdv do dr1 Sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr1 BcFxqwrv uerohv vh ghehq sodqwdu sru dfuh sdud rewhqhu ho pd|ru qphur srvleoh gh pdq}dqdv do drB Vroxflq= Vhd 6{ ho qphur gh uerohv txh vh sodqwdq +vreuh orv 57 uerohv, sru dfuh1 Sxhvwr txh sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr/ hqwrqfhv vl vh sodqwdq +57 . 6{, uerohv sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero vhu 933 45{/ oxhjr od surgxfflq gh pdq}dqdv do dr vhu> Frpr { 3> { 5 ] | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 933 45{ 3 +gh grqgh { 83,1 Dv> S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{, frq { 5 ^3> 83` Oxhjr S 3 +{, @ 6+933 45{, . +57 . 6{,+ 45, S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{,=
Gdgr txh S hv frqwlqxd hq ^3> 83` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 83^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 54> { @ 83 whqhprv S +3, @ 47733 S +54, @ 635:9 S +83, @ 3 oxhjr od p{lpd surgxfflq gh pdq}dqd vh rewlhqh fxdqgr vh sodqwdq 96 uerohv pv sru dfuh hv/ hv ghflu/ ;: uerohv sru dfuh1
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 54=
67<
Revhuydflq= Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv vor edvw hydoxdu hq orv sxqwrv grqgh i 3 +s, @ 3 | hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ shur hq jhqhudo vl txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh xqd ixqflq qhfhvlwdprv lqirupdflq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflq i hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s1 Dv/ sdud A 3 vh rewlhqh orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv= d, Vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg l}txlhugd gh s/ `s > s^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg ghuhfkd gh s/ `s> s . ^ vh wlhqh txh i+s, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 +jxud I l}txlhugd,1
81914
e, Dqorjdphqwh vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `s > s^ | i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i +s, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr +jxud I jufr ghuhfkr,1 f, Vl qr rfxuuh dojxqd gh odv grv dowhuqdwlydv dqwhulruhv/ i+s, qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr1 Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh qhfhvlwdprv xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du fxdqgr i hv fuhflhqwh | fxdqgr hv ghfuhflhqwh1 Frq hvh remhwr hqxqflduhprv orv whruhpdv vljxlhqwhv1
Iljxud I
Ghqlflq 8157 Xq sxqwr f 5 Grpi/ vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i vl rfxuuh xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv srvlelolgdghv> i 3 +f, @ 3 elhq i 3 +f, qr h{lvwh Hmhpsor 769 Vhd i +{, @ 6+{ 5,5 1 { @ 5 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i/ sxhv i 3 +5, @ 31 Hmhpsor 76: Vhd i +{, @ m{ 8m oxhjr whqhprv txh vx ghulydgd hv= i 3 +{, @ 4 {A8 4 {?8
683
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
81915
Whruhpd 8158 +Whruhpd gh Urooh, Vhd i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `d> e^/ wdo txh i+d, @ i +e,/ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr fuwlfr hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ 31+yhu jxud KI jufr l}txlhugr,1
Iljxud KI Ghprvwudflq=
<
e, Vl qr rfxuuh or dqwhulru/ i qr hv frqvwdqwh | whqhprv grv fdvrv/ +l, h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor grqgh od ixqflq fuhfh | oxhjr ghfuhfh r elhq +ll, i ghfuhfh hq xq lqwhuydor sdud oxhjr fuhfhu +|d txh i+d, @ i +e,,1 Hq ho sulphu fdvr vh rewlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo i +f, | hq ho vhjxqgr xq pqlpr orfdo i +f, hq dperv fdvr od wdqjhqwh hq hvrv sxqwrv vhu gh shqglhqwh fhur i 3 +f, @ 31 Gh hvwd irupd f hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr 1 Xqd jhqhudol}dflq hq hvwh whruhpd hv ho whruhpd gh ydoru phglr txh vh sxhgh prwlydu gh od vljxlhqwh irupd1 Frqvlghuhprv xq dxwr +xq mhhs sdud hvwdu hq rqgd, txh sduwh gh Yld d odv 44=63 krudv | oohjd d xqd sduwh fhufdqd d Vdqwldjr d odv 46=33 krudv1 Vl uhfruuh 463 nlorphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg surphglr r phgld hv +463 3,nlophwurv 463 @ @ ;9> 9np@k= +44 = 63 46 = 33,krudv 4> 8
d, Vl od ixqflq hv frqvwdqwh hq ^d> e`/ vx ghulydgd hv fhur hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu i 3 +{, @ 3> ;{ 5`d> e^
Hvwr vljqlfd txh do phqrv dojq prphqwr gh vx yldmh ho yhorfphwur pduf ;9> 9np@k/ hv ghflu/ od yhorflgdg lqvwdqwqhd hq dojq prphqwr hqwuh 44=63 | odv 46=33 krudv ixh gh ;9> 9np@k1 Hq od jxud KI vh kd judfdgr od uhfwd O txh lqglfd od yhorflgdg phgld +uhfwd vhfdqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq v+w, txh qrv g od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd sruho pylo hq ho wlhpsr w 5`44 = 63> 46 = 33^,
< Frpr i hv frqwlqxd/ od jufd gh i hv frpr xqd fxhugd txh xqh orv sxqwrv Ed> i Ed> Ee> i Ee1 Frpr hvwrv sxqwrv hvwdq do plvpr qlyho/ r elhq od fxhugd hvwd whqvd +frqvwdqwh, r elhq wlhqh rqgxodflrqhv +kd| p{lpr |2r pqlpr orfdohv,1
684
Odv uhfwdv O4 > O5 > O6 vrq sdudohodv d O/ oxhjr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh> hoodv hvwq gdgdv sru odv ghulydgdv hq ho sxqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr rewhqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od vhfdqwh v+e, e v+d, d
txh hv ljxdo odv shqglhqwh gh odv wdqjhqwhv hq f4 > f5 / f6 / hv ghflu/ d orv ydoruhv v3 +f4 ,/ v3 +f5 ,/ v3 +f6 ,1 Dv whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld d or phqrv gh xq sxqwr f 5`d> e^ hq hvwh fdvr +f @ f4 > f @ f5 > f @ f6 , wdo txh v3 +f, @ Whruhpd 8159 +Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq D/ ^d> e` D wdo txh 51 i vhd ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ 41 i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` v+e, e v+d, d
Hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh do phqrv xq f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ i +e, e
^i +d, .
Revhuydflq= Or txh glfh hv txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,> +e> i +e,, hv sdudohod do phqrv d xqd gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i hqwuh orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv1 Od dsolfdflq pv gluhfwd gh hvwh whruhpd hv hq od ghprvwudflq gho vljxlhqwh whruhpd Whruhpd 815: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq vx grplqlr1 41 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
, i vdwlvidfh odv klswhvlv gho whruhpd gh Urooh sru or wdqwr h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh j3 +f, @ 3 r i 3 +f, i +ee d+d, @ 3
i+e, e
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ghprvwudflq= Prvwuduhprv vor +7, Whqhprv txh vxsrqhu txh {> | 5 ^d> e` | ghehprv suredu txh= { ? | , i+{, A i+|, Vhdq {> | 5 ^d> e`> { ? |1 Frpr i vdwlvidfh ho whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr/ whqhprv txh h{lvwh f 5 ^{> |` wdo txh i+|, i +{, @ i 3 +f, { | Frpr | { A 3 | i 3 +f, ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i+|, +;{> | 5 ^d> e`,+{ ? | , i +{, A i +|,, 6,+7 8 3 3 i +{, ? 31 Dv vh kd suredgr txh
Hmhpsor 76< Vhd i xqd ixqflq fx|d ghulydgd hv i 3 +{, @ +{ Ghwhuplqh hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od wdeod gh vljqrv { 6 7 { { 8 i 3 +{, 0 . 0 . 6 3 3 . . 0 0 7 3 3 . 0 0 .
