TRNG I HC NHA TRANG KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

BI BO CO

AN TON THC PHM

ti:

GVHD: Phm Th an Phng Nhm : 10 Lp : 51CBTP_1 Nha trang, thng 5 nm 2012

DANH SCH SINH VIN NHM 10

1. Nguyn nh Cng 2. Hong Vn Thnh 3. Trn Th Thu 4. Nguyn Th M Thng 5. Trn Th Thu Thy 6. Trng Th Tin 7. Trn Th V 51130167 51131469 51131416 51131464 51131600 51131639 51132056

MC LC
A. LI M U B. Tnh hnh ng c c t trong nc tng nc ta hin nay C. Cc loi c t trong nc tng I. c t 3- MCPD II. c t Aflatoxin III. c t Ochratoxin IV. c t kim loi nng V. c t t ph gia VI. c t t d lng thuc bo v thc vt D. KT LUN E. TI LIU THAM KHO

LI M U
Nc tng l mt mn gia v quen thuc trn bn n ca ngi Vit Nam. Nc tng ngy cng a dng theo sn phm dng chung vi n, nhng nc tng t nguyn liu l u nnh vn lun c a chung khng nhng do cht dinh dng m cn hng v thm ngon ca n. Tuy nhin, vi mc s dng cao nn yu cu nguyn liu nhiu, p ng nhu cu ngi trng thng xuyn s dng thuc tng trng, thuc bo v thc vt. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh bo qun khng ng nn lm xut hin cc c t. Do nhm s i tm hiu v cc c t c trong nc tng t nguyn liu cho ti sn phm bit nguyn nhn v bin php phng nga.

CC SN PHM NC TNG

Tnh hnh ng c c t trong nc tng nc ta hin nay

nc ta hin nay, c rt nhiu v ng c lin quan n cc c t do tn ti sn trong nguyn liu hay xut hin trong qu trnh ch bin do nh sn xut khng kim sot c qu trnh sn xut, nh sn xut bit c nhng vn c khng dn nhn mc hay do gi tiu dng khng tm hiu r sn phm mnh mua. V vy, n khng nhng nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng m cn gim uy tn ca nh sn xut i vi khch hng

 Gn y cc VSATTP va khuyn co ngi dn khng s dng nc tng hiu ng C loi ng chai v c cha cht c gy ung th 3-MCPD vt mc cho php. Trong s 210 mu nc tng kim tra hm lng 3-MCPD t thng 1/2006 - 4/2007 c 66 mu vt gii hn cho php. Ni cch khc, 66 c s sn xut v Cty c sn phm khng t yu cu. trong t thanh tra chuyn ngnh ngy 16/1/2007, c thy c 92 c s sn xut v Cng ty vi phm

I. C T 3-MCPD
(3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol)

I. C T 3-MCPD
1. Tng quan u tng l mt loi u giu protein v cht bo v vy vic thu phn protein u tng bng axit HCl v nhng bc tip theo trong qu trnh ch bin tng thc y qu trnh to ra cht 3-MCPD. c tnh giu protein v cht bo lm cho tng sn xut theo phng php ny tr thnh mt ngun 3-MCPD cao nht so vi nhng thc phm khc .

I. C T 3-MCPD
3-MCPD l cht thuc nhm chloropropanols c tn khoa hc l 3-monochloro propane 1,2 diol. Cht triglyceride (C3H5(OH)3) trong cht bo khi tc dng vi cht bo khi tc dng vi axit chlohydric ( HCL) th to thnh 3-MCPD v 3 dn xut khc (1,3-DCP; 2,3-DCP; v 2-MCPD), 3MCPD c to thnh do s phn ng gia cht Clo v cht bo trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm

I. C T 3-MCPD
2 . Ngun gc 3-MCPD l cht ph bin nht trong tp cht thc phm nhm clopropanol. Cht ny xut hin trong thc phm vi hm lng thp trong qu trnh ch bin cng nghip, tip xc vi vt liu ng gi hoc ch bin thc n trong gia nh. 3-MCPD l mt cht ha cht c hnh thnh v hin din trong thc phm thng qua cc qu trnh phn ng gia mt ngun c cha clorine( v d nh mui n hoc k c nc ) vi cht bo trong thc phm

I. C T 3-MCPD
3. Cu to

I. C T 3-MCPD (tt)
4. Ngun ly nhim. - l sn phm ca qu trnh phn ng gia mt ngun c cha clorin vi cht bo trong thc phm. - phn ng ny c xc tc bi nhit qua qu trnh nhit phn khi ch bin thc - thc phm no hi 3 iu kin : c cha thnh phn clorine + thnh phn cht bo + nhit u c th sn sinh 3-MCPD.

