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s¢ligJ), ,a :r')~JJ~ e,$ta, im;it~ , ~d:e canhlb.l. 'P'ctta'-o'ft)" af rea_~Q ,'oS q; :J~c_ ~t~:~' lv-em Sq1i:P,QS.t~d'Er: PlrOOSS ~j.r tn,ai:i 'fl\pidam~m at\!a ,j:i:-'a,up","rf1ci do, sQIt~p f(r ~~nt~"tt. Pb_'~-~P1-0L ummedietuneman' to-~ 'de -wn ~mpl!in1id(j":e 'idis:~{)leta no tfs:tO~~o e etlftart na c.artentesanguitrea mat' lentammttt! a~' ;qu.e~0: msS21'tlo med'~·I.c\altt.t~;nto: f,Q!m.:a !d'-~'plr, firt().~1 ·jiB. 2 ,As flIm"c'1':f!tneifes :d06 r':iil,~~tt't A tnaioriil aaS reac()e'·'qtJlrrtifmB'p;·O$6egt1e'mais'fapldmi't~" ":-",~ conceRt"'aa:'~~'" _~~'',"~;:'. "o;! ,,' -, ~,'_ '~'","-.':,:; -:;,': ":', "~: ,':',"" .",':"',." _ - :~"--;,'-~,,'_"•• : , ..\ _ cc;;~: .: " ' ~ ":. ~:.-? ''-' ~.. .d,~ urn .eu rnats d9~~' mB ~le··a,g~1;~es ·e A~!·nlle'·.~blJila,. ~e;*eJItpl{ll lEt d:e -ar~otqLteml~-£'e I~Qmtlifi~W(l··d,eng··., '_ P··Or_ qu~ ,t::.01ltem;.20 de 0 mas. q'\,:tehna-'$eC0,~' uma chama hranca brill'lmlwijG! pt~~ r _d~'Q~gtnio -pt~f(lL" ,;'~ _", ~.]f~ 1-..~~)" A-'" ,- -.~;",J ild:':··':~' q'-::'l ' ~,L., ~'(-i?l,~'~i~~,~·;o;;IP:.a:···.'n atrmenta i~ ""':_'I~ln,"':U~~j"-a~~~", I""a-"~:;;~" dna 1 a ~I,Il'''il'~~.~f."''i1Ia·''·~p~ .fl:"'A~Q:U;l '1''_ 0 ~~tIJ~ 1J ~J~ ~:-ol!,·vLt~~~-~u. . ~I'J ~r~ w.m:n €l.fa:1l;, lnandn .a Ull1 llUlIUUlto -dttSv~o-pdaq., s, ' 3:" Afe-":~'fl-(!,m:tu 1;'4 1!la q' ml ,iI-"''BtI.~O fl€Dtff' . .As 'Vie] o¢idades, d~,:re~~5es'" un~Tj;eas ummtalIt tt~cr··" :t:a;atem;,:em:l!ti>a =_~_. -·.Ia 'l'_1:":.~:(: ~"jentallE pvt e~:tia. .~~~~pt1e ,r.:_::~t:1ggr!q\~: qJinl;.enta.s p;e1l~let:·~.· 'E;Qn1'e o~ . X q as eis lmte~ ~eactteBI'd~ ba~'~~:_ As q" e lev-am. 0 lEJifE a I,~tt~gar c;tq, 'Ten:t n",al~'~p:~am:_te -~t~p;~' amra ~i~~ d,' que ?t t~];nper~ml'I ,~

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Figura l~· particularmente titil porq (ie nos permite avaliar a velocidade ili,stantine' . .4~ a velo·cida.d,e· emurn tnomentoespecffico 'nltl tlea9i\(11~, velocidade instantanea ~ determinada pe~a.. .A in.clln!a~t;lao (I.e r .. a:Q;gent~) d€§8;a curva nopontodeinteresse. Desenhamos duas tangentes na Figura 14.47 uma.cm t_,~. 0 'e outra :d'i-_--~ ~ BOOs. As inclinacoes dessas tangentes.forneeem as velocidades mstantaneas nesses,ernpos.l Pur exempl?, -"gx,a_1 determiner a veloeidade instantanea a 60'0 s, desenhamos a tangente da curva nesse tempo, a seg'LrlI construi-._ Iinhas horizontais e venticais.pasa format 0 ttiangwo reth1gulo mcstrado. A intlinac;:ao earazao $tre_ a altura es -,ri-,t'~~a"<'di;~':o';"_"(,~r-e' rtical e':' 0::' c.·o~·:·;m_,' primento do lad 0'.-"',' horizontal"~' / v.
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,fjas velocldades lnlclals para deterrninar as leis, de velocldade