{,+{
8,1
Hmhpsor 773 Vhd i+{, @ h{ / frpr i 3 +{, @ h{ hv srvlwlyd sdud wrgr ydoru {/ vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulf0 wdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ vlq hpedujr j+{, @ h 6{ / j3 +{, @ 6h 6{ / sru or wdqwr j hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Hmhpsor 774 Vhd i +{, @ orjd +{,> { A 3> 3 ? d 9@ 4/ frpr g 4 orjd +{, @ g{ { oqd +{,
whqhprv i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `6> 7^/ sru or wdqwr i+{, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh dool/ or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho lqwhuydor ^8> 4^1
. 0 . 0
| od yduldeoh { hv srvlwlyd/ vh wlhqh txh oq d ghwhuplqd ho vljqr gh od ghulydgd gh i sru or wdqwr whqhprv txh= 41 Vl d A 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh 51 Vl d ? 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
4 Hmhpsor 775 Vdh i +{, @ oq+ {.5 ,/ yhdprv hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv ghfuhflhqwh { Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv ` 4> 5^^`4> 4^/ | vx ghulydgd od rewhqhprv xwlol}dqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd | od ghulydgd gh xq fxrflhqwh
i 3 +{, @ + @
Frpr i 3 +{, A 3 hq vx grplqlr vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od fdgd lqwhuydor +qr srghprv ghflu txh hv fuhflhqwh hq od xqlq,1 Huuqhdphqwh srguldprv ghflu txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^/ od ud}q gho huuru hv txh od ixqflq qr hvwd ghqlgd hq hvwh lqwhuydor/ dv txh hv lpsrvleoh txh i 3 +{, hvwh ghqlgd hq xq frqmxqwr pd|ru1
{ . 5 +{ . 5, +{ ,+ { 4 +{ . 5,5 6 +{ 4,++{ . 5,
4,
686
8w . 9w . ; od yhorflgdg gh xq pylo hq ho wlhpsr w/ w 5 ^3> ;`1 Hmhpsor 776 Vhd y+w, @ w6 5 Ghwhuplqhprv orv lqwhuydorv gh wlhpsr grqgh ho pylo hvwd dxphqwdqgr gh yhorflgdg +dfhohudqgr, | hq txh prphqwr hvw glvplqx|hqgr vx yhorflgdg +iuhqdqgr r dfhohudflq qhjdwlyd,
Vroxflq= Qhfhvlwdprv ghwhuplqdu ho vljqr gh y3 +w, @ w5 8w . 9 @ +w 6,+w 5,1 Whqhprv txh y+w, ? 3> ;w 5 ^5> 6` / dv ho pylo hvwd iuhqdqgr hqwuh orv ydoruhv w 5 ^5> 6`/ dghpv y3 +w, A 3 hq +` 4> 5^^`6> 4^, _ ^3> ;`1 Sru or wdqwr ho pylo dfhohud ghvgh 3 d 5 | srvwhulruphqwh dfhohud gh 6 d ;1 BcFxdqgr vh ghwlhqh ho pylo Revhuydflq= Hq whruhpd dqwhulru hv vor gh od irupd s , t |d txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U shur i 3 +{, @ 6{5 qr hv srvlwlyd vlhpsuh |d txh i +3, @ 31 Edvdgrv hq ho whruhpd dqwhulru srghprv hqxqfldu ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud p{lprv |2r pqlprv uhodwlyrv hvwulfwr1 Whruhpd 815; +Fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd, Vhd i frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` @ D | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq s 5 D d, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s e, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
> s^ | i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr > s^ | i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr
Jhqhudophqwh/ odv klswhvlv hq +d,/ sdud xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ vh hvfuleh uhvxplgdphqwh dv { i 3 +{, i+{, { i 3 +{, i+{, s . ( 0 ) s s. 0 ) s. . (
: 9 : 9
Oxhjr
gh grqgh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ` : > 4^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> : ^/ dv sru 9 9 ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv frqfoxlu txh i + : , hv xq ydoru pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr/ txh 9 dghpv hv devroxwr1 Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq or srghprv rewhqhu judfdqgr od sduerod txh uhsuhvhqwd d | @ i+{, @ 6{5 . :{ frq yuwlfh hq + : > i + : ,, 9 9 Hmhpsor 778 Frqvlghuh xqd ixqflq i ghulydeoh wdo txh Ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh i1 i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+{ . 5,+{ 8,=
687
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv hq tx lqwhuydorv i 3 +{, A 3 | grqgh i 3 +{, ? 31 Sdud hvwr iruphprv xqd wdeod sdud od ixqflq i 3 txh qrv lqgltxh uhvxplgdphqwh grqgh hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1 { 6 {.5 { 8 0 0 0 5 3 0 . 0 6 3 . . 0 8 3 8 3 3 . . .
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv lqirupdflq vreuh i uhvxplgdv hq ho vljxlhqwh fxdgur> { i 3 +{, i +{, 0 ) 05 3 3 . ( 6 3 3 0 ) . (
Gho uhvphq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh i + 5,> | i +8, vrq pqlpr orfdohv hvwulfwr | i +6, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 Vroxflq= Grpi @ U | i 3 +{, @ 5 +{ 6 hq { @ 4/ vlq hpedujr hv frqwlqxd | hv ghflu/ Hmhpsor 779 Vhd i +{, @ +{ 4,5@6 1 Ghwhuplprv orv h{wuhprv gh i1 4, 4@6 @ vl { A 4> vl { ? 4> { i+{, i 3 +{, i+{,
6
s{ 6
5
>
{5U
Hmhpsor 77: Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwlfduhprv qxhv0 wudv uhvsxhvwd1 d, Vhd A 3/ od ixqflq i+{, @ h { / ghqlgd hq vx grplqlr p{lpr wlhqh vor xq ydoru h{wuhpr1 vhq5 +4@{, { 9@ 3 e, Od ixqflq i+{, @ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1 3 {@3
5
oxhjr sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq qqlpr hq { @ 4 txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +qrwdu txh ho Grpi @ U qr hv dfrwdgr,/ i qr wlhqh p{lpr1
0 )
. (
f, Od ixqflq i+{, @ {6 h5{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 6@5^ s g, Od ixqflq i+{, @ { 6 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1 5 { frv5 +4@{, 4{?3 h, Od ixqflq i+{, @ wlhqh p{lpr | pqlpr1 vhq { 3{4 Vroxflq= j, Od ixqflq i+{, @ i, Od ixqflq i+{, @ h{ {6 ghqlgd hq ^ 4> 5^ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1 5h{ ghqlgd hq ` 4> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr vl A 51
688
Gh hvwd irupd
e, Idovr1 Sru ghqlflq hv fodur txh i wlhqh xq p qlpr orfdo devroxwr hq { @ 3/ sxhv sru or wdqwr i+{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi1 i+{, @ vhq5 +4@{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
Sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +sxhv od ixqflq vxeh | edmd vor xqd yh},/ | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
. . (
3 4 3
. 0 )
f, Yhugdghur1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 h5{ . {6 h5{ 5 @ {5 h5{ +6 . 5{, dqdol}dqgr orv vljqrv gh i 3 +{,/ rewhqhprv { i +{, i 3 +{, i +{, 0 0 ) 6@5 3 0 . ( 3 3 3 . . (
4 g, Idovr1 Grpi @ ^6> 4^ dghpv i 3 +{, @ 5s{ 6 A 3 ;{ 5 ^6> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh | ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 6 5 Grpi / oxhjr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq { @ 61 Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq hv fodur judfdqgr od ixqflq i =
Qrwdu txh sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv dupdu txh i wlhqh xq 6@5/ pv dq o hv ho pqlpr devroxwr1
4> 6@5^1
h, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^ 4> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd gh orv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i wlhqh xq p{lpr | pqlpr txh vrq devroxwrv1 i, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i 3 +{, @ i +{, @ + 5,h{ 1 Vl A 5 hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, A 3 ;{ 5` 4> 8`/ oxhjr i hv fuhflhqwh hq vx grplqlr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru { @ 8 5 Grpi gh hvwd irupd i wlhqh xq p{lpr +devroxwr, txh hv i +8,1
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr kdvwd ho prphqwr/ srghprv judfdu dojxqdv ixqflrqhv frqvlghudqgr> grplqlr/ grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg/ lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv/ lqwhuydorv gh fuhf0 lplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr/ p{lprv |2r pqlprv1 Hmhpsor 77; Jutxhprv i+{, @ 6{6 Vroxflq= d, Grpi @ U1 {1
j, Idovr1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 3 ;{ 5 ^ 4> 5^ oxhjr i hv ghfuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ frpr p{lpr i + 4,> fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh i qr wlhqh pqlpr1
f, Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh | S3 @ +3> 3, s s Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh { S4 @ + 4@6> 3,> S5 @ + 4@6> 3,
689 g, Lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr= i 3 +{, @ <+{ { { 4@6 { . 4@6 i 3 +{, i +{, 0 0 . ( 4@6 3 0 . 0 ) 4@6,+{ . 4@6, 4@6 3 . . . (
