DIFFERENT VIEWS ON NONNURSING THEORIES USED IN NURSING

Nursing theories are often based on and influenced by broadly applicable processes and theories. I. GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY 1. Includes purpose, content and process, breaking down the whole and analyzing the parts. 2. The relationships between the parts of the whole are examined to learn how they work together. 3. A system is made up separate components. The parts rely on one another, are interrelated, share a common purpose, and together form a whole. 4. Input is the information that enters the system. 5. Output is the end product of a system.

6. Feedback is the process through which the output is returned to the system. 7. Von Bertalanffy (1969, 1976) developed general systems theory, which has the following assumptions: a. All systems must be goal directed. b. A system is more than the sum of its parts. c. A system is everchagning and any change in one part affects the whole. d. Boundaries are implicit and human systems are open and dynamic.

Nursing Models based on Systems Theory

Imogene Kings Systems Interaction Model Betty Neumans Helath Care Systems Model Dorothy Johnsons Behavioral System Model II. Change Theory 1. People grow and change throughout their lives. This growth and change are evident in the dynmaic nature of basic human needs and how they are met. 2. Change happnes daily. It is subtle, continuous and manifested in both everyday occurrences and more disruptive life events.

Kurt Lewin (1962) developed the change theory, which identifies the following six components:
1. Recognition of the area where change is needed. 2. Analysis of a situation to determine what forces exist to maintain the situation and what forces are working to change it. 3. Identification of methods by which chagne can occur. 4. Recognitition of the influence of group mores or customs on change. 5. Identification of the methods that the reference group uses to bring about change. 6. The actual process of change.

Lewin identified 3 states of change: Unfreezing. 2. Movement. 3. Refreezing.

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3. Developmental Theory
* Human growth and development is an orderly predictive process that begins with conception and continues through death. The four main areas of developmental theory are as follows: 1. Biophysical development: Attempts to describe the way our physical bodies grow and change. 2. Psychoanalytic/Psychosocial Development: Attempts to describe the development of the human personality, behavior and emotions.

 Ex: 1. Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Model of Personality Development Stage 1. Oral (birth to 18 months) Stage 2. Anal (12 to 18 monts to 3 years) Stage 3. Phallic or Oedipal (3 to 6 years) Stage 4. Latency (6 to 12 years) Stage 5. Genital (Puberty through Adulthood)

2. Erik Eriksons Psychosocial Model

1. Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 1 year) 2. Autonomy vs Sense of Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs Guilt (3 to 6 years) 4. Industry vs Inferiority (6 to 11 years) 5. Identify vs Role Confusion (Puberty/Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adult) 7. Generativity vs Self-Absorption and Stagnation (Middle Age) 8. Integrity vs Despair (Old Age)