5002 ORBMEZED-ORBUTUO ,317-786 .P ,4 .N ,53 .V ,OLUAP OS ,.NOCE .

TSE

noitacifissalC LEJ
negeoR-ucsegroeG ,ecneiliser dna ytilibats ,latipac larutan ,latipac fo seirogetac ,ytilibaniatsus ,tnemnorivne eht dna metsys cimonoce

10 Q

SDROW YEK

.ytilibaniatsus fo sesylana lanoitnevnoc eht fo snoitpmussa gniyfilpmis eht yb neddih niamer ot dnet taht stcepsa lartnec tnorfnoc ot decrof eb dluow etabed ytilibaniatsus eht ,secivres latnemnorivne cisab fo sdnuf sti fo taht dna latipac larutan fo stupni fo skcots fo yrogetac eht neewteb ,rohtua eht yb detseg -gus noitcnitsid eht setaroprocni tnemnorivne eht dna metsys cimonoce eht neewteb noitcaretni eht fo sisylana eht fi taht ,yllaicepse ,tuo tniop eW .ssecorp noitcudorp eht fo sisylana sih morf devired eb nac taht noissucsid eht ot noitubirtnoc eht ,daetsni ,ezisahpme eW .ereh desucof tcepsa eht ton si siht ,reve -woH .scimonoce lacigoloce fo kcolb gnidliub tnatropmi na yadot ,yportne fo tpecnoc eht sisylana cimon -oce ni decudortni gnivah rof denwoner si rohtua sihT .tnempoleved elbaniatsus fo tpecnoc eht gnidrager scimonoce ni etabed eht setaulave repap eht ,negeoR-ucsegroeG salohciN morf snoitubirtnoc no desaB

TCARTSBA

negeoR-ucsegroeG ,aicniliser e edad -ilibatse ,larutan latipac ,latipac ed sairogetac ,edadilibatnetsus ,etneibma oiem e ocimnoce ametsis

EVAHC-SARVALAP

. e d a d i l i b a t n e t s u s a d l a n o i c n e v n o c e s i l n a a d s a r o d a c i f i l p mi s s e s e t p i h s a n s o t l u c o r a t s e a m e d -net ejoh euq ,etneibma oiem o e ocimnoce ametsis o ertne oaler-retni ad siatnemadnuf sotcepsa moc meratnorfnoc es a edadilibatnetsus a erbos sesiv sa airarof ,socisb siatneibma soivres ed odnuf ed a e euqotse ed larutan latipac ed airogetac a ertne ,rotua olep adiregus ,onitsid ad ,etneibma oiem od aimonoce alep ,oaroprocni a euq ,laicepse amrof ed ,rartsom es-arucorP .ovitudorp ossecorp od esilna aus ed sadavired ossucsid a arap seiubirtnoc ,svni oa ,es-matlasseR .odazilacof iuqa negeoR -ucegroeG ed arbo ad otcepsa o etse on ,otnatertnE .acigloce aimonoce ad lautiecnoc aruturtse ad latnemadnuf aep ejoh ,aiportne ed otiecnoc o acimnoce esilna a arap odizart ret rop uozilibaton es rotua etsE .negeoR-ucegroeG salohciN ed seiubirtnoc esab rop odnet ,levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed otiecnoc od onrot me odnavart mev etneibma oiem od aimonoce a euq etabed o ailava ogitra O