I. C T 3-MCPD (tt)
5. c tnh

cho ngi s dng - Nu nng acid thp th c t 3-MCPD khng c hoc s ng vi hm lng cho php khi sn xut nc tng - 3-MCPD gy hi n hu ht cc c quan nh cn tr c th sn xut testosterol dn n gim kh nng tnh dc, lm teo tinh hon, xut hin u ht vim, gy bnh thn mn tnh, tng ng niu
Ngun: tcyh.yds.edu.vn

- 3-MCPD l cht c nguy c gy ung th

I. C T 3-MCPD (tt)
Khi vo c th 3-MCPD s bin i thnh cc cht khc v gy nguy him cho sc khe, bao gm: + 1,3-DCP:c kh nng gy t bin gen v nhim st th, lm tn thng gan + Mercapturic acid:gy hi rt mnh i vi thn. + Acid beta-chlorolactic: lm gim kh nng di chuyn ca tinh trng, gim PH mi trng mo tinh dn n him mun. + Acid oxalic: l cht c i vi thn, v dng tinh th canxi oxalat gy vim cu thn

I. C T 3-MCPD (tt)
6. Liu lng cho php - liu lng a vo c th hng ngy m c th c th chu ng c l 2g/kg th trng. - mc 3-MCPD ti a cho php trong sn phm nc tng l 0,02mg/kg. - gii hn ti a hm lng 3-MCPD trong nc tng, x du, du ho phi <1mg/kg (quyt nh s 11/2005/QD-BYT ngy 25/03/2005 ca b trng y t)

7. Nguyn nhn v bin php phng nga

A. Nguyn nhn
V c s l thuyt , bt k qu trnh ch bin no khi gc ha hc Clo c tc dng vi cht bo c trong thc phm u sn sinh ra cht 3-MCPD nhng vi liu lng thp iu kin hnh thnh c t:
Phn ng hnh thnh v phn hy 3-MCPD Glycerol + Cl
-

K1
Chloropanol

K2
phn hy

7. Nguyn nhn v bin php phng nga

Phn ng ny to thnh cc sn phm: monochloropropanol, dichloropropanol, monochloropropanediol, nhiu nht l 1,3-dichloro-2propanol (1,3 DCP) v 3-monochloropropanol (3MCPD). Cng phn ng to 3-MCPD ph thuc mnh vo nhit iu kin ti u l 2300C th lng 3MCPD to thnh l 50 mlg/kg glycerol tham gia phn ng. 1000C hm lng 3-MCPD sinh ra ch l 0,6mlg/kg

7.2. Bin php phng nga

- Nn la chn nc tng ca nhng cng ty c uy tn - Cc c quan c thm quyn cn phi thng xuyn theo di v ngn chn kp thi cc cng ty sn xut nc tng c cha 3-MCPD. - Cn c bin php x l i vi cc trng hp c tnh sn xut nhng sn phm tng gy c ch vi mc ch li nhun. - Tuyn truyn cho ngi dn hiu c mc nguy him ca 3-MCPD khng s dng khi pht hin chng tn ti trong nc tng.

