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  • All About Springs

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    Gagandeep Singh
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    7 visualizações16 páginas

    All About Springs

    Enviado por

    Gagandeep Singh

    Direitos autorais:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 16
    SPRINGS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to: 1. Understand the purposes and uses of springs in mechanical assemblies. 2. Identify the various types of springs used in mechanical assemblies. 3. Differentiate between left-hand and right-hand springs. 4, Produce drawings of basic spring types. 5. Select the proper spring type and design requirements for a given engineering application. 18.1 INTRODUCTION ‘A mechanical spring is en elastic body whose mechanical function is to store energy when deflected by a force and to return the equivalent amount of energy on being released. In rmachines, mechanical springs exert a particular force, pro- vide a means of flexibility, oF store or absorb energy. Springs come in a varity of styles and sizes as off-the-shelf standard parts (Fig. 18.1), and can be designed for specific engineer- ing applications in an nfinite number of nonstandard configurations. In general, springs are classified as wire springs, flat springs, or specialty springs. Helical springs (mg. 18.2) are similar to threads in that they are spiral shaped and made from round or square wire. They are designed to resist tensile, compressive, or torsional loads. You can probably think of a number of engineering applications where springs are important mechanical components—the suspension system of an automobile, for example. Constant-force springs are found in many door openers. Springs are used in valves to position various ‘components or to return components toa particular location afier the force has been removed. Automation assemblies employ springs to absorb and store energy: Of course, most mechanical methods of keeping time have some kind of spring assembly. Fixturing in manufacturing and machining applications depends heavily on springs to absorb and release energy ‘Most springs are represented by their centerline and the phantom lines defining their outside diameter when drawn in 2D, and as circles connected by crossing lines (from end to end) when represented in 3D (see “Focus On ....” and ‘Applying Parametric Design” boxes), Seldom are springs drawn or modeled pictorally (coils drawn or modeled). However, at the end of the chapter, a step-by-step procedure for drawing spring coils is provided. Some CAD systems hhave macros programmed to generate 3D solid or surface models of springs automatically. This capability is seldom exercised unless the spring is nonstandard and must be represented accurately in order to be manufactured correctly 695 9 Part Five MECHANICAL PARTS, PROCEDURES, AND LAYOUT hier, Ma FIGURE 18.1. Industrial Springs A number of requirements are applicable to all spring drawings, including material specifications and inspection notes, Since most springs are standard configurations and sizes, specifications and notes are more important than the drawing itself. Material specifications are designated in a general note on the drawing, ‘Springs are produced according to specific standards specifications. ANSI recognizes six types of springs: u Compression—helical, cylindrical, volute, coned disk (Belleville) Extension—helical MY ‘\ iN UN Cylindrical right-hand helix cone right-hand helix Daou ‘Concave right-hand helix =, Conical right-hand helix FIGURE 18.2 Helical Compression Spring Forms Garter—helical Torsion—helical, torsion bar, spiral Flat—cantilever Constant-force—flat z The following ters awe used Uuwughout duis chapter aed fon crawings of mechanical springs. The number of coils used in computing the total deflection of a spring; those coils that ae fee to deflect under load Deflec x The movement of a spring from its free Position to maximum operating position; in a compression spring, the deflection from the free length to the solid (Compressed) length The force exerted on a spring to reproduce or modify ‘motion, or to maintain a force system in equilibrium The spiral form (open or closed) of compression, extension, and torsion springs The overall length of a spring in the unloaded position The overall length of a compression spring when all coils are fully compressed The force applied to a spring that causes deflection Pitch The distance from center to center of the wire in adjacent active coils (recommended practice is to specify number of active coils rather than pitch) Sot The permanent distortion of the spring when stressed beyond its elastic Limits oils The number of active coils n plus the coils forming the ends 18.2 RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND SPRINGS If dictated by design requirements, the direction of helix is specified as LEFT-HAND (LH) or RIGHT-HAND (RH). Otherwise, the direction of helix is specified as OPTIONAL. Usually, the direction is not important, except when a plug is screwed into the end or when one spring fits inside another, Im the latter case, one spring is designated left-hand and the other spring right-hand, Figure 18.3 shows how the coils look for right-hand and left-hand springs: When you look at the back of your hands, the spring will be coiling either to the let or to the right Focus On... SPRING DESIGNS DRAWN FROM TOOUNG LIGRARIES Springs are found on a wise variety of design indusiry Many standard ollvbe sb springs. The chowe of spring depencls on the fmenon af the spring. The size and force requisements are determined by hronghon PDDADAAI AAA Nose extentied DAAADADA SA Nose retiacted Stainless short spring plunger DRANGE ~ Hook clamp, Chapter 18 SPRINGS 697 requaed appheation. Heve 5 spring. phinger a \we see compression spring spring hook. claeap, ane taken from Car stains more than 648) 3D) be inary is availa or mdustny and school a-wale variety of CADMC AM formats ad for tnst CAD systems, The spring plunger croplons a spring to keep a required tthe pliniger ‘weight of the part an shis later app Th hook camp nses a spring i rere high clamping forces ae m the 2D represented prctotaly, The 3D witeisme model of the phanger ind the lamp tse simphlied yession of representation: string. the spring’ end cncles

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