DAYAP FAMILY NAME: Rutaceae SCIENTIFIC NAME: Citrus aurantifolia COMMON NAME: Bilolo, Lime, Dalayap PARTS USED:

leaves and stem CONSTITUENTS: Limonene USES: Antifungal, antiseptic CLASSIFICATION: Aldehyde volatile oil

Sources: Bureau of Plant Industry-http://bpi.da.gov.ph/medicinalplant_d.php

CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (Christm) Swingle Limonia aurantifolia Christm. Limonia acidsima Houtt. Limonia spinosum Mill. Citrus javanica Blume Citrus acida Roxb. Citrus notissima Blanco Citrus limetta Risso var. aromatica Wester Citrus excelsa Wester Local names: Bilolo (Tag.); dalaya (Ibn.); dalayap (Ilk.): dayap (Tag.); dulugot (Neg.); goronggorong (Ilk.); gugulo (If.); Limon (Sp.); muyong (Bon.); sua (Bik.); lime(Engl.). Dayap is planted throughout the Philippines in the settled areas. It is native of the Indo-Malayan region, and is pantropic in distribution. This is as shrub or small-tree, 2 to 4 meters high. It is smooth throughout, the branches being armed with slender, solitary, axillary, sharp spines 1centimeters long or less. The leaves are oblong-ovate to elliptic ovate, 4 to 6 centimeters long. The petioles are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long, and narrowly winged. The racemes are short and axillary, and bear few flowers, these being white and fragrant. The calyx is about 5 millimeters in diameter, with short teeth. The petals are 4, oblong, and 10 to 12 millimeters in length. The fruit is nearly sphrerical, 3 to 5 centimeters in diameter, yellow, and 10-celled or more, with a thin skin. Dayap is very popular in the Philippines. The pulp is sharply acid. It makes a very pleasant ade, and is extensively used for flavoring food, and for drinks. The peel is open chopped in small pieces and mixed with leche plan or with macapuno sweet. It is used as a substitute for true lemon. Citric acid may be manufactured from limes. Burkill reports that in Malaya the young dayap are preserved in syrup. The Malays also salt the fruit or preserve it in vinegar for use as a pickle. According to Burkill, lime juice from the West Indies contains 7.0 to 7.5 percent of citric acid with small quantities of malic and tartaric acids, sugar up to 2.5 percent, pectin, and a small quantity of salts. Casas studied the juices from various species in the Philippines and reports that dayap contains 7.5 percent of citric acid. Gibbs and Agcaoili record that the pulp contains 4.24 percent of sugar; and 0.66 percent of ash; and the juice, 7.67 percent citric acid. According to Ridley, the roots in decoction are used for dysentery in Malaya. Martinez states that in Yucatan a decoction of the root is used against gonorrhea. Dalziel tells us that the root-bark is a good febrifuge, and that a decoction is given for gonorrhea and accompanying troubles, which are also treated by fumigation, using a steaming brew of the leaves under a blanket. Burkill reports that the Malays used a lotion made by pounding the leaves in the water for headaches. Burkill and Haniff State that the pounded leaves, with leaves ofAreca catechu, may be drunk for stomachache. Dalziel says that an infusion of the leaves is given for fever with slight jaundice. In fevers it is applied externally by friction, and internally as a refrigerant and febrifuge, sometimes being combined with tamarind to give laxative effect. It is given in small doses for the vomiting of bilious fever. For sore throat, thrush, etc., it is use as a

mouthwash and gargle, and is painted on the throat. According to Burkill and Haniff, the Malays sip the juice of the fruit as remedy for coughs. Burkill adds that the juice is given as a tonic and for stomachache. Dalziel says that in Senegal and Sierra Leone the juice is sometimes given as a vermifuge, mitigated by being mixed with oil. Externally the fresh juice is used as a cleanser or stimulant of wound surfaces, or cuts limes, roasted, are applied to chronic sores, yaws, etc.
Philippine Medicinal plant (StuartXchange)-

http://stuartxchange.com/Dayap.html

Family Rutaceae

Dayap
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle
LIME

Scientific names
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle C. acida Roxb. C. acidissima C. bergamia C. excelsa Wester C. javanica Blume C. lima Lunan C. limetta Risso var. aromatica Wester C. notissima Blanco Limonia acidissima Houtt. Limonia aurantifolia Christm. Limonia spinosum Mill.

Lai meng Common names

Bilolo (Tag.) Dalaya (Ibn.) Dalayap (Ilk., Pamp., P. Bis.) Dayap (Tag.) Dulugot (Neg.) Gorong-gorong (Ilk.) Gugulo (If.) Lime (Engl.) Limon (Span.) Muyong (Bon.) Sua (Bik.) Lai meng (Chin.)