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Gh od wdeod/ vh wlhqh txh i 3 +{, A 3/ | hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4 4@6^ | wdpelq hq `4@6> 4^/ | i 3 +{, ? 3+hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh, hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4@6> 4@6^1 Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh lqirupdflq gh i> { i+{, i 3 +{, 4@6 5@< 3 4@6 5@< 3
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@6 | xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@61 Dv od jufd gh i hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh frpr od gh od jxud
Vroxflq= i 3 +{, @ 5 vhq+{, frv+{, orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflq txh hv htxlydohqwh d od xqlq gh odv vroxflrqhv gh odv hfxdflrqhv Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ q> { @ . q> 5 vhq+{, @ 3 q 5 ]1 frv+{, @ 3 vhq+{, frv+{, @ 3
Hmhpsor 77< Vhd i +{, @ vhq5 +{,1 Ghwhuplqhprv orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv | hvshflfduhprv gh txh wlsr vrq1
68:
Xvdqgr ho vljqr gh odv ixqflrqhv vhq+{, | frv+{, hq orv fxdgudqwhv gh U5 / whqhprv txh= Hq ho sulphu | whufhu fxdgudqwhv dpedv wlhqh ho plvpr vljqr sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hv srvlwlyd1 hv ghflu/ | hq orv rwurv fxdgudqwhv vh wlhqh 6 i 3 +{, A 3 vl { 5`3> ^^`> ^ 5 5
| hq fdvr frqwudulr i 3 +{, 31 Gh hvwd irupd vh wlhqh p{lprv orfdohv hq orv sxqwrv . 5q | 65 . 5q> q 5 ]/ | pqlpr orfdohv 5 orv sxqwrv q> q 5 ]1 Sru rwud sduwh Frq od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr/ srghprv kdfhu od jufd gh i hq irupd dsur{lpdgd1 Vdehprv txh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor `3> ^ | txh 3 | 4 vrq pqlpr | p{lpr uhodwlyrv 5 uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frpr i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd/ od jufd hq ^3> ` fruuhvsrqgd d xqlu orv sxqwrv +3> i +3,, 5 | + > 4, hq irupd fuhflhqwh/ d glihuhqfld gh od xqlq gh orv sxqwrv + > 4, | +> 3, txh hv hq irupd ghfuhflhqwh 5 5 Ho jufr vh sxhgh kdfhu frpsohwr/ sru od shulrglflgdg edvwd vdehu or txh rfxuuh hq ^3> `1 6 i +3, @ 3> i+5, @ 3> i + , @ 4> i + , @ 4> i +, @ 3 5 5
Xvdqgr od shulrglflgdg gh vhq+{, | frv+{, vh rewlhqh ho vljqr gh i 3 +{, hq wrgd od uhfwd uhdo1 Vl 6 { 5 ^q5] +`5q> . 5q^^`+5q . 4,> . 5q^,> i 3 +{, A 3 5 5
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
i+{, @ vlq {
5
i+{, @ vlq {
5
Ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd gh dsolfdflq hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu suhyldphqwh xqd ixqflq txh vh exvfdu ho p{lpr r pqlpr | oxhjr dsolfdu dojq fulwhulr gh rewhqflq gh p{lpr r gh pqlpr1 Hmhpsor 783 Vh lqwhqwd fhufdu xq fdpsr uhfwdqjxodu frq 7 kheudv gh dodpeuh | ghvsxv vxeglylglu ho fdpsr hq grv sduwhv +frpr hq od jxud , frq xqd fhufd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv/ xwlol}dqgr 5 kheudv gh dodpeuh1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr gh uhd p{lpd1
68;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Vhdq { h | odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr/ hqwrqfhv ho uhd hvw gdgd sru od iupxod shur do glvwulexlu orv 933 phwurv gh dodpeuh vh wlhqh od hfxdflq> gh grqgh | @ :8 8{@7 oxhjr> 933 @ 43{ . ;| D @ {|
8 {, 7 { shur { A 3 | | A 3/ hv ghflu/ { A 3 | :8 87 A 3 Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq txh vh qhfhvlwd pd{lpl}du hv> D @ {+:8 ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `3> 93^1 Dkrud dsoltxhprv ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd> oxhjr D3 +{, @ D+{, @ :8{
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Revhuydflq= Dtx qr vh hydod hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor/ sxhv qr hvwq frqvlghudgrv hq ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq1
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Whruhpd 815< +Fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s wdo txh i 3 +s, @ 31 +hv ghflu/ s hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr,1 d, Vl i %+s, ? 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s1 e, Vl i %+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Hmhpsor 784 Uhvroydprv ho hmhpsor 783 xvdqgr hvwh qxhyr fulwhulr Od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv= 8{5 D+{, @ :8{ > frq { 5`3> 93^ 7 Ghwhuplqhprv s 5`3> 93^ wdo txh D3 +s, @ 31 D3 +{, @ :8 43{ +, { @ 63 7
Revhuydflq= +4, Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh d glihuhqfld gho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd hvwh fulwhulr h{ljh txh i / vhd ghulydeoh grv yhfhv hq s frq i 3 +s, @ 31 +5, Vl i%+s, @ 3 hvwh fulwhulr qr qrv g lqirupdflq/ | vh gheh uhfxuulu do fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
Oxhjr s @ 63 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr txh ghehprv hydoxdu hq od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Frpr D%+{, @ hq sduwlfxodu D%+63, ? 3/ dv srghprv dupdu txh D+63, hv ho p{lpr exvfdgr1 43 ?3 7 ;{ 5`3> 93^
Hmhpsor 785 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhfwr | vhplhvihud hq orv h{wuhprv +yhdvh od jxud Q, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh do gh od sduwh floqgulfd1 Tx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr/ vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd gho wdqtxh hv gh 43slh6 B
Iljxud Q Vroxflq= Vhd S ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh od sduwh floqgulfd hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv hv 5S 1 Sxhvwr txh hq od sduwh floqgulfd vh wlhqh 5uk slh5 | hq orv h{wuhprv 7u5 slh5 hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq hv F @ 5ukS . 7u5 5S 7 Y @ u5 k . u6 @ 43 6
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho pqlpr sru ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd +qrwhprv txh F+u, hv grv yhfhv glihuhqfldeoh hq vx grplqlr, 8 ;u F 3 +u, @ 7S + 5 . , u 6 F 3 +u, @ 3 +, ;u @3 u 6 48 +, u6 @ 7 s 6 48 +, u @ 5
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48 Frpr 5 5 GrpF | F 3 +u, hv ghulydeoh srghprv dsolfdu ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Od ghulydgd gh F 3 +u, hv 43 ; F%+u, @ 7S + 6 . , u 6
s 6
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Frqfdylgdg
41 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqyh{d r frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw dedmr gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +e> i+e,, jxud^_ jufr l}txlhugr1
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
694
51 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqfdyd r frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw vreuh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, | +e> i +e,, jxud ^_ jufr1 ghuhfkr
Iljxud ^_ Hmhpsor 786 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d1 Od ixqflq | @ vhq { hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq ho lqwhuydor ^3> ` | frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor ^> 5`1 Ghqlflq 8164 Vhd i xqd ixqflq | vhd { 5 Grpi 1 41 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d hq ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^ wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L1 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd1
51 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^ wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L1 Revhuydflq= 41 Gh od ghqlflq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh frqfdylgdg vh uhhuh d xqd surslhgdg gh od jufd1
Hq ho fdvr gh whqhu xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor L @ ^d> e` vh sxhgh whqhu txh i vhd frqfdyd hq L r frqyh{d hq L r hq xq vhfwru frqfdyd | hq rwur frqyh{d +yhu jxud ,/ or plvpr vh sxhgh ghflu gh xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
695
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
51 Frpr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,/ +e> i +e,, hv |@ |@ i +d, d i+d, d i+e, +{ e i +e, +{ e d, . i +d, e, . i +e,
Iljxud
Ghflu txh sdud d ? { ? e/ ho sxqwr hvwd ghedmr gh od vhfdqwh vljqlfd sru or wdqwr i +{, ? i +{, ? i +d, d i +d, d i+e, +{ e i +e, +{ e i+d, d d, . i +d, e, . i +e, +8155, +8156,
i +d, ?