A. lei da ·~elbcidt,l:d,epara qualquer reas;ao qufmica deve set determinada expe: n entalmente; ela nao pode .;;..: 'vista simplesmente ao se olhar.a eq~al;ao quimica. G.eralmente determinamos a lei da velocidade para uma rea-.' nelo mesmo metodo anlicado para IQ:SL dados .na'Tab1ela 1,,4·~2: observamos os.efeitos da variacao das conccntraJP. -Jr '._. --'SI ini:ciaiH dos re,a.,g~ente's.na velocidade inicial ~ata te:a~'ao~ 1ta', aioria d as re '-~'c·'-;,o~le;-'s:::-' exooentes n a le~d evel ocidade . s·:~::;:ar.-:~o,···;0'~t '...... u '?~ uma reacao ed e orrd .em "_>'.' .ero 'e·: m~-,im m O"·,C! -" 11 0": 'S':'Je'" ""r ~ .. '. _.gente- especffico a v~i~<;aode sua cd_ncep_fi'ati~onao ru:etiua 'a velocidade (desde que-algum reagenteesteja P ;eC" ."-W.} Qrqu~ qtralquer concentracaoclevada a zero e iguala 1. Por Dutro Iado, temos vista que quando uma r.ea~ao P -'~priIJleira ordem em UIl; reagente, variacoes na c:oncentra~aQ aaqtu:ile reagente prodU2·,:ao uma variacao pro~J ~. -

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mas a amstanie de veloddcuJle naodepende dela, Como veremos poster" ormente neste capitulo, a constan_·_:e veloeidade (e, consequentemeute, a velocidade Q,~ :rea~ao) e afetada pelatemperatura e pela presenca de urn alis.. ...... . adoI
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ndo a lei. de velocidade for' de sl~:glmcla:ordem em ·urn rela,lgentle' especffico, ao se dobrar sua concentracao, au- mta-sea velocidad eporum . fa ..tor..d Ie': 7~ .~ 4:""a10··· rl'''p~'''''''~c''-'a~'~ a: v.. 0; ieida de aurn entar :a;'· p····'·\O·c··I' um fator de 3"~':'-- _7.n/.. eassim ..· -Ia el 1'fl ' . .- ',. d~~ante,", b_"IL, id d """". l 'i'd' d e tie ..,l0 ~ ded ~o trab ¢'1LL~Jar 1- "' d ve I $.~)tz:t:.·1..aq e:, e importan teo reconrhiecer que a 1j)e·:.f)Ct:~il~-·~ ·Ulna reacao 'd~' corn -eis de ,Iepel,.::·~<e'uti con.. '1
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A:i1,al-s'e:: d_~da a tabela.de dados 'que:relaeiona as c'o:ru::~tra~5!es des reagentes com as ,,;elocid.ad:es iniciais de r ~ a·~.a·o,.f p,ed,e~se determinar (al'li lei de velocldade, Ib) a. c~oJJ~t~te·: v.elQciq~g_~~ I(C) 'a"~elceidade de··r~_a~eao.;p~ar·.a de e .. mconjunto u d.e ~t)tlG;entta~.ales·l1.aO relaciortadas-na ·tab,eta,.