OMUSER

Charles C. Mueller

BnU aimonocE ed otnematrapeD ,roinS odaicossA rodasiuqseP ,ralutiT rosseforP

O Debate dos Economistas sobre a Sustentabilidade Uma Avaliao

sob a tica da Anlise do Processo Produtivo de Georgescu-Roegen

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

?ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf ed ordap lauta o ratnetsus es edop : lartnec otseuq A .omusnoc ed e oudorp ed sossecorp sod setnatluser oiulop a ,soudser so ralimissa ed e edadinamuh alep adivomorp osserga a ratropus ed etsed edadicapac a d o m o c m e b , l a b o l g a m e t s i s s o c e o l e p s o d i c e n r o f s i a r u t a n s o s r u c er e d e t n e m -latnemadnuf odnedneped omoc atsiv aimonoce a saM .ocimnoce ametsis od otnem -anoicnuf o etnemlapicnirp uozilacof ,etsartnoc me ,ossimoC A .adavreserp res aived euq azerutan a are ocirtncoib etnemlaicnesse iof laicini euqofne o ,etneibma oiem o e ocimnoce ametsis o ertne sealer-retni sad atsiv ed otnop oD .)016 .p ,1991 ,lL( .0891 ed adacd ad oicni on j ,soditnes soirv me ,adasu res a uoemoc sam ,DMMC ad oirtaler olep adaziralupop iof levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed oon A .arroco otsi euq arap etnetsisrep e osnetni labolg orofse mu ed edadissecen a ecehnocer saM .)8 .p ,7891 ,DMMC( ".ocimnoce otnemicserc ed are avon a ohnimac odnirba ,oarepus ed sievssap mair -es said sosson sod anamuh edadivita ad sotcapmi revrosba ed arefsoib ad edadicapac ad e obolg osson od siatneibma sosrucer sod odatse od setnerroced sa mbmat omoc ,oautiecnoc an sadaobse sa s on seatimil sA .levssop adnia levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed o ,soluctsbo sievredisnoc ed otiepsed a ,euq atnetsus oirtaler O .sarutuf e setneserp sedadissecen sa sad -idneta majes rarugessa ed etneibma oiem od edadicapac ,laicos oaz -inagro alep e aigoloncet ad odatse olep satsopmi ,seatimil ed otiecnoc o
,e ;edadiroirp atulosba rad eved es siauq soa ,odnum o odot ed serbop sod sacisb sedadissecen sa ralucitrap me ,sedadissecen ed otiecnoc o

:evahc -sotiecnoc siod abolgnE .sedadissecen saus redneta ed sarutuf seareg sad edadicapac a retemorpmoc mes etneserp od sedadissecen sad otnem -idneta o etnarag euq otnemivlovnesed o levtnetsus otnemivlovneseD

:)34 .p ,7891 ,DMMC( ossimoC ad oirtaler o odnugeS .levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed oon ad oaziralupop a etse a es-eveD .sadinU se -aN sad )DMMC( otnemivlovneseD e etneibmA oieM od laidnuM ossimoC ad oir -taler od a euqatsed ecerem ,satse ertneD .otseuq ad sianoicome sonem e sasodadiuc siam seailava marof lat arap serotaf sod mu e ,uorudrep on ,otnatertne ,omsimissep essE .ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf od siatneibma sotcapmi soa oaler me omsimissep odamertxe mu rop es-uoziretcarac 0791 ed adacd ad oinipo ed amilc O
LEVTNETSUS OTNEMIVLOVNESED ED OON A E SATSIMONOCE SO .1
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 886

. .

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

.ocimnocE ossecorP o e aiportnE ad ieL A ,negeoR-ucsegroeG salohciN e d o r v i l l e v t o n o d o t n e m i g r u s o t a a i m o n o c e a e rb o s o n e u qe p o t i u m o t c a p m i e ve t a i p o r t n e e d o t ie c n o c O , ) 4 8 1 . p , 0 8 9 1 ( g ni d l u o B a t l a s s e r e m r of n o C . ) 6 8 9 1 e 7 7 9 1 , 5 7 9 1 m b m a t s a m ; 1 7 9 1 ( n e g e o R - u c s e g r o e G r e V

