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Free energy may refer to: Free energy is the energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work, in particular:
Helmholtz free energy, the energy that can be converted into work at a constant temperature and volume Gibbs free energy, the energy that can be converted into work at a constant temperature and pressure
(eq. 3)
(eq. 4)
Substituting Equation (6) and Equation (1) into Equation (2) gives: G = A + PV (eq. 7)
Substituting Equation (5) into Equation (7) yields: G = wmax PV Irreversible spontaneous process, TdS > dqirrev combined with dE = dq dw yields:
(eq. 8)
(eq. 9)
Substituting Equation (8) into Equation (9) along with the first law (dE = dq dw) and the second law (dq = TdS) gives:
(eq. 10)
At constant temperature and pressure (dT = 0 and dP = 0), Equation (10) becomes:
(dG)T.P < 0
(eq. 11)
If G ve ~ total entropy in the system and surroundings is increased ~ reaction may proceed If G +ve, ~ total entropy in the system and surroundings is decreased ~ reaction will not proceed
S
Positive Negative Positive Negative
G
Negative at all temperatures Negative at low temperatures Negative at high temperatures Positive at all temperatures
EXAMPLE 1: Calculate the free energy of formation of L-alanine at 25oC for the reaction :
3C(graphite) + 7/2 H2(g) + O2(g) + N2(g) C3H7O2N(s)
EXAMPLE 2:
We can know whether chemical or biological reactions are spontaneous and calculate the change in free energy for the reaction. Let us examine the synthesis of glucose:
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
(GoC6H12O6=-217.63;GoO2=0;GoCO2=-94.26;GoH2O=-54.64)
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N
WASSALAM
By :::
~Nurish Ezzantie Bt Mishan ~Nur Atiqah Bt Anwa ~Nur Aisyah Bt Ahmad Noruddin@Nordin