II. C T AFLATOXIN

II. C T AFLATOXIN
1. Tng quan - Aflatoxin l mt c t nm mc rt c - Aspergillus flavus l loi nm mc cung cp nhng lng aflatoxin ln nht, 4 loi aflatoxin c xc nh l B1, B2, G1, G2 - Ngoi vic gy ng c cp tnh gy cht ngi , c t aflatoxin cn c xem l nguyn nhn gy x gan v ung th. - c t aflatoxin rt bn vi nhit, khi em lc mc rang ln, mc d nhit rt cao, cc bo t ca mc b tiu dit, nhng c t ca chng vn khng b ph hy hon ton

II. C T AFLATOXIN
2. Cu to

II. C T AFLATOXIN (tt)

3. Ngun ly nhim - Nguyn liu do khng c iu kin bo qun tt, khng cch m nn nm mc pht trin v to thnh c t gy hi - ng vt v con ngi l nguyn nhn gin tip

II. C T AFLATOXIN (tt)

4 .c tnh -Lm gim kh nng khng,c ch h thng
sinh khng th, c th rt mm cm vi nhng bnh thng thng v c th gy t vong. -Aflatoxin n mn thnh rut v d dy ,bo mn nin mc ca ng tiu ha - Cn tr s vn chuyn thc n i vo trong ng tiu ha. - Aflatoxin B1 cn lin quan n s t bin gen v nhiu nht l t bin gen p53

II. C T AFLATOXIN (tt)

5. Liu lng cho php
- Quy nh v ngng aflatoxin cc nc chu v chu phi nhn chung l mc 5- 20 g/kg quy nh cho a s cc nng sn - Theo quy nh ca b y t Vit Nam l 5 microgam/ kg v i vi Aflatoxin B1 trong thc phm ni chung l 0,5 microgam/kg - i vi ngnh cng nghip ch bin v bo qun thc phm , hm lng Aflatoxin B1 khng c vt qu ngng 0,2 mg/kg

II. C T AFLATOXIN (tt)

6 .Nguyn nhn

- Aflatoxin xut hin trong chui thc n(gin tip) -Trong qu trnh bo qun nguyn liu trc khi em i sn xut. - Do iu kin nhit , m v nh sng ca kho bo qun thch hp cho s pht trin ca chng aflatoxin - Do m nguyn liu em i bo qun cha m bo - Khi pht hin l nguyn liu c aflatoxin m khng loi b - Cng tc kim tra, gim st khng m bo nn khng kp thi pht hin

7.Bin php phng nga

II. C T AFLATOXIN (tt)

- Sy kh ti m thch hp l 12% th a vo bo qun - Tuyt i khng c ht sau khi phi kh trn sn gch, sn xi mng trnh hin tng ht m tr li - Kho bo qun phi thong kh v c nh sng - Nn cha nguyn liu trong cc bao vi, trong kho c mi che y trnh nh sng trc tip v ma, sng m - Phi kim tra thng xuyn kp thi pht hin v c bin php x l ph hp - Nu pht hin ra l nguyn liu c c t th phi loi b ngay

III. Ochratoxin

III. Ochratoxin
1. Ngun gc Ochratoxin l nhng cht c chuyn ha, c tng hp bi sn phm ca Aspergillus and Penicilium. Aspergillus orchraceus c tm thy c cc loi ng cc v cc sn phm ca ng cc, trong nguyn liu u tng c nhiu loi ny

III. Ochratoxin
2.c tnh Ochratoxin nh hng n nhng thn, gan v l mt cht c kh nng gy bnh ung th, c ch min dch, gy t bin. Ochratoxin A cng c th gy thoi ha thn v suy thn mn tnh. Ochratoxin A l cht c ch qu trnh sinh tng hp protein, lm suy gim h thng min dch v tc ng mnh n mt s ng vt c v

VI. C T KIM LOI NNG

VI. C T KIM LOI NNG

1. Tng quan v c t kim loi nng trong nc tng. Kim loi nng c trong nc tng ch yu l do nhim phi t vng trng nguyn liu, gn vng c cc khu cng nghip do x l nc thi khng trit theo ngun nc ngm ra t.

VI.1: CH
1.Ngun ly nhim + C mt trong t. + Do thuc tr su c thy ngn + Do do qu trnh sn xut clo v hidroxyt natri v thy ngn bay vo khng kh. Khi vo khng kh chng chuyn thnh cc dn xut metyl. Cc cht ny rt d nhim vo thc phm. Khi vo c th chng c chuyn ha tip nhng kh c thi ra nga. Cc dn xut ca thy ngn l cc cht c thn kinh rt nguy him v nh hng rt mnh n thai nhi.