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d,
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i +e, i+e, A e e
Xvdqgr odv owlpdv ghvljxdogdghv vh wlhqh txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled vl | vor vl d ? { ? e vh wlhqh i+e, i +d, ? d e i+d, i+{, ? d { i+e, e
61 Kd| xqd fdudfwhul}dflq jhrpwulfd pdv fodud sdud ho fdvr gh xqd ixqflq txh vhd ghulydeoh hq xq sxqwr {3 +d, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d {3 / wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvw sru hqflpd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, jxud / jufd l}txlhugd
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
696
Iljxud 1 +e, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{4 > i+{4 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d {4 wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvwd sru dedmr gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, jxud > jufd ghuhfkd
Iljxud RK 71 Hq od jxud RK l}txlhugd whqhprv od jufd gh xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor L/ hq hood khprv glexmdgr glvwlqwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ odv shqglhqwhv gh hvwdv uhfwdv dxphqwdq d phglgd txh qrv pryhprv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd1 Frpr odv shqglhqwhv hvwdq ghwhuplqdgd sru odv ghulydgdv vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +{, hv fuhflhqwh1 Vl od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv wdpelq ghulydeoh vh frqfox|h txh i %+{, hv srvlwlyd r fhur sru ho khfkr txh i 3 +{, hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh1 Hq od jxud RK ghuhfkr khprv glexmdgr yduldv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i/ fx|dv shqglhqwhv vrq orv ydoruhv gh odv ghulydgdv gh i/ i 3 1 i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh |d txh odv shqglhqwhv gh odv wdqjhqwhv glvplqx|h d phglgd txh fdpeldq gh sxqwrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd hq od jufd gh od ghuhfkd gh jxud RK1
Whruhpd 8165 Vhd i = L $ U/ grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr L 41 i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1 51 i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
Frpr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh/ gh vhu hood ghulydeoh/ vx ghulydgd hv qhjdwlyd r fhur/ hv ghflu/ i %+{, 3> ;{ 5 L1
Od irupd frpr jhqhudophqwh vh dsolfd hvwh whruhpd hv= xvdqgr od lqirupdflq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh rewlhqh od frqfdylgdg r frqyh{lgdg gh od jufd
697
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
5 Frurodulr 8166 Vhd i = L $ U> {3 5 L> i ghulydeoh hq L | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh g i +{3 ,1 g{5 5 41 g i +{3 , A 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, g{5 5 51 g i +{3 , ? 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, g{5
Hmhpsor 788 Vhd i +{, @ 9{5 . 9{ . ;/ i%+{, @ sduerod, hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Hmhpsor 787 Vhd i+{, @ 6{5 . 9{ . ; xqd sduerod1 Frpr vh glmr dqwhulruphqwh hv ho hmhpsor pv vlpsoh gh frqfdyd kdfld duuled/ i %+{, @ 9 A 31
Ghqlflq 8167 Xq sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, gh od jufd gh i vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lrq vl h{lvwh xq delhuwr L wdo txh sdud wrgr { 5 L i{3 j/ i %+{, h{lvwh | dghpv i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq {3 1 9 txh hv qhjdwlyd/ sru or wdqwr od jufd gh i +od
Frq hvwh frurodulr txhgd delhuwr ho fdvr txh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh dqxoh1
Orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv oh ghehuldq shuplwlu uhfrugdu fxdo hv ho vljqr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd h{ljlgr sdud frqfdylgdg | fxdo hv h{ljlgr sdud frqyh{lgdg1 Hq orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv qr whqhprv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq/ d frqwlqxflq yhuhprv xqr Hmhpsor 789 Vhd i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:/ yhdprv vl i wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1 i 3 +{, @ 9{5 . 43{ > i %+{, @ 45{ . 43
sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq wlhqh sulphud frpsrqhqwh txh suredeohphqwh vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq i %+{, @ 3/ hq hvwh fdvrv { @ 8@91 Frpr i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 8@9 vh wlhqh txh + 8@9> i+ 8@9,, hv ho sxqwr gh lq h{lq1 Srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd | vx frqfoxvlq { i%+{,, jufd gh i 0 Frqfdyd 8@9 Lq h{lq . Frqyh{d
Dkrud xvdqgr od sulphu ghulydgd srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlq Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ 3 | { @ { i 3 +{, i %+{, i+{, jufd gh i . 0 ( Frqfdyd { i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, i 3 +{, @ 3 +, 9{5 . 43{ @ 3 8@61 8@6 3 0 0 ) Frqfdyd 8@9 3 0 . ) Frqyh{d 3 3 3 3 . . ( Frqyh{d
r xqd wdeod pdv uhvxplgd | jufd pdv h{soflwd hq od owlpd oqhd . 0 ) _ 8@6 3 0 0 ( _ 8@9 3 0 . ( ^
. . ) ^
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
698
Dv/ od jufd gh i ghehud vhu od xqlq gh odv sxqwrv + 8@6> i + 8@6,, / + 8@9> i+ 8@9,,/ +3> i +3,, frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ rewhqhprv gh hvwd irupd ho jufr gh od jxud
Hmhpsor 78: Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv srgud oohydu d shqvdu txh orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq vlhpsuh vh rewlhqh gh od hfxdflq i%+{, @ 31 Do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gh ydoruhv h{wuhprv hvwrv qr vh rewlhqh vlhpsuh gh od hfxdflq i 3 +{, @ 31 Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud hq txh rwurv fdvrv dsduhfhq orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1 7,8@6 . :1 Ho grplqlr gh i +{, hv U | vxv ghulydgdv gh rughq 4 | gh rughq 5 vrq
8 i 3 +{, @ +{ 6
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699
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
i +{, @ +{
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Hmhpsor 78; Judtxhprv od ixqflq i+{, @ +{ 45,7 / lqglfdqgr lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr/ gh ghfuhf0 lplhqwr/ frqfdylgdg | frqfdylgdg kdfld duuled/ | vl orv kxelhuh/ ydoruhv h{wuhprv | sxqwr gh lq h{lq1 Vroxflq= Qrwhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh Grpi @ U hmh {1 Odv ghulydgdv vrq i+{, @ +{ 7 8 | i %+{, @ +{ 53 9 1 5, 5, { i 3 +{, i%+{, i+{, . . ^ 5 9< 9< 9< i5j/ Uhfi @ U. sru or wdqwr od jufd hv vreuh
Vhjq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv ghehuldprv xqlu sxqwrv gh odv jufdv frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ shur qr hv srvleoh |d txh qr kd| wdohv sxqwrv +Qrwd + 4> i + 4,,/ +5> i+5,,/ +4> i +4,, qr vrq sxqwrv gh od jufd, shur srghprv yhu d txh ydoruhv wlhqghq fxdqgr { $ 5 / { $ 4 | fxdqgr { $ 4 Gh hvwd irupd od jufd ghehud vhu frpr vh lqglfd hq jxud olp i +{, @ 3 {$4 > olp i +{, @ 3 {$ 4 > olp i +{, @ .4 {$5
0 . ^
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
69:
Dv gh od plvpd wdeod srghprv ghflu txh i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq `5> 4^1 i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 5^1 4> 5^ | wdpelq hq `5> 4^1
i qr wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq |d txh ho qlfr fdqglgdwr d wdo hud +5> i+5,,/ shur qr shuwhqhfh d od jufd gh i + i +5, qr h{lvwh, dpq gh txh i%+{, qr fdpeld gh vljqr hq { @ 51
81:14
Orv uhvxowdgrv gh frqfdylgdg hqxqfldgrv hq ho frurodulr dqwhulru qrv shuplwhq hq pxfkrv fdvrv fodvlfdu udslgdphqwh orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv hq p{lpd orfdohv r pqlprv orfdohv phgldqwh or txh vxhoh oodpduvh fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd Hmhpsor 78< Gh xqd sodqfkd phwolfd gh 433 fp 5 pwv vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu grv wxerv gh 5 phwurv gh odujr xqr frq vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo xqd flufxqihuhqfld | rwur vhfflq fxdgudgd BcFrpr vh gheh fruwdu od sodqfkd d or odujr gh wdo irupd txh od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv lqwhulruhv vhd p{lpr1 BcFxdqgr hv pqlprB Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sodqfkd vh fruwdq hq {fp 5pwv | +433 {, fp 5pwv/ frq od sulphud kduhprv ho flolqgur gh udglr u/ hqwrqfhv 5u @ { | frq od vhjxqgd ho wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd/ hv ghflu/ fdgd odgr hv gh + 433 { ,fpv1 7 Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv { u5 5333fp6 @ + ,5 5333fp6 5 Ho yroxphq gho rwur wxer hv + 433 { 5 , 5333fp6 7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
5 5 5 Frpr g Y @ 833+ . 4 ,/ g Y +{3 , A 3> vh wlhqh gh hvwd irupd txh frq ho fruwh hq 433 vh rewlhqh grv g{5 5 g{5 7. wxerv fx|d vxpd gh orv yroxphqhv hv or pqlpr srvleoh gh rewhqhu1 Frpr qr vh rewxyr rwur sxqwr fuwlfr yld od ghulydgd/ ho r orv p{lprv ghehq hqfrqwuduvh hq od iurqwhud gho lqwhuydor ^3> 433`1
{5 +433 {,5 . ,> frq 3 { 433 7 gY 5{ 533 5{ @ 833+ + ,, g{ 7 Sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq vroxflq gh od hfxdflq ;{ 533 . 5{ @ 3 7 +; . 5,{ @ 533 433 {3 @ 7.