Planejamerrto: (;\) Supomos quea lei de ~etoddade tenha a segqinte forma: Velo:cidade = ktA]Ift[Bt, lqgo devemos ttsa-i~' dardos f@rJtf.ecid:os. p~at·a.d'e~Ltifr ord.en~ de t~~~,~o e' '11~F·azem.Q:s.is.5Q! deteI~ttlirlan~p'(::Ql1l'O' ·a~,· ds ' as.~ 111' ' var-ia'~b~es na.
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g.~ci~d6~ p,ettE)fminar a_~Q%t9Trte d~~el0Cidadek ..(cJ·...•.. q_ue'sabemos tanto aC(IDstant~de- velocid~deqtt~t~ p.~a gor~ ,aTe,. ol~dehsde r.ea$~of.·pt)demoS usar a le(- de--'v.eIqlci,Q,ade- tOm ~- COl1C,··.1l -al~O.e,s: d~d~~ p.ara Ic:al~uJar·:~l. -:'.,Telo.cicl::a"o)e .. 8e.50Iu~&o~· A. meilitia, que passamosdo. 'BxV@I1i.mento 1 para o.,e-xpetllIuffitb 2, [AI e m:mticIacpnsbmte e [13] gQb17a. (a)
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1.\.0Vg (';a9i-I'F·>me.rlfa da ---rtoletJa din jlm_te- aJ!aa~.fp '_.'~:sm.da~la:FljUl1i:Ll~~ 0 &gg;r.~a mo>-,tra q;q'~' . 'e :;5. ,U(!V'e-ro:mecet en:er.gi~pr':r;l esti~ar ah~ii entre o'g.ilp.ef -~C eo,~up~:N-='C:; de wnna. _~Ptn.-ml;tiJ:' o,~ '!:~ N~ C -..>e. DepQls Q;,,:gru, ..~·N C ter r.odattlo 5Uf:idehfmne·~·:tet a l'I~::'; c:~ C eQ&'t~a it':e-ftirrfii!tt e ~i o_~rlia. " o -tn'olacul:, 'cillo. A$i\l~~:n-'~, bmt~ ,~a l'epr~en,aa e~l _t:~ tiC:t~s~~i~ e ;'~iiJ. a lIlU ~tttll~' pe1h eSia-el'0 -mtetfIJ~'·:~-::· · ]jel~tiV,am.est~ins,ttt?,~-?_:--a_~ Frc,d1;1t0:2' at A dtf$:e>~Cl d~ef\~I:gt~at;~~a'~~~l d~ ,~-:£,'~~~L,,e~e~fU~'<'~' ;

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.'.conversao deHJC -N = C p~t'a H3C - C == Ne exotermira. A ..igura 14-.15;dessa forma, mostra 0 produtc ' _~-__-.-r,ehdo ener gia rnais baixa que o:reagen- e. A variacao de energia para a xea~.ijQAE nao ter efelto na velocidade .... . "l~~ao~ velocidade depende da magnitude de E~;;g~e-r:alm,e'nt.e~, A quanto rnaisbatxafor ,E:{~I'm,ais~rapida, r:e'a:~ilo,~ a .·.if:\te que a reac;ao inversa e',enaoternnca. A -ba-rreira de attiv.a~aopara a reac;;ao inversa e'igl1}U a soma de ill3 e de ~.Jr;'l re~~c;~o a. direta. Gelno cada molecula especifica de Isonittila :d¢'lne,WJ~obtem energia sufieiente para venoera barreira de ativa_._.,_. Q faz p-or meio das oolisoes com outras molecules. Lembre-se, da moria cinetica molecular 406 gases, de Ela: _ 1- T ~ qualquer instante em particular, as molecules de gas'es estac distribuidas em terrnos de .energ~a ,sobrfl uma "", a.larga, ~ .. ,_, di . A Figura 1-4.16,tn9str~ a rushibnic;io das'energias cinericasem duas temperaturas c iferen-j Jt1:ompaxande-as c.om a energia minjma necessaria para a ,rea~ao/_Ea.-a temperatura mais alta, uma fra~aomuito ~·~·I@t molecules tern energia cinetica maier 'que .. I~~ de E !que Ieva a.maior velocidade de reacao, A ft~~,aa de molecules que tern energia igual oumaior que E.". e dada pelaexpressse:
l

t = e -:-E..~ .. ./RI

_?~mdegrandeza

de ;nuitas r.ea~Oe~,e que T seja ..];, em torno da ternperatu .a arnbiente. 0 valor calculado de f e 3,8 x lOIS, urn rurmeroextremamente ' peque"! A.S10' K, afracaoe f-: 1,4 X 10-17, Pertanto, UlI1. aumento de 10°1,1-a temperatura.produzum aurnento de3,Tvezes . ··I;,a~a() molecules qu:e possuem no mfnimo 100 k]/ mel de energia. de --

