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Composition Mantle and Core

Overview
Introduction
Density within the earth
Temperature in the earth
Composition of the mantle
Composition of the D
Composition of the Core
Seismology and planetary evolution
Introduction

Seismology
geology, geodesy, geomagnetism,
cosmochemistry, and physics chemistry of materials
composition
of the earth
Density within the earth

The density is an important constraint on
the nature of the material.
The basic constraint on the earth's density is
that its average is given by the earth's mass.
A second constraint on the density, which
also indicates a dense core.

V m =
Density within the earth
Mass and moment of inertia give only
integral constraints on the density, seismic
velocities give information on the variation
of density with depth.

Seismic velocities and density for the Preliminary
Reference Earth Model (PREM)

Density, gravity,
pressure, and mass as
functions of depth for
the PREM model
Temperature in the earth
Seismology gives insight into the geotherm.
The geotherm depends on source of heath
and modes the heat is transferred upward in
the earth.
Temperature in the earth
A sample mantel
geotherm with steep
temperature
gradients in the
thermal boundary
layer at the top and
bottom of the
mantle and a near
adiabatic gradient in
the lower mantle.
The melting curve,
or solidus is also
shown
Composition of Mantle
Models of composition of the mantle are derived
by comparing the velocity and density (and
therefore pressure) profiles derived from seismic
data to temperature profiles and results for earth
material at high pressure and temperature.

Result from experiments is that the bulk sound
speed and the density for a material are
approximately linearly.
Composition of Mantle
Bulk sound
speed as a
function of
density for
various
materials.
Predicted
mineral
assemblages
as a function
of depth for a
mantle of
pyrolite
composition
A model for the relative proportions of major mineral
phase as a function of depth in upper mantle.
Schematic phase
diagrams showing
the relations
between the nature
of a phase change
and the
corresponding
velocity
discontinuity.
Composition of D

(a). General thermal convection
(b). The interaction of
subducted slabs with a chemical
boundary layer consisting of
dense mantle dregs
(c). A chemical boundary layer
formed from delaminated post-
eclogitic ocean crust brought
down with the slabs
(d). A mineralogical phase
change
Composition of the Core
Core has a composition similar to that of
iron, but with a less dense element of lower
number added.
Cosmochemistry : meteorites are roughly
divided into stony meteorites (mantle) and
iron meteorites (composed of an iron-nickel
alloy).

Composition of the Core
Seismology and planetary evolution
Seismology gives a snapshot of the present
stage of earths thermal and chemical
evolution.
Seismology shows the present thickness of
the lithosphere, which may have increased
with time, and provides much of our
information about plate tectonic processes
and mantle convection.


Composition of the Core
Evolution of the
core geothermal
Seismology and planetary evolution
Seismology shows the present sizes of inner
core and outer core that reflect the
progressive freezing of the solid inner core
from the liquid outer core.
Hence the approaches used to study the
earth interior can be applied to other
planets.
Summary
Seismology yield information about velocities within the
earth.
Seismic velocities give information on the variation of
density with depth.
Seismology gives insight into the geotherm.
Models of composition of the mantle and core are derived
by comparing the velocity and density (and therefore
pressure) profiles derived from seismic data.
study the earth interior can be applied to other planets.



Refraction of Waves


The basic constraint




Acceleration of gravity at the surface



M is the volume integral of density, so
if density varies only with depth



Where
o
is average density
2
a GM g =
M
( ) dr r r M
a
2
0
4
}
t =
( ) | |
3
3 4 a M
o
t =
The second constraint




The ratio of the moment inertia to the mass gives a scalar
that depend on the density distribution.



If the earth homogeneous (r) =
o




A more realistic case is a two-shell planet

( )
}
t =
a
dr r r C
0
4
3
8
( )
4
3 8 a C
s
t =
2
4 a M
s
t = 67 , 0
2
= Ma C
( ) | |
5 5
0
4
0
4
15
8
3
8
c m c m
a
m
r
c
r a dr r dr r C
c
+ t =
(
(

+ t =
} }
( ) | |
3 3
3
4
c m c m
r a M +
t
=
Variation of density with depth




Region of uniform material density increases with
depth as the material is self-compressed by its own weight.

Gradient of the hydrostatic pressure :




Modulus Bulk :







Adams-Williams Equation











= g
dr
dP
2
r Gm g =
2
r
Gm
dr
dP
=

=
u

=
u
=
d
dP
d
d
d
dP
d
dP
K
2
2
Kr
Gm
dr
dP
dP
d
dr
d
=

( ) = | o = | K
2 2
3 4
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) r
r g r
r r
r m G r
r
dr
d
|

=
|

=

2
Why is Interior Hot?
Pressure- Compressed material heats up
adiabatically.
Other Sources of Heat
Sunlight-Not important for Interior, only
penetrates few kilometers
Radioactive isotopes
Primordial or Original heat, from Earth's
accretion [kinetic energy released by meteorite
impacts]
Why is Interior Hot?

Transport of Heat

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