Kim tra bi c sau: * Em hy hon chnh cc PTP

O H 2 =+
NH 3 ,t o
Nt i ,
o

C 1. H H

...

2. HCH = O + ... HCOOH + 2 Ag

3.HCH = O + ... HCOOH + Cu2O + H 2O
OH ,t o

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

Tit 11 : Dy ng ng ca anehit fomic

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

I.ng ng, ng phn v danh php:

1. ng ng:
-Dy ng ng ca anehit fomic: HCH=O, CH3CH=O, C2H5CH=O, CnH2n+1CH=O(n o) gi l dy ng ng ca anehit no n chc. -Khi nim: Anehit no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm chc anehit lin kt vi gc hirocacbon no (Hoc nguyn t hiro).- GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh Nguyn c K

2.ng phn:

- Anhit ch c ng phn v mch cacbon m khng c ng phn v v tr nhm chc(do trong mch chnh ca anehit nguyn t C/-CHO lun c u tin v tr s 1).

V d: ng vi cng thc phn t C4H9CHO c cc

ng phn sau:

1. C 3 C H 2 C O H C H H 2. CH
3

C H

C 2C C H2 H H

C O H

3. 4.

CH 3 2CH CHO CH
CH 3
C H
3

CH 3

C C O H

CH 3
Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

3. Danh php:
a.Tn thng thng: -anehit+ tn axit

b. Tn quc t:
-Tn quc t ca hirocacbon no tng ng + al. Metanal Etanal Propanal Butanal

hu c tng ng. HCH=O : anehit fomic CH3CH=O: anehit axetic C2H5CH=O:anehit CH3propionic anehit iso -CHCH3CH2CH2CH=O: 2-Metyl propanal butiric CH=O 3 CH anehit n-butiric c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh Nguyn

V d:

2 CH 1. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO

2. CH
4

CH CH2 CH O
CH 3
3 2 1

(Pentanal) 1 (3-Metyl butanal)

CH 3. CH 3 2CH CHO
CH 3
CH 3
1

(2-Metyl butanal)

4.
propanal)

CH

C CH O

CH 3

(2,2- imetyl

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

II. Tnh cht vt l:

- Trng thi: iu kin thng: + HCH = O: cht
kh lng Nhit si ca anehit nh hn nhit si ca ru tng ng (Do gia cc phn t anehit khng c lin kt hidro lin phn t). Tnh tan trong H2O: 2 anehit u dy tan tt trong nc, cc ng ng tip theo tnh tan gim dn.
Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

+ ng ng: cht

III. Tnh cht ho hc:

- Xt CTCT

R-C

O H

- Trong phn t anehit:

- Lin kt C=O l lin kt i (gm 1 lin kt xich ma, 1 lin kt km bn nn d tham gia phn ng cng (H2,NaHSO3) - Nguyn t C trong nhm chc anehit trng thi mc oxihoa +1 nn c th ln mc oxihoa cao hn th hin tnh kh => anehit tham gia phn ng oxihoa vi oxi (Mn 2+, un nng), dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 d, Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim, un nng.
Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

1. Phn ng cng:
-PTP: 1)

a. Phn ng cng Hiro:

RCH = O + H 2 R CH 2 OH
(Anehit) (Cht oxihoa) (Ru bc
Ni ,t o

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

b. Phn ng cng NaHSO3:

H PTTQ: H R-C = O + HOSO2Na R-C-OH

OSO2Na kt tinh anehit ban u cho sn phm thu c phn ng vi NaOH hoc HCl: H R-C-OH H R-C-OH OSO2Na + HCl R-CHO + H2O + SO2 + NaCl
Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

+ NaOH R-CHO +Na2SO3 + H2O

OSO2Na

2. Phn ng oxi ho anehit:

- Tc nhn phn ng:

)

O2 (Mn 2+ xc tc, nhit

D D. AgNO3 trong NH3 d,un nng Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim,un nng

- Tc

trng bc): PTP:

t R CH = O + 2 AgNO3 + AgNO O RCOONH4 + (phn ng dngvi dung dch3 NH3 + H23 trong NH3 d 2 NH4 NO3 + 2 Ag
o

RCH = O + Ag 2O RCOOH + 2 Ag
Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

NH 3 , t o

- PTP dng n gin: Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

*Nhn xt:
+ Nu 1 mol RCHO ti a 2 mol Ag anehit no n chc. + Nu 1 mol RCHO ti a 4 mol Ag anehit fomic.

b.Tc dng Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim:

-PTP: R C H = O + 2Cu (OH ) 2 R C OOH + Cu2 O +2 H 2 O (Cht kh) ( ghch) nhn bit anehit dng phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 d hoc vi Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim, un nng.
+1 OH ,t o +3

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

*Kt lun:
*Anehit va c tnh oxihoa (khi tc dng vi cht kh mnh hn) va c tnh kh (khi tc dng vi cht oxihoa mnh hn).

Anhit l hp cht trung gian gia ru bc 1 v axit cacboxylic:

[o] [o] RCHO RCOOH RCH 2OH o H , Ni ,t
2

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

IV. iu ch:
1.Phng php chung:
-Oxihoa ru bc mt bng oxi khng kh c xc tc Cu, un nng: o 1 PTP:
Cu ,t R CH 2OH + O2 R CH = O + H 2O 2

2. Phng php ring iu ch anehit axetic:

Cho axetilen hp nc: +
HgSO4 H C C H + H OH CH 2 =CH OH CH 3 CH =O o 80 C

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh

Bi tp
Bi tp 1.Chn phng n ng : Trong phn ng vi hyr ca anehit : a. Nu s mol H2 bng s mol ca anehit th anehit l: A. Anehit no n chc. B. Anehit khng no n chc C. Anehit no a chc. D. Anehit khng no a Nu s mol H2 ln hn s mol ca anehit b. chc th anehit l: A. Anehit khng no a chc B. Anehit khng no n chc C. Anehit no a chc D. C ba p n trn u ng. Nguyn c K - GV trng THPT Hn Thuyn - TP. Bc Ninh