:def, vamos siIp~r queE, sc~ja lOO-~J/moLiu~.valer,tfpico

_'=-'lIa=~ao'de Arrhenius
,Arrhenius observou q\te,. para a mnioria das tea<;oes, 0 aurnento 'na velocidade com 0 aumento da temperat?-ra '1i0,-Jine,ar,; CQITIlO mostrado na.Figura 14:,~ Ele descobri u 'q. ea maieria iQI08: dados dev elocidade de t'e~fC;:~lo 12',~ 'ooe'qe:fl uma equacao baseada em tres.mtol'es: (~)a £rar;ao de moleculas.que ptElssuem energia igual ou maier-que ElI' 'Inn~~~·e' de colisoes q' ue 'O-'C' 1- 0-" .. < apro -'""l~'a"d;~-"'aESSIe. ,~,_r" .', ;,:. o<:;","~,amp:,nr seaurtdo .-_1-;" ~e.._.,J~"'."_'~' e":,' .. 1,', fr acao I, de co-li;-"·:S-:"O;J,bS"~ que tern orientacao ,":, '(IC":):''. a _:~I:.st '. -~: ..'fateressao .'~'n·c:-O···-·::I'rp··"~,OO::'I-o'!ia···;J:~s·"·,'·n···:-a'.oq':'·u·;a··,"~::'a'~o··1de '~·'' f' '!:r'' 'h':' 'eft~u:''·s'' ··''·iI!l' u..~~ "~'.~": ' .'~ ,,-,u.U'~-:".,[ __
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de velocidade, Elieaenergia de ativac;a0,R e aconstante des gases (8.,314J. ) e ~ '10" ::. fa, t·,o,-c:·d~ freq 'iie:n·· cia ,n,.. econstante 0" "IU' quase constante ·t a... r : )* .,,.,..IL.l.,u:;,.·Ll..,U." .. ,.,i'U' ie,,'-a':', temperaf .medida _ .a temperaturaabsolute .;.: ',~ ';".,; ", ,IU,IL"y_Jt .. , '.:-' _ ,", ·.~.d:e ' d ':COIn :a.1:(!e'quencla d cousoes ea prooamilid de com q'ue as.consoes .:$.(J.IO orientacdas -: ~s. b b idade cor '1-"'"' ~ ~. na, 'E'"]' esta_".' I" =ri(~~."a,ci,@.na::'·,:.,o aas Ii"· __aneira favoravel. 4 A medida .que 0' valor me Ea. aumenta t k ,,d iro inui pOil'quea fra9io de moleculas que pos ~~ ~.'-e~I$gjanecessaria 'e' menor, Portanto, as' nelocidades rae re~~o~es diminuem U'medid» qu« 'Ea; aumeniu.
t~j,_~':_';~I .. ~' ',~.'" ,',,,.,::'.' ~
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temperaturas, Podemos ol?:t~;r , .' d·-· ;, '-In,ttt;.al'Qd:e.um gtlli.lC:(] deIn _'.. it-cV,f1~S ".1, .,., _', ~ ·~:C',. t.. . ~.:1~ d'..emes-us ar a. .,..... E~,a 19~'fu~'·, ,a 'me'1";' ..• .:lie· ~~·sII- ""., '_{Jin1'[)i ,e(il]jj~r'\ecem08 f2' p.~:OC .. C Cat E~quia:calo1"-!_.4--:~,'2'1_ com es -: ) . .~~:S·fo~cid,QS pa~a cru~Ular:~constante d~,eio:cidad~a 43C],O K.. ... ,. . .:.
;>

~na~i:i5e p,~, .lela mento: foram dadas as constantes; de velocidade, e a.'

1C:, medidas iii. v;8itias'

'-.·,e~sol . u·~a,o:: devemos 'pltim'e~o, ~ldrn"~'eri[er' ~tetttp'erahuas de '.gr2tils: elsius para.kelvins ..,A .S,~it p,egatil:Qi:~IQUiv.erso, -(a)1 laS C

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dosgases R>rlat un idade J,/'nlo1 K. (Tabela 11t2).m Assirn, Q,bteln'o.$·:: --'1~:"""""';;" ~.-,Incunacao
~,-

:=: -.-:

E'a .
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==; --

(-ll'9":x 104 K) (';8",.31 .,., J .... .'. rnol de K.'~·, I",CtQO I.