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Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud xqd yh} pv txh orv h{wuhprv vh exvfdq qr wdq vor grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod/ vlqr txh wdpelq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor fhuudgr grqgh od ixqflq hvw ghqlgd1 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd= Vhd i xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr43 ^d> e` | vxsrqjdprv txh hv ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ = g5 i gi +, h{lvwh vh wlhqh +, @ 3 , | Vl 5 `d> e^ hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i +l1h1/ vx ghulydgd vh dqxod/ g{ g{5 5 g i grv srvlelolgdghv ghshqglhqgr gho vljqr gh +, g{5 5 g i +, A 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq pqlpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +, 410 Vl g{5 5 g i 510 Vl +, ? 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +, g{5 g5 i Frpr sxhghv qrwdu vl +, @ 3> qr vh glfh qdgd/ srgud rfxuulu fxdotxlhu frvd frpr vh sxhghq yhu g{5 hq odv ixqflrqhv i+{, @ {7 > wlhqh xq pqlpr hq fhur | i+{, @ {6 hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr fhufd gho fhur qr wlhqh p{lpr ql pqlpr hq fhur/ 5{7 wlhqh xqd p{lpr hq fhur
833+433,5 8+43,9 @ 7 7 Frpr ? 7 vh wlhqh txh fxdqgr vor kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr rewhqhprv p{lpr yroxphq1
Revhuydflq= Hvwr gh srqhu xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr hv vor sdud jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh ydoruhv h{0 wuhprv/ shur ho whvw hv dsolfdeoh hq rwurv fdvrv |d txh vh gheh fxpsolu odv klswhvlv hq xqd yhflqgdg gho sxqwr fuwlfr1 Uhfxhugh txh wdpelhq sxhgh kdehu p{lpr r pqlprv hq oxjduhv txh od ixqflq qr hv ghulydeoh/ dvl phqrv vhu grv yhfhv ghulydeoh | hq hvh fdvr vor qrv txhgd ho whvw gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
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Do ljxdo txh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vh ghqh ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv +r pv yduldeohv, Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv wdo txh G @ Grpi _Grpj 9@ !/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwhq ixqflrqhv i . j> i j> i j frq grplqlr G | od ixqflq i@j frq grplqlr i+{> |, 5 G = j+{> |, 9@ 3j grqgh 6, +i j,+{> |, @ i +{> |, j+{> |, 5, +i 4, +i . j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, . j+{> |, j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, j+{> |,
Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv
oxhjr G @ Grpi _ Grpj 9@ !/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwh od ixqflq i . j ghqlgd hq G s +i . j,+{> |, @ oq+{ . |, . {
Revhuydflq= Pxfkrv gh orv frqfhswrv ghqlgrv sdud ixqflrqhv gh xqd yduldeoh +frpr sru hmhpsor orv xwlol}dgrv hq ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv,/ wdpelq vh ghqhq sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv r pv yduldeohv/ shur qr hv srvleoh jhqhudol}du wrgrv hoorv d hvwh wlsr gh ixqflrqhv1 Xqr gh hvwrv hv ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq fuhflhqwh | ghfuhflhqwh/ ho txh qr vh sxhgh ghqlu sdud ixqflq gh grv yduldeohv/ |d txh U5 qr hv xq frqmxqwr rughqdgr +qr wlhqh vljqlfdgr/ sru hmhpsor/ od vljxlhqwh h{suhvlq +{> |, ? +{3 > | 3 ,,4 1
4 Hv
73;
Sru rwud sduwh/ sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv i | j gh grv yduldeohv qr srghprv ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i sxhv Uhfj _ Grpi @ !1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl frqvlghudprv odv ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv wlhqh vhqwlgr ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ !/ grqgh i = D U5 $ U | j = E U $ U
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DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOQHRV SDUWH L 561 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1 orj8 { 4 hv ^6> 4^ orj8 +4@6,
4 A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j 5 5;1 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1 s 5<1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5 orj +{,
, orj 6
661 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh s 671 Vhd i+{, @ {5 4 > j+{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
4 i4j, +orje + { , 4 , 4 {e,
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflq wrgrv orv uhdohv vl | vor vl d 5`3> 4^ i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
731 Vhd i = G $ ^6> 4^ { : $ h { 4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^ s 741 Vhdq i +{, @ 5 { > j+{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh od ixqflq j i hv ` 4> 44^1 751 Vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh 761 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydfr1 771 Vl i +{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U 41 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq s { 5 m{ 5m m4
6:1 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh s 6;1 Vhd i+{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U 6<1 Ho ydoru pqlpr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ {+{ 6, hv <@7
LL1 Frpsohwdflq=
{m
3 hv1111111111111111111 3 hv 111111111111111
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6 4 hv 111111111111111111111 9{ . < 7
4 4 hv 1111111111111 { . 7{ . 7
5
dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111
451 Od sursrvlflq
471 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 d od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111 481 Od uhodflq {5 |5
+ . 4,{5
7{ . +
4, A 3 +;{ 5 U, 7{ . 6| 5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod
491 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwrv hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7| 5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflrq gh } hv= 11111111111111111
745
4 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:h ,6{ 4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111 541 Vhd i +{, @ orj + {, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydfr hv 11111111111111111 s 551 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111 561 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq s s 4 4 {5 i +{, @ 5 { hv 11111111111111111111 5
5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111 s 4;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111 s 4<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111 | 5 . 7{ 531 Vhd i = G $ ^h
4:1 Od uhodflq {5
571 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111 5 { >{ ? 3 { >{ ? 4 hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111 581 Vhd i+{, @ | j+{, @ s { >{ 4 5{ > { 3 591 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru s {.4 { ?3 { 4 4{8 i+{, @ j+{, @ {.5 { 3 {.: {A8 +d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111 +e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111 +f, +j i ,+{, @
5:1 Grv wxehudv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vrod od oohqdud 8 krudv pv gh sulvd txh od rwud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehu d wdugdud lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 | 1111111111111111 uhvshfwlydphqwh 5;1 Vhd i = `3> 4^ i 4j $ U { : $ {4 4 . 6 hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 5<1 Vhd i = U i4j $ U i 4j {.4 { : $ 4 { xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
746
631 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ frpr hq od jxud/ hv i+k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111 641 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{> |, @
oq+4
|,
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41
51 Ho suhflr gho sulphu | gho vhjxqgr yroxphq hv gh ' 6=333 1 61 6 phwurv | 9 phwurv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 81 Ho shglgr vh frpsohwdu hq 5: gdv1 :1 Ho qphur exvfdgr hv 971 ;1 Ho qphur exvfdgr hv 571 431 54 np1 71 Ho sulphu vdfr wlhqh ;3 nlorjudprv | ho vhjxqgr 93 nlorjudprv1 91 4: nlorjudprv gh freuh | : nlorjudprv gh }lqf1
441 Od yhorflgdg gho flfolvwd hv gh 45 np2k | od gho frfkh 63 np2k1 451 < krudv ghvsxv gh od vdolgd gho wuhq uslgr1 461 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu flfolvwd hv gh 47 np2k/ | od gho vhjxqgr 4; np2k> ho sulphur hvw d 6 krudv gho hqfxhqwur hq od fduuhwhud/ ho vhjxqgr/ 5 krudv1 471
< 7
481 Ho sulphu wudedmdgru wdugdu 47 gdv/ ho vhjxqgr 44 gdv hq uhdol}du lqglylgxdophqwh ho wudedmr1 491 Od sulphud ptxlqd shuirud 5 phwurv gh wqho sru gd/ | od vhjxqgd