VI.1: CH
2. c tnh ca ch. -Ch nh hng mnh n h thng tng hp HEM, hp phn chnh ca hemoglobin gy km hm emzim tham gia xc tc cc giai on khc nhau, nhy cm vi tc dng c ca ch theo th t. -Mt iu ha, vn ng kh khn, gim thc ng ngc, hn m co git v c th li di chng ng kinh, n n m la.

VI.1: CH
3.Liu lng cho php
Liu lng ti a ch c th chp nhn hng ngy cho ngi, do thc n cung cp c tm thi quy nh l 0.005mg/kg th trng. Liu lng gii hn 35microgam/10ml mu hay 1.7 micromol/lit c coi l mc khng gy hiu ng.

VI. 2.Cadimi
1.Ngun ly nhim: + Thc phm c ngun gc t thc vt : tt c cc thc phm c ngun gc t thc vt tr nm thng c hm lng Cd thp nht l 5ppb. + ung: c trong bao b ng ung + Dng c cha ng thc phm

VI. 2.Cadimi
2. c tnh: + Sau khi xm nhp vo c th Cd tch t gan v kch thch qu trnh tng hp malothiolein, y l phc cht gn Cd vi protein c phn t lng thp nhng giu tiol(-SH). + Cd c vn chuyn sang thn nh protein ny v tch t ay. + Nng ti hn ca Cd trong thn ng vt v ngi ksau khi cht l 200 ppm.

VI. 2.Cadimi
3. Liu lng: Theo y ban hn hp FAO-OMS , Cd c kh nng tch ly cao hu qu s nghim trng nu Cd c trong chui thc phm ko di 20 nm. + Tr s sinh trung bnh 1(ugCd), tui trng thnh th lng Cd tng 40-40mg + t chc FAO-OMS, chp nhn tm thi i vi ngi ln l 400-500g/tun.

VI.3. Thy ngn

1. Ngun ly nhim +thy ngn nhim vo thc phm qua 2 ngun chnh l t v nc Thy ngn pht hin trong u tng 2. c tnh + Ging nh ch v cadimi, thy ngn l mt nguyn t c tnh tch ly. + Tc dng c ca thy ngn ch yu h thn kinh v thn.

VI. C T KIM LOI NNG

b. Bin php phng nga.

- Gim thiu nhim ngay ti ngun. - ra cc chng trnh chin lc nhm kim sot nhim v nhim c kim loi nng. - - Quy hoch hp l trong xy dng cng vic nhm gim thiu nh hng ca cht thi cng nghip ti khu vc dn c. - - Thc hin cc bin php tuyn truyn, gio dc trong dn chng hiu r hn v tc hi ca kim loi nng v bin php phng trnh. - Gio dc, vn ng dn chng thc hin li sng an ton i vi nhng nguy c nhim c kim loi nng

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
Ph gia thc phm l nhng cht khng c coi l thc phm hay mt thnh phn ch yu ca thc phm, c hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng, m bo an ton cho sc khe, c ch ng cho vo thc phm vi mt lng nh nhm duy tr cht lng, hnh dng, mi v, kim hoc acid ca thc phm, p ng v yu cu cng ngh trong ch bin, ng gi, vn chuyn v bo qun thc phm. Chng ta s i tm hiu cc loi ph gia thng gy hi cho ngi tiu dng nh m chnh, Saccharin

IV. MI NGUY T PH GIA

A. M Chnh 1. Ngun gc Cht iu v thng s dng l bt ngt c tn khoa hc mosnodium glutamate hay sodium guanilate. Cht iu v s dng to vi ngt hi ha cho sn phm. Tuy nhin axit glutamic khi gp nhit cao s b thy phn to ra cc cht natri, pyroglutamate gy c cho con ngi khi s dng.