• -",i ",

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:~Jm,ol / pox;qJi~'€stalnoS Utnila([os perapn'~dsao

llelabmo~ a

'(com a.qual pO'Qe'lTIDS Ier-o graticCiI l:ia1Ri~l1~ 14d5.t ,t~) Par~:l~e~e~~ ;~~~~~~~ 1.~~AOO~.O'~;.~6bletnOSUS~ a Hq~~frfu1';l;21€Q!itE{l-- 160 kJ JWo~ e uma
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vIDa, e' re~~.aQ l1lJhJi.tQ:tec:t4ui f) :1ea:!~~O .11ht l$.o:,..·tt'iia lie th~til-a e f.trll R pto~~!r~':lslD tlnil1:,~ol~~~I",Jt..$' 'etafJ·a6, :elementare1s' e rvo]~endtII .qollS~-~~ .d·lIJ~S , tlE: ~Ol@~ de. teagmte .si1& hl'maleetilares~A~;ea~~ ett~ NO' eo, ,CEq':" 1~.z;z)'.~ "bimQlee:cihtr. N empas elemeatar~ ebVo~~clo ill ~oli$j·tJ, ;sxhuUtt~ ~e tr@s1nBlr€tt1as S3:Cl fennol~cd_ ~,I __ _ _. I _ "' .•
I. • ~._

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n·~~ . I '" ~,~

maia ~~1tI'~1-:;UJL~"~ ~r" - ,UIJ..:J~~6~C: i':,~.:~, ,~'L'~:~~~~~~·eto ·--:j·Jn_;;~:tf'''~~:D~~~:--:.:rt-;·o ,C:0'~~ '

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mgUlarid.ti4~ Ii ai:IJ~~mais.,€<Ulp~~; ~ssa forma, rais·olisQ$ l}:uttlO~,~, }FOWQsta;$ c;croo:o pam' d~ d

A· dC',' 01 T:QP~~~';;O'--;:
. _.' ~~:g_.~;~ ~
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.LLll~~ft~.I~-'-l};~

,Cap"itulo; '1,'4: Cinetica qtlirni,l~a

,.

NOt(g) + NOz(g) ~, ~ .., NO (g) + NO"(g)

NQs(g) + C.O(g)

.~. Qjg) + CO~(g) N

"e

2
,

"Temsido proposto.que a conversao do o,zf:n:poern 'Oi prossegue p'o'r duas etapas elementares:

O.s(g) . ~ O:i(g) ,+ Q(g) O,3.l,':n.:,'.)"., O(;,~.l":i',:'.·)1 )- 2 0i, (0) \0;. + ~. -- . lO,'

1

--:"Z'"

{Ia) Deserevaa meleeuladdade "que' Q:(8) Intermediariots).

ide eada etapanessemecanismo.

(b) E~s,{:r~:' a _e;qu',a'~la,q. par.~a, lei ~.,re"?l:c?LoIctal, (c) Identifi-

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&e pedagio (FiffUra 14.18): Maalre;m os» velocidede l1lil ,qual os earrtJ8, saem do pedagio. Os carras enusmno ~ .. a:~liOO'~_ u po .~..'1:. :£4:': p'.:·a<ssam :a,:·,;·t~~~,~Ti~~ ·:·r·':,L"f.l::c·,a d peda ~·'O:I A',·'EI~~~'I"~C\ mto ·A~:,~. Ie ~U~OJ.:· ..", ~-o, ·p"~!a',s-"~i'S···'·~;~ urn p,::.. on intermed ..9i'r~'~11l;O'". 2' antes de .~~ ,:"tho·~'· i ~ .... no ~ .".. UQ __ .. ~_cat·at.:raves dapraca de pedagio B. Ao sair, cles passam pelo ponte 3..Podernos, conseqtientemente, visualizar = !9'~gE:m ao longo dQ pedtigio como ocorrendo em qu;;tSetapas 'elenp-e;:tlfaree,:
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e 0 bromo-a 2~7:31P"C,:,',2NO(gl +, ']3ir,2(g), :;~, :21N(lB!r(gJ~ bs se,guiI:ltes Id"a.[dos··p:afl~a·:a velocidade inieial de apar:e:-' cimento ;d,e NOiBLr.: f[):ram', obti~os': .. '

