Long-Term Athlete

Development
Week 5: Physiology, Paediatric Physiology & Climate stress
Revision
Revision
Aims
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
★ Cardiorespiratory system
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
★ Cardiorespiratory system
★ Motor Development
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
★ Cardiorespiratory system
★ Motor Development
★ Strength
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
★ Cardiorespiratory system
★ Motor Development
★ Strength
★ Aerobic Performance
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
★ Cardiorespiratory system
★ Motor Development
★ Strength
★ Aerobic Performance
★ Anaerobic Performance
 Aims
• Chronological age Vs Biological age

• Postnatal Growth: Scammon’s Curve

• Functional Development
★ Cardiorespiratory system
★ Motor Development
★ Strength
★ Aerobic Performance
★ Anaerobic Performance
★ Thermoregulation
Chronological age Vs
Biological age
 Chronological age Vs
Biological age
Chronological age
 Chronological age Vs
Biological age
Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be
10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
 Chronological age Vs
Biological age
Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be
10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
 Chronological age Vs
Biological age
Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be
10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
• Biological age has its own calendar & only
celebrates one birthday!
 Chronological age Vs
Biological age
Chronological age
• All children born on the 19th Oct 2008 will be
10 years old on the 19th Oct 2018.
Biological age
• Biological age has its own calendar & only
celebrates one birthday!
• Therefore children of the same chronological
age can differ by several years in their levels of
biological maturity
Biological age
 Biological age

• Would you train a

12 year old the
same way as you
would train a 17
year old?
 Biological age

• Would you train a

12 year old the
same way as you
would train a 17
year old?
 Biological age

• Would you train a

12 year old the
same way as you
would train a 17
year old?
Postnatal Growth
 Postnatal Growth

Scammon’s curve of
systemic growth
General curve
 General curve
• Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of
most of its parts
 General curve
• Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of
most of its parts
• Often sigmoid
 General curve
• Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of
most of its parts
• Often sigmoid
• Four phases: Rapid growth
in infancy, steady but
constant growth in middle
childhood, rapid growth in
adolescents, slow increase
and eventual cessation
 General curve
• Growth of the body as a
whole and the growth of
most of its parts
• Often sigmoid
• Four phases: Rapid growth
in infancy, steady but
constant growth in middle
childhood, rapid growth in
adolescents, slow increase
and eventual cessation
Neural curve
 Neural curve
• Characterises the
growth of the brain
& nervous system
 Neural curve
• Characterises the
growth of the brain
& nervous system
• Tissues also
experience rapid
growth
 Neural curve
• Characterises the
growth of the brain
& nervous system
• Tissues also
experience rapid
growth
• The upper skull
follows this curve
Genital curve
 Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of
the primary and secondary
sex characteristics
 Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of
the primary and secondary
sex characteristics
• Primary includes ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and
vagina in females and testes,
seminal vesicles, prostate and
penis in boys
 Genital curve
• Characterises the growth of
the primary and secondary
sex characteristics
• Primary includes ovaries,
fallopian tubes, uterus, and
vagina in females and testes,
seminal vesicles, prostate and
penis in boys
• Secondary includes breasts in
females, pubic and axillary
hair in both sexes, and facial
hair and growth of larynx in
Lymphoid curve
 Lymphoid curve

• Describes the growth of the

lymph glands, thymus gland,
tonsils, appendix, and
lymphoid patches of tissue in
the intestines
 Lymphoid curve

• Describes the growth of the

lymph glands, thymus gland,
tonsils, appendix, and
lymphoid patches of tissue in
the intestines
• These are generally involved
in the child’s immunology
 Lymphoid curve

• Describes the growth of the

lymph glands, thymus gland,
tonsils, appendix, and
lymphoid patches of tissue in
the intestines
• These are generally involved
in the child’s immunology
• Reach maximum at approx
11-13 years
Any Questions?
Functional Development
Functional Development

• Cardio-respiratory System
Functional Development

• Cardio-respiratory System
• Motor Development
Functional Development

• Cardio-respiratory System
• Motor Development
• Strength and Motor Performance
Functional Development