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
2. c tnh.
Cht bt ngt ch to bi tin trnh bin ch thy phn cht m c gi l "free glutamic acid" hay "free glutamate .Cc nh khoa hc tm thy nhng s lin h gia bt ngt v cc chng bnh lin h n no b nh Parkinson, Huntington v Alzheimer's m chng thng xy ra ni ngi gi. C th vic s dng m chnh khng ng quy nh s gy ra mt s tc hi nh lm ri lon hot ng ca no, gy tn thng cho gan, thn, v cn tr s tng trng ca tr em. Ngoi ra cn c triu chng nhc u, kh c, nhiu m, kh chu, hoa mt, chng mt v bun nn

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
3.Liu lng. Cc loi thc phm k c nc tng thi khng dng qu 2% nguyn liu, nu khng s gy ng c cho ngi tiu dng.

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
B.Saccharin
1. Ngun gc: c tng hp vo nm 1879 bi hai nh khoa hc M l Remsen v Fahlberg. Nm 1900 c a vo thc phm nh l mt cht ph gia

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
3.Nguyn nhn gy mt v sinh an ton thc phm,bin php phng nga.
a.Nguyn nhn. - Do nh sn xut gian di cho vo lm tng ngt ca nc tng.

- Do s km hiu bit ca ngi tiu dng. - Do khng c tuyn truyn v s gy hi ca m chnh

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
b. Bin php. - Khi mua sn phm cn phi c k thnh phn ha hc, liu lng trong nc tng. - Khng s dng cc sn phm ca cc c s khng c uy tnh. - Cc c s sn xut phi s dng ng liu lng cho php khng vt qu 2% so vi nguyn liu. - Phi ghi r thnh phn, hm lng v cc i tng mn cm vi m Chnh. - Tuyn truyn cho ngi dn hiu tc hi ca m chnh nu s dng nhiu.

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
xut kin. Nu khng cn thit th khng nn b sung bt ngt vo nc tng, nu b sung th phi ng liu lng khng gy c cho ngi tiu dng. Phi ghi r liu lng v cc triu chng mn cm. Tuyn truyn cho ngi dn hiu r. Ngoi ra cn c cht to ngt nh aspartame nu khi dng aspartame qu liu th c cc triu chng ca bnh au x c, b co git, git bn, au n, t chn, chut rt, chng mt, chong vng, nhc u, tai, au khp, trm cm, lo u, ni lu nhu, mt m hay mt tr nh Aspartame lm cho ng trong mu khng cn kim sot c

V. MI NGUY T PH GIA
2. c tnh: Theo nghin cu trn chut th n gy ung th bng i. Tuy nhin theo nghin cu gn y n cn gy ra hin tng au u, v nu ph n mang thai th n i vo bo thai n nm trong trong sut thi k mang thai, gy nh hng n thai nhi. 3.Liu lng: - Theo quy nh ca FAO v JECFA liu lng cho php l 2.5 mg/kg th trng

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT

1.Tng quan. L nc sn xut nng nghip, Vit Nam khng trnh khi tnh trng s dng thuc tr su bo v ma mng. Tuy nhin, iu ng bo ng l, tnh trng s dng thuc trn lan, khng c s kim sot. Trc thc t ny, rt cn mt gii php thay i, v hu qu m thuc tr su li l khn lng c bit l vi thc phm. Vic lm dng thuc bo v thc vt gy ra cc v ng c gy cht ngi v nh hng n sc kho, cc di chng sau ny. D cho sn phm nc tng qua ch bin nhng khng th kim sot hon ton c t ny c

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT

2. Ngun ly nhim.

Ch yu l do ngi trng phun bo v cc loi su bnh, cn trng ph hoi. V do s dng qu nhiu nn d lng cn nhiu nn khng mt i trong qu trnh ch bin

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 1.Nhm thuc tr su cha Clo

a. Lindane CTPT: C6H6C16 -c tnh:Tinh th khng mu, mi mc dng lm thuc tr su trn cy u nnh. - c tnh: c tnh cao, kch thch h thn kinh trung ng v thoi ha chc nng gan v ct, gy thiu mu, Gy vim mng kt, lm mu bm, chong , st , bun nn, chut rt.. -LD50 :76mg/kg vi chut. - LD50 : 60mg/kg vi th v 127mg/kg vi heo