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,re:a'~;i'o 2CIQ;2{atl) + 2Qff(pCJJi' ). CI03~(n'q) + CIa,-£tiqJ + H_20(l) fbi estudada com os seguintes resul'~,~d< W::u. "' os:
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ermine leide velecidade C'" cule ~,valor 'al u:~ v:~.lIl.~~.t,U m'egi1o da constante Ide velocidade P"il¥,Q aparecimen,0. , .U~ '..",'-"Bto:'.:iJ·o~N·:·', ,0:: -.. ::I\"~: parfir d/ os q- 'i:~ta'!t>ro'C: conjuntos. de dados (c) Corne a velocidade deaparecimento die NCntr relaciona-se e:'9."tI1; a '\reLo:ci-tit~.'¢te a~e~' desaparecanento de: ~:rz? l(qJ iQUJt]l e a.veJ9ci,~:~¢1_e desaparecimento ~_B de 'B":' Iquan,:,d~,0 IN-::'IO:I]- '~' 0'· O"'7--1~ milt:) .. -- ef':' '['u'"t~]" ,_ 0-'" 2~'5'~ ,-, 'loI-;-'L .. g,::1.2:, ~ ""--' ~'rz '
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tide, a,constants de" velocidade. fic) Calctile a velocidade '. '.' -' . ..J.. '0-' nl~- ','.',. ,moJr~": e:-rO"-·'I'~]·'=:- U'.'·,-',,'--' -o'l/::L '0,'.-. ,- . 'll/'-"L ' ,IL'LI!:=-~ _ n 0;'1 '5' ':-'n' ":: qa,anu,Q ['rill 0" ';_'j.t:1' 1::,1,,:.,
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lei .qe-~v,el,ocid:aide p'aT~ a re,al~:~'o',~ Cal(b)

0$' s~e,gtJintes dados £ar;am.c:,ovlet~!,ao.p p'ara, a; veloeidade d'e des~p~aJe:e-cjmentp,di,e'N~;:l na, r:~'~~:~~:l.-2N'Q(g) ,+ GQ(g) ~-=:J.io,> ,2N;qzJg)::
[--'~'o···- ] JL~ .... (m,ollt.,
10"' -1 > ..

A certa temp;eJf'ahIr,a·a 'v elecidade.de.desaparecimente .de '0'1032'-v~ia ·COW as 'oon('enb;~~ges de seguinte rna',n'l ... ie."e·

a reac;ao do fen pero;xidisslllfato (SrJ_Os'l-]· com 0 Ion iodeto (r) 'em .:sQIL,,~_ao·aquosa: . S20B2~(~q) +'gi(aq). - '~2S04<i;_,(ttq). +I~(tiq~
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'_-oil