6 5
4:1 Od sulphud fxdgulood sxhgh uhdol}du od uhsdudflq frpsohwd hq 43 gdv/ | od vhjxqgd hq 48 gdv1 4;1 Ho sulphu reuhur sxhgh kdfhu o vror ho wudedmr hq 45 krudv> ho vhjxqgr/ hq 57 krudv1 4<1 Od sulphud wxehud oohqd od slvflqd hq 43 krudv> od vhjxqgd/ hq 48 krudv1
747
541 Ho sulphu prwru frqvxph 93 judprv gh frpexvwleoh sru krud> ho vhjxqgr/ 7; judprv gh frpexvwleoh sru krud1
551 Od jud gh pd|ru srwhqfld ghprud 57 krudv hq uhdol}du vrod ho wudedmr frpsohwr/ plhqwudv txh od gh phqru srwhqfld ghprud 69 krudv1
561 Od dowxud hv k 68> 89fp vx udglr u 4<> 4<fp | ho yroxphq hv Y 46=:4 olwurv1 41 S4 +{> |, @ +5> 3, S5 +{> |, @ +3> 5, 61 S4 +{> |, @ +6> 4, S5 +{> |, @ +4> 6,
81 S4 +{> |> , @ +3> 4> 4, S5 +{> |> , @ + 91 S4 +{> |> , @ + S6 +{> |> , @ +
6 7
s s 4 s > 5> 4 , S5 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 7 7 s5 s 4 s55> s, 4 > 5> 7 , S7 +{> |> , @ + 5 > 5> 7 , 5
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441 S4 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5, S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 4> 4> 3> 5, S6 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4, S7 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4, s s s s 451 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + s 8@6> 8@6> 8@6> 8@45, s s s 8@6> 8@6> 8@6> 8@45, S5 +{> |> }> , @ +
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91 D|xgd= Hvfulelu frpr hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr | txh ho glvfulplqdqwh hv xqd vxpd gh fxdgudgr +s t,5 | 7d5 1 :1 ^ 4; 43 ;7 > 4^ ;1 +d, p @ :1 +e, p @ 5<@:1 s 781 <1 n @ +f, `4> 8^ +g, p @ 44
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471 Q qr hv dfrwdgr | Q ]1
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4
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8 5
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4.
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81 H{lvwhq d> e 5 U wdo txh i hv ghulydeoh hp U1 ; frv+p{, frv+q{, ? { 9@ 3 { Hmhuflflr 878 Vhd i +{, @ 1 = 3 {@3 Bc Hv i frqwlqxd hq UB Fdofxoh i 3 +{,1 ; A +{ 5,5 vhq+ 4 , { 9@ 5 ? 4.m{ 5m { 5 1 Hmhuflflr 879 Vhd i +{, @ A = 3 {@5 Bc H{lvwh i 3 +5,B Fdofxoh i 3 +{,1 8 . {5 {?4 Hmhuflflr 87: Gdgr i +{, @ 1 Hqfxhqwuh i 3 1 6{ . m{ 7m { 4 ; {5 A 3?{? ? vhq +{, Hmhuflflr 87; Vhd i +{, @ 1 A s 6 = 6 ;{ . {8 { 3 d, Hv i ghulydeoh hq { @ 3B e, Ghwhuplqh i 3 +{, vhdodqgr vx grplqlr1 f, Bc H{lvwh i 33 +3,B Ghwhuplqh i 33 +{,1 s g, Ghwhuplqh vl h{lvwh od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd hq S4 @ +5> 3, | hq S5 @ + 4> 6 <,1 Hq fdvr gh h{lvwlu ghwhuplqho+dv,1
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qrwhprv txh od ghulydgd rewhqlgd hq irupd lpsoflwd/ vor hv yolgd sdud orv sxqwr hq txh od rughqdgd hv glvwlqwd gh fhur1 Hmhpsor 88: Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq | @ i +{, ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru h6{ . h{| 5{.| @ 43=
g| @3 g{ g| { @ = g{ |
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461 Vhd i +{, @ orj + {, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydflr hv 11111111111111111 s 471 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111 481 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv 11111111111111111111 491 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq i +{, @ e 5 111111111111111 i +{, @ s 4 { s 4 {5
5
451 Vhd i = G $ ^h
m{m
U
4 7
4:1 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111 5 { >{ ? 3 { >{ ? 4 s 4;1 Vhd i+{, @ | j+{, @ hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111 5{ > { 3 { >{ 4 s 4<1 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv { wdo txh i+{, @ +{ . 5,+{ 6, wlhqh xq ydoru pqlpr hv 1111111111111111
541 Vhd i = U
561 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ hv i +k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111
551 od ixqflq i+{, @ 5{ m{m ghqlgd hq ^ 5> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr devroxwr hq { @11111111111 | xq ydoru pqlpr devroxwr ljxdo d 11111111111
+e, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111 +g, Ho ydoru pqlpr gh i hv 111111111111111 +f, i dofdq}d vx ydoru p{lpr hq 11111111111111
s {5 1
4
51 Od frpsdld gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlphqh}%/ duulhqgd fkhyhwwh d ' 431833 sru gd | 73 shvrv sru nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdld Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr gh dxwr d ' ;<33 sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1 +d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlorphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh od ixqflq FD +{,txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdld Dudqfleld% hq hvh gd1
41 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwqjxor gh 73 slhv gh odujr | 53 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx surixqglgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 6 d : slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 57 slhv | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 48 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud/ od fxdo pxhvwud xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl od slvflqd vh hvw ydfldqgr/ dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq Y +k, gho djxd hq ixqflq gh od dowxud k/ hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr1
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
+e, Fxdqwrv nlorphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh ph frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdld Mlphqh}%1 orj6{ +<{, . orj6 +{6 , 5 i = GU $ ^5> 4^ { : $ m{.5m { 4
Fdswxor 6
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh 51 Vl idq j hv xqd vxfhvlq ghfuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq h{lvwh 41 Vl olpq$4 dq @ O hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq vhq q h{lvwh1 q
77< 61 Od vxfhvlq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh grqgh 6 q > q 5333 d, dq @ 4 q > q A 5333 LL Frpsohwdflq=
e, dq @
q6
olp q$4
6q . s 7 49q7 . 8
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh hv 71 Ho oplwh 81 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4 91 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4 ;1 Ho oplwh
olp q$4
olp q$4
4,
vhq +q,.+
6
q.8q
5+q.4,
<
q 7.8q
mvhq
q ,m
q5 .4 ,
4
@ ============
q hv 111111111111 s s <q5 . 8,, hv 111111111111 431 Ho oplwh olpq$4 +q+ <q5 . 6 q 441 Vhd dq @ q$+{ q4, hqwrqfhv q dq.4 ?4 olp q$4 dq vl | vor vl { 5111111111111111111111
<1 Ho oplwh olpq$4
vhq +q,
41 Vhd
8 8
783
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV +d, Ghwhuplqh vl i hv el|hfwlyd + vl qr or hv uhvwulqjlu i gh prgr txh or vhd, | hqfxhqwuh i +hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr, +f, Fdofxoh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv +vl h{lvwhq,
4
Fdswxor 7
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh 41 Vhd i +{, xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U | i+q, @ q5 / dghpv/ vhd hqwrqfhv vh sxhgh ghflu txh 51 Ho ydoru gh olpq$4
5q.4
6
+{, 71 Vhd i | j ixqflrqhv1 Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{, qr h{lvwh1 j
q .8 7q
frv+4
@q, hv 5 1 8
81
:1 Ho oplwh olp{$3
431 Sdud ghprvwudu txh olp{$5 {5 @ 7> gdgr srvlwlyr/ edvwd wrpdu @ m{.5m / dvl vh wlhqh m{ m{5 7m ? 1
441 Vhd 6{ . : { {5 .8{.7 { ? 5 4 { Ghwhuplqh ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh od vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv i +{, @ +d, olp{$ 4 i+{, @ 7 +e, olp{$4 i+{, @ 7 4 4
olp {$6
m{
7m
qr h{lvwh
5m ? ,
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 vhq +{, hv { 4 471 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv1
Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{,j+{, qr h{lvwh1
@ olp{$3
531 Wrgdv odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq frqwlqxdv hq K s +d, i +{, @ {> K @ U. i4j 5 4 +e, i +{, @ { .4 > K @ U i 4j1 { 6 {4 > K @ U. +f, i +{, @ vhq +{, {?4 { + vhq +4@+{ 4,, { 9@ 4 4@+{ 4, 541 Od ixqflq i +{, @ hv frqwlqxd hq 41 {@4 41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$7 +{ 51 Ho oplwh olp{$8
4.frw5 + +
4<1 Vl oplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d h{lvwh | oplwh gh j fxdqgr { $ d qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, qr h{lvwh1
^{`m{ . 7m hv 31
LL Frpsohwdflq=
vhq +{,
7, frv+
{, hv 111111111111 {
8,
8,
61 Ho oplwh olp{$d d{ d
5
8,
{5
vhq 6+{
43 .58
hv 111111111111
{, hv 11111111111111111
; ?