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 1.Nhm thuc tr su cha Clo

b. Aldrin
CTPT: C12H8Cl6 -c tnh : tinh th vng nu n vng sm, mi nh c trng, dng lm thuc tr sinh vt hi. -c tnh : c tnh khi tip xc vi da, ht vo hoc nut phi, tc ng rt nhanh n h thn kinh trung ng nu tip xc vi dung dch c nng >10%, au u,chng mt, bun nn, ri lon th gic, c bp r ri, ng kinh , sng ty, chng bin n v ung th . -LD50 :39mg/kg vi chut. - LD50 : 10mg/kg vi g v 7mg/kg vi chim rng

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 1.Nhm thuc tr su cha Clo

c. Dieldrin. CTPT: C12H8Cl6O -c tnh : Cht rn khng mu hoc vng nu, mi nh c trng, dng lm thuc tr sinh vt hi. -c tnh : Rt c khi n vo bng hoc t phi. -LD50 :46mg/kg vi chut. - LD50 : 20mg/kg vi g v 27mg/kg vi chim b cu. - Triu chng: au u,chng mt, bun nn, gy o gic, c bp r ri, hin tng nc tiu c Protein, bt tnh hoc ng kinh.

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 2.Nhm thuc tr su cha Phosphates.

c tnh. Organaphosphorus (OPs) c th xm nhp qua ng h hp, tiu ha hoc hp th qua da. - Triu chng: au u,chng mt, bun nn, mt mi, bing n, th gic suy yu. Trong trng hp nhim c nng gy nn ma, tit nc bt, co tht bng, tiu chy, m hi, tng hoc h huyt p, chut rt, suy h hp v 1 s triu chng v tim mch.

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 2.Nhm thuc tr su cha Phosphates. a. Malathion CTPT: C10H9O6PS2

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 2.Nhm thuc tr su cha Phosphates. b. Parathion CTPT : C10H14NO5PS,L cht khng mu, d bay hi, ph tc dng rng -c tnh: LD50= 25-50mg/kg vi chut Ng c cp tnh cao

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 2.Nhm thuc tr su Carbamat

Cu to chung a.Carbaryl CTPT : C12H11NO2

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT 2.Nhm thuc tr su Carbamat

b. Carbofuran CTPT : C12H15NO3 c tnh : L 1 trong nhng thuc tr su c nht dng cho nhm cy h u -c tnh: LD50= 8-14mg/kg vi chut

*C ch gy c ca thuc tr su gc Phospho v Carbomate.

Thuc tr su gc Phospho v Carbomate c kh nng c ch enzyme acetylcholinesterase, l loi enzyme xuacs tc quan trong cho qu trnh phn ng thy phn acetylcholine (cht truyn dn xung thn kinh) - Gy ra s tch t acetylcholine vng hot ng axon , gy hin tng lit c, mt cm gic, hn m

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT

4. Nhm thuc tr su ngun gc thc vt. Nhm Pyrethrin. Pyrethrin I v Pyrethrin II l nhng este c cu trc ha hc gn ging nhau. c tnh. - Pyrethrin tn cng h thng thn kinh, gy c ln t bo thn kinh ca knh Na+, to thay i nh trong chc nng ca knh, kch thch qu h thn kinh.

VI. D LNG THUC BO V THC VT

b. Bin php phng nga - Tuyn truyn cho ngi trng bit nu s dng qu mc s gy ra ng c - c ng hng dn ca nh sn xut thuc bo v thc vt khi s dng - Khi nhn nguyn liu phi kim tra k xem cn c d lng thuc hay khng. - C cch x l v hnh chnh v php lut vi cc cng ty vi phm.

KT LUN
Qua qu trnh i su vo tm hiu cc c t trong nc tng cho ta bit nhiu mi nguy c sn trong nguyn liu, d qua qu trnh ch bin nhit cao th cc c t ny cng khng mt i cho nn chng ta phi bit phng nga t khi trng v trong qu trnh bo qun. c bit l trong khu bo qun nguyn liu v n khng nhng quyt nh cht liu ca sn phm m cn lin quan n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi ging An ton thc phm : Phm Th an Phng. 2. Http://thucphamvadoisong.vn 3.http://chonongnghiep.com/forum.aspx?g=p osts&t=337 4. tailieu.vn 5.ykhoa.net