e: 3: lei develocidade 'kl,a.·.ra)·a·:¥e',ac,a-o? (b) Qual a F'·.. '_ .. ""'_'. ,· -~ tmidade de constanfe de: velocidade? ll~.)''(lu:~.l.Ie' o v·a_,-' (a) Oual
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rros quatro cQ-njuntQs de dad os;? (c). (:6'.--0 . -. -_ ddade de de6~p:aredrp.ento d~,:S?t:)8~~ rel?,~·__ - - --e]' Dto:· ~:;-d_-'. a··flJIL e·,:··· d·_~.~ . ..J!' ._... ;': ~ :.:
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fa) Determine la.lei .q_l€:'. velocidade :p,~.~',a res a (b) 'QiltaI 'e:' o valor medio da constante deve. - ~ dade para 10 d.es ',a:p. arecirnentn tl:e-· 'S~2,();B"""'~ -~ c· ~-_
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(~)Q~u~'le·.·eL~die~a centrel.do'modelo de colisso? 0,)1 Q~uais f~~t(:tre'·~· determinam se uma ~;Q]:isaJo entre.duas meleeulas -,6:ri:t'ar'~' "'a~~oo"a l:·m.'.: _( ~D a ·o· v rn"O~'I-' .. n, ~, . m ~-v.:~.'~' . .'. ~ c na reacao q'l'l:r"m'" rica? .' )"'I ···~· cordo .,..". aeio de colisao por 'q~e,a temperatura afetao '\ alor cia IG_IOI1stan'[e velocidade? [de ',:.'_<) Expliquea velocidade deuma re,~:~:~o unUplo .ecu ar f~Srb: e, de uma rnolecula) r corfro .9.isomerizacao da. iso~:frllii 'de metila (Fig1rra i4.~)J em termos de modele de'cdli!:,ijo. (h) Em uma re.a~a0 de. forma, A(g) + .BCg) -----it) produtos, 'todas .as colisoes .'de A com 13 suficiealament-e.' el1er:,g,etic~as Sa'O; p.rov.av~~ de 112;.-,'.' at a uma reai$..o.1 ]ustifiqlle sua .respesta. (e)Coffi0ol' teoria cinetica -~.·:~le~c~ular·~j:U:d9-110:S at errtender [a. ,.dep.··e;n:den;.cia d~a. . t~iJlP'~rat;ura das te·~t;~Oi~S qufmicas? ealc'U1e':a ·fta[~a·o[ e atomos ern uma arnostta de ,g~~ d arIg9(ri·Q·<a',·0,0· ',q~ue . K tem energia nlaio:t till l-gu,al·,a_ lQ"D k], -. (~) l;\. ·ene.r.gia·.·d~~}ati':··21L~;&o. p'ars: a i5(lmexiz;a~iio da isonitfila de rnetila(Figura .. ·4~~.6~ ~J/'moJ., Calcule a. fral e ,,~,O :tao 'd"e' 'rnolet:{llas de .isonrtrila Ide merna. que teln ~ergia mail)r ou igual a 160/,0 k] a seo K. ·(b)·Caletlie ,~ssa_fr;a~~o P'aI.IQ uma temJ?er~tttta!,d.,e··5'1.IO[.I(~ Qual 'e a ra~ Zf.i"b entre a_fra.~ao ,a 5:1_(1K e aquela a .5.0~.O" K.? F.ata '0 processo elementar, N1:0.s(g) ">, N-O~(g) + {9ig)~.a ~hergi:3 deatiVii'fcjao. (Ell!) e AI: total sab 154 ~Jj·mol...e 13~6[kJ·/.mdl··respi ctivamente. (a) Esboce o ~e.t:-fil de 'ener,gia pltl~a essa j;ea~,a.o·e·· rotule Ej'~e .1lE~,fb) 'QllQll e'..' energia de ati\r~c;t~ao: a p.ara a..~ea;t;aio' in," ersa? l .:,.t\ re.~~t;)aiO fase g.?l~Q,sa~C1(g) .+ ~~l~(g..) n:~ I .~ FJICl(g)' +, Bt(g) , terrrvariacao total-de entalpia. de. ~~'IQ ~,·A kJ energia ·Q~~'·a nv.a.I~.qpar:& a rlea9ao' e 7 kJ~fa) .Es~blo~ce: perfil de 0 'ener.giapata:a.reac;ao erotule E.I e AE .. fbl Qtial e:~a ener.zia de. ati v:a.(;,a 10' p·:····ara a .re,a,'ceQ irwersa? o atix aciio e nas v.ariacoes _-- '(C" m be s' e u··-·as" e~-·nar"!!!g··;l'·'a··s'· de ,_",,:_', _' _ .ly~~t'~! ... __ :~:~:.,i.··~11_11~.",_,~:.~ ..:- .~..... __ ""n _Jte~; ener gI';' a"" e su 'P"'!'O-;:"""II'd: .[n, q··'··"l·e:·,·,' todos.o S·:~ fatores,~a..._.....colisao de' ., ;sao OS meSH lOS)' qual das segumtes. reacoes seria. it -mais rapida.... ~ ~[e':'· I" seria '"a mats Ienta? (a) E" ~ 45; ",r :-. q"'tl'a" 'kj,llTIO~; A:E .