Botany
Small tree or shrub, 2-4 meters high, smooth throughout, branching with slender, solitary, sharp spines 1 cm or less. Leaves are oblong-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-6 cm long. Petioles are 1-1.5 cm long. Racemes are short, bearing few flowers, white and fragrant. Petals are 4, oblong, 10-12 mm long. The fruit is almost spherical, 3-5 cm in diameter, yellow, thin-skinned, 10-celled or more.

Distribution
Planted throughout the Philippines in settled areas.

Constituents and properties

Pulp: citric acid, 4.24%; protein, 0.94%; sugar, 0.5%. Juice: citric acid, 7.67%; vitamin C. Juice is regarded as antiseptic, tonic, antiscorbutic, astringent, diuretic. Root bark is febrifuge.

Parts utilized
Fruit, roots, bark, rind.

Uses
Folkloric Nausea and fainting: Squeeze rind near nostril for irritant inhalation. Decoction of roots used for dysentery; root-bark as febrifuge. Crushed leaves applied to forehead for headaches. Leaf decoction for eyewash and to bathe a feverish patient. Mouthwash and gargle for sore throat and thrush. Externally, fresh juice is used to clean wounds; roasted, for chronic sores. Juice used for irritation and swelling of mosquito bites. Poultice of leaves applied to ulcer wounds. Poultice of leaves for skin diseases or on the abdomen after childbirth. In southwest Nigeria, roots, bark, stem, twigs, leaves and fruit used in treatment of malaria. Others Flavor: Use juice and grated rind. A pleasant ade. Substitute for true lemon.

Good source of vitamin C. As fumigant, steaming brew of leaves under the blanket. Lime oil is extracted by steam distillation of the fruit rinds; used for colds, sore throats, bronchitis, asthma. Also for arthritis, obesity, cellulite and as tonic and astringent.

Studies
Essential oils / Antifungal: Study on essential oils of three varieties of C. aurantifolia showed the plant to be very rich in monoterpenes, with limonene its major compound. The three extracts showed fungicidal inhibiting action to Phaeoramularia angolensis and presents an alternative to chemical fungicides used for Citrus fruit crops. Antiproliferative / Anti-cancer: Study of in vitro effects of several concentrations of lime juice (CLJ) showed significant inhibition of proliferation of human breast carcinoma cell line and assumes that protein components of the CLJ extract may have antiproliferative effects on tumor cell lines. Antimicrobial: (1) Study investigating the antibacterial effects of two plants extracts showed Citrus aurantifolia showing promising borad spectrum antibacterial effects on human pathogens. (2) Antimicrobial study of bitter leaf (V. amygdalina) extract and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice against five organisms concluded both are potential antimicrobial agents. Antiaflatoxigenic: The essential oils of we medicinal plants were studied for its inhibition ofthe toxigenic fungus Aspergillus parasiticus.Citrus aurantifolia was found to inhibit both A. parasiticus and aflatoxin production. The study suggests some medicinal plants may be potential candidates for protection of food and feeds from toxigenic fungus growth and subsequent AF contamination. Antiproliferative / Colon Cancer Prevention: Study of the lime volatile oil of CA yielded 22 compounds, D-limonene, D-dihydrocarvone among the major componds. The oil showed 78% inhibition of human colon cancer cells, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis induction, results that suggested potential antiproliferative benefits in colon cancer prevention. Nephrolithiasis: Consumption of Citrus auratifolia Swingle in idiopathic calcium renal stone with hypocitraturia increased the urine volume, pH level and total citrate value, total potassium and decreased the calcium ration to urine citrate with consequent decrease of renal stone recurrence. Fertility Effects: Lime juice causes irregularity of the estrous cycle, partially blocks ovulation, and may possibly compromise fertility. Toxicity Studies: Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of water extract from roots of Citrus aurantifolia in rats showed no signs of toxicity and no significant histopathological changes in the internal

organs. Weight Reduction / Decreased Food Intake / Limonene: Study investigated the effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) essential oils in reducting body weight, alone or in combination with ketotifen, an antihistamine drug that causes weight gain. Lime essential oil treatment displayed a reduction of body weight and food consumption in mice. In combination with ketotifen, there was significant suppression of weight gain, as well as decreased body weight. Oil analysis yielded 22 main components, with limonene (28.27%) as the principal one. Antioxidant: Study showed both juice and peel demonstrated antioxidant properties. In contrast to lime peel, excessive consumption of lime juice seems not to be beneficial and may be harmful because of an inadvertent U dose response.

Availability
Commercial cultivation. Extracts, essential oils and supplements in the cybermarket.