The McGraw Hill Companies THIRD EDITION SOLAR EKNERGY Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage S P Sukhatme JK NayakTata McGraw-Hill Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008. Copyright © 2008, by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. First reprint 2008 RCLORRYXRZBQR No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, ‘Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. ISBN (13): 978-0-07-026064-1 ISBN (10): 0-07-026064-8 Managing Director: Ajay Shukla General Manager: Publishing —SEM & Tech Ed: Vibha Mahajan Sponsoring Editor: Shukti Mukherjee Jr. Editorial Executive: Surabhi Shukla Executive—Editorial Services: Sohini Mukherjee Junior Manager—Production: Anjali Razdan General Manager Marketing—Higher Education & School: Michael J Cruz Product Manager: SEM & Tech Ed: Biju Ganesan Controller—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Asst. General Manager—Production: B L Dogra Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw- Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw- Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. ‘Typeset at Text-o-Graphics, B1/56, Arawali Apartment, Sector 34, Noida 201301, and printed at Rashtriya Printers, M-135, Panchsheel Garden, Naveen Shahdara, Delhi 110 032 Cover Printer: Rashtriya Printers1. The Energy Scenario 1 1.1 Manand Energy J References 34 2. The Solar Energy Option: An Overview of Thermal Applications 37 2.1 Devices for Thermal Collection and Storage 37 2.2 Thermal Applications 42 2.3 Some Observations 68 3.2 Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface 74 3.3 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation and Sunshine 75 3.4 Solar Radiation Data 78 3.5 Solar RadiationGeometry 79 3.6 Empirical Equations for Predicting the Availability of Solar Radiation 88 3.7 Solar Radiation on Tilted Surfaces 10] Problems 104