~ .-~ k] Imo!;· (b) Eo. =- 3'5:· ] / mol: .AE ~ ,~lT): k l~J/n)o,l; (I~,)I"£:(1 .~-: 15·5; c~JIJ1~O[L;;... .E' .~ l. 0 ~J~I , A nl,ol.. __ :t.:. :Q.':' u'· a]:I' d·'ia:~':;~ i"e'-::'a'ro~'e"-s·": d,o': Exe··'r.;'lJ~~I·~O'·l· s·era mai~' r··a"'·p··,.:~da 11'0 4· 45; r·D ~sentidonlve1so,c' .'Quial s';eJP,a ,a mais.lettta?1 -, . ·Dl~tern1ina.·da.I'·ea.r;·t\r.[d,e primelta !9rde·m· tem·ttn:ia- ~d·ons1., ,t ,.".I·t·~ d-:' ve",oCl' ',. do' :e. :" i.;) .... ... ' QO-:,. ,'t" :,~an . '.:.e_ _.,,1- ..... " 'd" ~a·~. d'"~e L.'1'" i·)5·,'::.··· ,~.. 1IO·....!J!·-1 la..-r.:J;O·_'· ! S - L._.".'>., ·.t;.t~~. e 0 ~1~alor "d.,e·.k:a '60 ·~·Csre' (a) Ea :=:. 7~5,5,:~kJ/mpl; ~.) Btl == ~;a,5 ( "kJ.1mOll?[ -8 ·D:u.as r:e.a.coE!:s de" p',r.ittfeif;a. o';dent lem ,a r.nesU1:a .C:0l1S~ J~llte: de vel.o:~id.ad.f~: 3jO~·C A ~\E;a~:·a.o· ~te:m.]mia ,en:~l"'a .. ~ A t ~g:ia. ··ati·'lac;:a.c5 ·d.:e 4:5/~' .kIlmol; .~~ ,die rea'~;a,~ te'nl l).inl~ B 'E!·net:gia,'·lde·,ati:,taQae.·,·de· 25· ·2 kJ/·mol~,C·alc.ltle:·a f'a.zao· d:as f;Q;:I1$tantes de veloddade~ Ie;;kst a 60 crc.
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Usando esses dados, faca urn. grMico In k V-',E'r.$l(S;· l/T:~ Us,a'nd,oisen gr.afi·co,determine '0: valor de E:a'. A. dependencia da temperatura.da constante dievelocidade p~ar~: reacao a CO(g) + N,02,(g) .-:---"",. c;.{)~(gJ.+. NO(g), ~.> es_ta tabelada' come s'e'gu ~:: Temperatura
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veneries. 'Su,gira; urn rnecanismo 'pelo, qual tais ::QOnlpo,~.tioS 'PQd,e~nl,atuar come vencacs. -) 1l~ - -, ""tl"o ,-- -- - --",--(.a, D-, n;xp_filqu,le, a- ,'~, -, Imp:o,.~_1ncra a:--:·, enzimas,- .nos SlS,a "'. 1~las - ... _.'t:··"I<"'·1 ~ -.- '-1 «:«: -",emas •. b.. . I OglC.O.s,~ '("b'l' 0"'- '---~,,''l, t -,"-::-,,-,'-: "-1 ][0. !",-'?">' .,_,J.Ja18 trans f:' orrnacoes q_Llrnf}l~ cas, s:',at) ·c,at,a.1i$Jad.,a~s (i) pela etlzinta, cata ~ ase:. (fi): Pi,'ela: F' te sao"
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tanciaQ~ _ar~a superficial por unidade de rnassa ·a.lfa."como alumina (.AI2 03) ou silica (S10,2)-~POT q.~te essa :e: uma maneira eficiente de: utilizat '0 material
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(Zatalis·a_,do,r?· (a) ::Se'~:'v(;Jci~ fosse construir urn sistema p~e(rl1' conferir a efiC]J~rlcial d,e um .. onversor catalitico 8.I1t'Orilf~Jti,rOt P:IQ,I" e qual SLlbst;§l:rrcila. v,oce itia.,fJlle~1'l 'p-t.a.ettr,at n:a exaustao e do 'C,aI'fO'?' (p.) Cenversores catalfficos automotivos funcionam a altas temperaturas, j,a qu~e' ~IS·· C .g:ae;es· U'en~ q tes e'''Pe']ild,ol,~ flt:telTI por eles, De que forma l$$IP pode ser uma 'vartta,gem 1- De Qt1.e forma iSSI~;]'p,o·d-e 'SY~~l~' 'lIll1a cles:v~,nta,g~11'11:(c) For que a ve-lraddade~ do fluxa d~ gas,el? lexpl~liq.lol~ ~·ob'l~~:. c;o,nv~r~Qcr Ic~ata.lfti~:o im~ p:fll fldrta.n"f,e~?
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oLe dis:ti~1.:gurir msubstrato de' -,Q'UU'OI'? u A energia de a't.iva~ao de, uma r:e~t;.a~Gli nJi·o-.c:a.taJ.isacla. ;e" '95 ~JInial., A :adi,cat) de urn catalisador dirniruri ..~ habilidades
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