vhq 5+{
91 Vhd
{ 4 i +{, @ D{5 . 5 = E{ . 8
4,
+e, i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg uhsdudeohv hq orv sxqwrv 111111111 :1 Vhd i+{, @ {{ ; ? ;1 Vhd i+{, @ =
hv 111111111111
6{5 . 8 { A 4 { . 5 { @ 4 Hqwrqfhv orv ydoruhv gh | txh shuplwhq txh od ixqflq i +{, 46{ . { ? 4 vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq @11111111111 | @ 111111111111
> {A4 5D{ . {5 E+{ 4, . 8 > { @ 4 i+{, @ = 8{ . E > {?4 ; d+4 {5 , ? vhq { i +{, @ = {.d ; A ? A =
vhq +d{,
; ?
3?{?4 {4
i+{, @
LLL10 Ghvduuroor ; 4 frv+{@6, >{ ? 3 A { A A A ? 5{ . 5d . 4 > { @ 3 grqgh d> e vrq qphurv uhdohv mrv= 41 i+{, @ A A A s A = d {5 .{6 .e >{ A 3 { +e, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq 31 +f, Fdofxoh orv oplwh odwhudohv gh i hq 041 +d, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 31 +h, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 3
{5 d5 { d
vhq +e{,
Fdswxor 8
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru hq ho sxqwr +4@5> 3, hv 5{ | @ dufvhq+{|, 5| @ 41
71 Od ixqflq i+{, @ +{ 4,5@6 qr wlhqh pqlpr s 81 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { 5 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
786 :1 Vl od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od edvh gh xq wulqjxor hv gh 6 p2vhj | od dowxud 7 p2vhj/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh vx uhd hq ho lqvwdqwh txh fxdqgr vx edvh hv gh 45 phwurv | vx dowxud gh 53 phwurv hv gh 87 p5 2vhj
;1 Wrgd ixqflq dfrwdgd wlhqh h{wuhprv s <1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ 7 4 { qr wlhqh h{wuhpr1 41 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru {.4 {?3 i+{, @ {.5 {3 +d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111 LL Frpsohwdflq=
j+{, @
51 Vl i +{, @
hqwrqfhv
+g, Od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq j i hq ho sxqwr 5 hv 11111111111 +d, i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111 olp +frv {,fvf { hv 11111111111111111111 {$3 olp +{5 . frv +5{,, {$3 vhf s { . wdq { 3 ? { ? @5 { @5 { @5
{
fvf +6 ,
71 81 Frqvlghuh j+{, @
{ hv===========
7{
:1 Vl
787 <1 Vl
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV ; A 5{ frv +{, A A A ? 6{ i +{, @ A A A s A = {6 . 7{5 i +{, @ s {?3 {@3 {A3
451 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj6 { hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ghulydgd gh i +{, hv Grpi 3 @ 111111111111111
5, { A 5 {4
491 Vhd i +{, @ +{5 . 4,vhq +{, / hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, hv 11111111111 {.d {A3 4:1 Vhd i +{, @ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru d txh kdfh ghulydeoh od ixqflq i hq @7 hv vhq+{, { 3 111111111111111
6
.4,
gi 471 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq ghulydgd g{ @ 5{ . 4 | j+{, @ frv5 { . vhq{/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh +i j,3 +, hv 11111111111111111111 s 481 Vhd K+{, @ 6 i +hd{ oq+{,,/ frq i +{, xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq U/ hqwrqfhv K 3 +{, hq U. hv 1111111111111111
gi hqwrqfhv g{ m{@4 @
Od ixqflq hv ghulydeoh hq vl orv ydoruhv gh D | E vrq 1111111111111 ; s 6 , . 5d{ ? +{ f s i+{, @ = frv+ +{7 . 5 ,@5, . e{ d s { ? s {@ s {A
{A {
s sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f111111111111111 s +e, i hv ghulydeoh hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f 111111111111111 ; 6 {A3 ? { vhq+{, { @ 3 561 Vhd i +{, @ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh i hv 11111111111111111111111 = {?3 7{5 +d, i hv frqwlqxd hq
788 571 Vhd 6{5 | 5 . wdq+| 6 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv hq xq frqmxqwr dsursldgr od ghulydgd gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv= g| g{ @1111111111111
581 Gdgd od uhodflq vhq+ frv+{6 , . | 5 7, @ 7 gi hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh g{ m{@3 hv1111111111 591 Vhd K+{, @ {I 4 +{, K 3 +{, @1111111111111 frv+I
4
5:1 Orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor gh shuphwur pqlpr frq uhd md D/ dv frpr wdpelq md vx edvh e vrq 1111111111111111 5;1 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq gdgd sdudphwulfdphqwh sru { @ 6+w 4,5 . 8 | @ 9w6 vhq+w, > w 5 U hq ho sxqwr +;> 3, hv 1111111111111111 4,7 hv fuhflhqwh hq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwrv 1111111111111111
651 Od ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq i +{, hv i 3 +{, @ 6{ . :vhq+{ +i 4 ,3 +5, @111111111111111 661 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+6{, frv+5{, . 4/ frq { 5` 4 sxqwr 4/ hv ghflu/ gi +4, hv 1111111111111111 g{
631 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd { oq | . | 5 @ vhq+{|, hq +@5> 4, hv 11111111111111111 s 641 Od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i+{, @ { . 5 hq ho sxqwr +4> 6, hv1111111111111 4,+{
671 vhd i +{, @ 5vhq+{, frv+{,> { 5`@7> 6@7^ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho sxqwr 4 3/+ gi +3,, hv 111111111111111111 g{ 681 Ho oplwh 4 olp + ,wdq+{, {$3. {
691 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3 +4 . 6{,+4@5{, hv 1111111111 6:1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 +4
hv 111111111111111111
6<1 Xq mduglq hv glvhdgr frq od irupd gh xq vhfwru flufxodu gh qjxor | udglr u frpr hq od jxud1 Ho mduglqhur fxhqwd frq vhploodv vhpeudu Dp5 1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho mdugq gh wdo irupd txh vh jdvwh or phqrv srvleoh hq fhufdor hqwrqfhv od ixqflq d pqlpl}du hq od yduldeoh u hv 111111111111111 731 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od jufd gh | @ {6 / ho hmh R[ +xq odgr vreuh hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 5 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 11111111111111
6;1 Gdgd od fxuyd {| . | 6 {5 @ 4 hq irupd lpsoflwd1 Fxdqwrv sxqwrv gh od ixqflq | @ i +{, wlhqh uhfwd wdqjhqwh sdudohod d hmh { 111111111111111
{,frv+{@5, hv 11111111111111
751 Vhd s+{, @ {6 . d{5 . e{ . f xq srolqrplr frq frhflhqwhv d> e| f/ hqwrqfhv s+{, wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hq { @ 4 | xq pqlpr orfdo hq { @ 6 vl vxv frhflhqwhv vrq ljxdohv d 11111111111111111111