• Cardio-respiratory System
• Motor Development
• Strength and Motor Performance
• Aerobic Performance
Functional Development

• Cardio-respiratory System
• Motor Development
• Strength and Motor Performance
• Aerobic Performance
• Anaerobic Performance
Cardio-respiratory System
Cardio-respiratory System
• Changes in heart size
Cadio-respiratory System
• Changes in heart size
Cadio-respiratory System
• Changes in heart size
• Changes in heart function
Cadio-respiratory System
• Changes in heart size
• Changes in heart function
• Stroke volume and cardiac output
Cadio-respiratory System
• Changes in heart size
• Changes in heart function
• Stroke volume and cardiac output
• Blood pressure
Cadio-respiratory System
• Changes in heart size
• Changes in heart function
• Stroke volume and cardiac output
• Blood pressure
• Respiratory changes
Respiratory Changes
 Respiratory Changes

• Development and growth of

the lungs
 Respiratory Changes

• Development and growth of

the lungs
• Respiratory function
 Respiratory Changes

• Development and growth of

the lungs
• Respiratory function
• Pulmonary volumes, flows,
and capacities
Motor Development
 Motor Development
• Closely related to the morphological, physiological,
and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in
infancy and early childhood
 Motor Development
• Closely related to the morphological, physiological,
and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in
infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also
an important
 Motor Development
• Closely related to the morphological, physiological,
and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in
infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also
an important
• These environmental experiences interact with the
biological substrate of growth and maturation
 Motor Development
• Closely related to the morphological, physiological,
and neuro-muscular characteristics of the child in
infancy and early childhood
• The environment in which the child is reared is also
an important
• These environmental experiences interact with the
biological substrate of growth and maturation
• Movement behaviours in infancy and early childhood
are also to some extent precursors of subsequent
motor behaviours
Fundamental motor-skills
Fundamental motor-skills

• Early childhood is a
time of increasing
experimentation with a
variety of motor skills
Fundamental motor-skills

• Early childhood is a
time of increasing
experimentation with a
variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
Fundamental motor-skills

• Early childhood is a
time of increasing
experimentation with a
variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
• Sex differences are
small
Fundamental motor-skills

• Early childhood is a
time of increasing
experimentation with a
variety of motor skills
• Progression is not
always continuous
• Sex differences are
small
Strength
 Strength
Early childhood:
 Strength
Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are
small
 Strength
Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are
small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
 Strength
Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are
small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
• Strength improves linearly with age up
until 13-14 years in boys
 Strength
Early childhood:
• Sex differences in average strength are
small
Middle childhood and adolescence:
• Strength improves linearly with age up
until 13-14 years in boys
• Strength improves linearly in girls
Aerobic Performance
 Aerobic Performance
• Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power?
 Aerobic Performance
• Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power?
• Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and
Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they
found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
 Aerobic Performance
• Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power?
• Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and
Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they
found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
• Ventilatory response
 Aerobic Performance
• Hard to asses: Aerobic capacity or Aerobic power?
• Children aged 7-9 years were studied by Turley and
Wilmore (1997) and compared to adults; they
found children had a higher HR, lower SV, lower Q.
• Ventilatory response
• Changes in economy of movement
Turley and Wilmore
Turley and Wilmore
Anderson et al, 1974
Anderson et al, 1974
Economy of Effort
Economy of Effort
MacDougall et al, 1983
MacDougall et al, 1983
Anaerobic Performance
 Anaerobic Performance

• Short Duration
 Anaerobic Performance

• Short Duration
• Intermediate Duration
 Anaerobic Performance

• Short Duration
• Intermediate Duration
• Long Duration
 Anaerobic Performance

• Short Duration
• Intermediate Duration
• Long Duration
• Recovery
Any Questions?
Thermoregulation
 Thermoregulation

• Sweating
 Thermoregulation

• Sweating
• Cardiovascular response
 Thermoregulation

• Sweating
• Cardiovascular response
• Response to cold
Any Questions?