741 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od sduerod | @ 7{5 / ho hmh R[ +xqr gh orv odgrv hq hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 9 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 111111111111111
789
761 Grv wuhqhv vh dohmdq gh xq fuxfh txh irupd xq qjxor gh <3 d yhorflgdghv gh 493np@k | 453np@k1 Fxdqgr ho sulphu wuhq hvwd d ;3np gho fuxfh hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg frq txh vh hvwdq dohmdqgr orv wuhqhv hv gh 111111111111111 781 Orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq gh | @ oq+ { {.4 , vrq 111111111 5
5
+ 771 Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh i +{, @ {{.5,vhq { vrq +hv, 1111111111111111 6 {5 9{
791 Od jufd gh i+{, @ {5 wlhqh lqqlwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv +xqd sru fdgd sxqwr,1 Grv gh hvwd uhfwdv wdqjhqwh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +4> 3,/ xqd gh hood hv od wdqjhqwh d rwur sxqwr1 Ho sxqwr hv 11111111111 7;1 Od jufd gh i +{, @ +{5 7:1 Od jufd gh od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 hv 11111111111111111111 4,7 wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq hq 1111111111111
{5 {5 7<1 Vhd i +{, @ {5 4 > i 3 +{, @ +{5 5{ 5 > i%+{, @ 5+65 .4, hqwrqfhv 4, +{ 4,6
+e, i hv frqfdyd +kdfld duuled, hq 1111111111111 +g, i wlhqh dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo hq 1111111111111 831 Odv dvqwrwdv gh | @ 841 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, ghqlgd lpsolflwdphqwh sru od uhodflq hq +3> 4, hv 1111111111 wdq+{|7 , s 5 oq+ |, @ 3 +6{ +f, i wlhqh dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo hq 111111111111 +d, i hv fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
{ s{55
vrq 1111111111
891 Od yhorflgdg gh ghvydorul}dflq gh xq htxlsr sru ho xvr gho plvpr hv sursruflrqdo hq fdgd prphqwr d vx frvwr uhdo |1 Od h{suhvlq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho hqxqfldgr dqwhulru grqgh n hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd | w hv ho wlhpsr hv 1111111111111 41 Ghulyh LLL10 Ghvduuroor
l, | @
s 6 {5 wdq+{5 ,
ll, | @ oq+duffrv+6{,,
g| +d, Hqfxhqwuh g{
+{5 . |5 . 7,5
78: +e, Bc Vh s sxhgh hqfrqwudu odv hfxdflrqhv gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh do rydor gh Fdvvlql hq orv sxqwrv +4> 5, | +5> 5,B 71 Vhdq 5 U> e 5 U1 +f, Hqfxhqwuh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh dq orv sxqwrv dqwhulruhv hq orv txh vh sxhgdq1 Ghwhuplqdu vl od ixqflq | @ hd{ . {hd{ hv vroxflq gh od hfxdflq glihuhqfldo g5 | g{5 5d g| . d5 | @ 3> g{ d frqvwdqwh
81 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr | vhplhvihudv hq orv h{wuhprv +yhu od jxud, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh gho gh od sduwh floqgulfd/ grqgh ho frvwr gho phwur fxdgudgr gho flolqgur hv S 1 BcTx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd hv gh 43 slh6 B Dh @ 7u5 D|xgd= Yf @ u5 k Yh @ 7 u6 Df @ 5uk 6 91 Xq fdpshvlqr wlhqh glqhur sdud frpsudu 4833 phwurv gh dodpeuh gh sxdv/ wdo fdpshvlqr ghvhd fhufdu frq 8 kheudv gh dodpeuhv xq whuuhqr uhfwqjxodu hq vx suhglr/ hq fdvr txh { uhsuhvhqwh xq odgr gho uhfwqjxor/ ghwhuplqh od ixqflq D+{, uhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr frq hvwh dodpeuh hq whuplqrv gh {1 Phgldqwh/ od jufd gh od ixqflq D+{, hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr frq p{lpd uhd
;1 Grv ieulfdv D | E txh vh hqfxhqwudq d 7 ploodv xqd gh od rwud/ hplwhq kxpr frq sduwfxodv txh frqwdplqdq ho dluh gh od uhjlq 1 Vxsrqjd txh ho qphur gh sduwfxodv suryhqlhqwh gh fdgd ieulfd hv gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d od fdqwlgdg gh kxpr h lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdo do fxer gh od glvwdqfld ghvgh od ieulfd1 Bc Tx sxqwr hqwuh D | E whqgu od phqru frqwdplqdflq vl od ieulfd D hplwh ho greoh gh kxpr txh od ieulfd E B <1 Fdofxodu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr lqyhuwlgr +gh prgr txh orv hmhv frlqflghq, gh yroxphq p{lpr txh vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xq frqr gh dowxud d fp | udglr e fp1 Fxo hv ho yroxphq p{lpr1
:1 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd fqlfd +uhfwr, frq fdsdflgdg sdud ;333 5 olwurv1 vl 4 olwurv 6 s gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh fxeuh 6p5 gh vxshuflh1 BcFxdohv ghehq vhu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr sdud txh vh xvh xqd fdqwlgdg pqlpd gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh B BcFxqwrv olwurv vh ghehq frpsudu sdud slqwdu wdo frqrB s D|xgd= Vxshuflh gh xq frqr gh udglr u | dowxud k hv u u5 . k5 | vx yroxphq hv 4 u5 k1 Fxlgdgr 6 frq odv xqlgdghv
431 Xqd hvfdohud gh 53 slhv gh odujr hvw dsr|dgd frqwud xqd pxudood1 Ho slh gh od hvfdohud hv duudvwudgr/ dohmqgrod gh od pxudood d ud}q gh 5 slhv sru vhjxqgr BcD tx yhorflgdg vh ghvol}d kdfld dedmr ho h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud hq ho lqvwdqwh txh ho slh gh hood/ hvw d 45 slhv gh od pxudood B +d, Ghwhuplqh Grpi
+f, Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i +{, { +D|xgd = Fdofxoh olpx$3. x i+4@x, +h, Bc Tx sxhgh ghflu gh orv oplwhv +6, | +7, fxdqgr { $ +i, Judtxh | @ i +{,/ frqvlghudqgr od lqirupdflq rewhqlgd dqwhulruphqwh | vdelhqgr txh odv jufdv gh i 3 +{, | i 33 +{, vrq 4B +vrq ljxdohv r glvwlqwrv,1
451 Vhd i od ixqflq frqwlqxd `0:/53` vdoyr hq orv sxqwrv 06 | 43 | txh vdwlvidfh or vljxlhqwh
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV olp{$ :. i +{, @ 5 olp{$ 6 i+{, @ 5 olp{$ 6. i +{, @ 6 olp{$ 53 i+{, @ 6 olp{$43 mi+{,m @ .4 od wdeod
0: 08 . 0 . 0
461 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i 6 5 5+ + 45+ i+{, @ +{ { 5,4, > i 3 +{, @ +{+{4,5,{ 7, | i 33 +{, @ +{ { 74, 1 5 6 5, Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh= +d, +e, +f, +g,
! i+{, ! Judtxh i
i *+{,
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6
06
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8
04
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