oes ad esilna ad sotnemele agerpme 5 oes a ;larutan latipac e odizudorp latipac ert -ne edadilibatutitsbus ad sotcepsa raticilpxe rohlem arap negeoR-ucsegroeG ed esilna an aipa es 4 oes a ;acisslcoen latneibma aimonoce an ecelaverp ejoh euq ,woloS ed edadilibatnetsus ad atsimito euqofne o azilacof 3 oes a ;ossucsid asson a arap socis -b ,negeoR-ucsegroeG ed ovitudorp ossecorp od esilna ad sotcepsa aobse 2 oes A .etneibma oiem od aimonoce ad etnanimod etnerroc alep satief otnemivlovnesed od edadilibatnetsus ad oailava ad aicnsse an tse ,somerev omoc ,euq oudorp ed serotaf ertne edadilibat -utitsbus ed otiecnoc oa omoc ,latipac od acisslcoen airoet s on ,mavel ovitudorp ossecorp od sesilna euqrop otsI .ovitudorp ossecorp od acreca rotua od esilna ad sad -avired res medop euq levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed od ossucsid a arap seiubirtnoc se tn at r op mi r at l a s s er , s v ni o a ,re z a f uor u corp e s euq O .o da zi l a co f iu qa n e g -eoR-ucsegroeG ed arbo ad otcepsa o etse on ,otnatertnE .otnemivlovnesed od edad -ilibatnetsus ad sadadnuf meb seailava arap siartnec ,etneibma oiem o e ocimnoce ametsis o ertne sealer-retni sad atsilaer siam esab erbos sadurtsnoc sesilna arap ohn -imac odnirba ,aimonoce ad otnemanoicnuf od aciprtne aicnsse a ratlasser uitimrep negeoR-ucsegroeG ed oiubirtnoc A .acigloce aimonoce ad lautiecnoc aruturtse ad oalumrof an latnemadnuf aep aiportne ed otiecnoc o ,)8991( .la te rebaF ,sortuo ertne ,martsom emrofnoC 1.aiportne ed otiecnoc o acimnoce esilna a arap odizart ret rop uozilibaton es rotua etsE .negeoR-ucegroeG salohciN ed seiubirtnoc esab rop odnet ,setseuq satse odnatart mv satsimonoce so omoc railava arucorp ohlabart etsE ?labolg ametsissoce od oirbliuqe od egnol ed -adilibatse lauta an sacitsrd sanadum ajah euq mes e socisb siarutan sosrucer metog -se es euq mes otnemivlovnesed o rajemla edop es ,ognol otium ozarp mun ,otnop euq tA ?sonamuh sojesed e searipsa ed oafsitas a rarugessa opmet omsem oa e otsi rez -af omoC .atsilaerri etnemlatot aires asioc lat rednefeD ?adacotni azerutan amU ?ratnet -sus ajesed es euq O ?levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed o ,edadrev an , euq o ,otnatertnE .edadilibatnetsus ad aicns -se a atsE .azerutan ad odauqeda ojenam mu ed edneped etse euq oralc sam ,edadin -amuh ad orutuf e etneserp ratse-meb o lartnec ocof O .opmet otium rop rednetse es eved euq ,orutuf mu me oriv euq so mbmat omoc ,oareg lauta ad so s on son -amuh seres soa erefer es ossimoC a ,sodot rop E .)4-34 .p ,7891 ,DMMC( .rohlem adiv amu rop searipsa saus rezafsitas ed edadinutropo a sodot a sadidnetse majes euq e sadid -neta majes sodot ed sacisb sedadissecen sa euq reuqer levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed O ...otnem -ivlovnesed od omixm ovitejbo o sanamuh sedadissecen sad oafsitas A ,ossimoc a araP
986 relleuM .C selrahC

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

.)II etraP ,7691( negeoR-ucsegroeG reV 3 .) etr a P . 1 ,1791( nesn o miS re v ,ro di mu snoc o d ai roe t a d o ulov e a d aru treb oc aob a mu a ra P 2

.etneibma oiem o e aimonoce a ertne sealer-retni sad esilna odnatlov es uobaca otsi rezaf oa E .oudorp ed ossecorp o ocimnoce ametsis od oc -isb etnenopmoc ortuo od oailavaer amu a uedecorp ,odnanava ;rodimusnoc od air -oet ad ourtsnocer ad rapicitrap me sanepa uotnetnoc es on negeoR-ucsegroeG saM .orv -il od oicferp on nosleumaS rop ,soigole sovisufe moc ,adicehnocer oapicitrap aus ed aicntropmi a e 3,scimonocE lacitylanA ues on otse opmac essen seiubirtnoc siap -icnirp saus sA .negeoR-ucsegroeG salohciN ed arugif a tse otnemidecorp essen mar -acatsed es euq so ertneD .)4 .pac ,1791 ,nesnomiS( .nosleumaS luaP leboN oimrP o ,olpmexe rop ,omoc ,odassap olucs od edatem ariemirp ad satsimonoce serohlem sod snugla ed oapicitrap a moc uotnoc rodimusnoc od airoet ad acitlana ourtsnocer A .rodimusnoc od airoet lauta ad ogam on tse oisopus atsE .omusnoc ed sed -adilibissop s oaler me saicnreferp saus etnemetnetsisnoc e lanoicar anedro rodimus -noc o euq ropus sanepa oirssecen .edadilitu ridem osicerp on ,omusnoc od ecaf me oudvidni mu ed otnematropmoc o recehnoc es arap ,euq ed esetpih ad uitrap atsE .rodimusnoc od atsilanidro airoet a ,ocitlana latnemurtsni osorogir ed ogerpme o moc ,uiurtsnoc satsimonoce ed opurg mu odnauq adanodnaba odnes uobaca edadilitu ad edadilibarusnem ad esetpih a e uecetnoca on otsi saM .oarusnem lat razil -aer ed arienam amu airirbocsed es edrat uo odec euq mavatiderca sam ,omusnoc od ed -adilitu a ridem omoc aivah on euq marecehnoceR .meb od omusnoc od ,levrusnem etnemlanidrac ,otercnoc otubirta mu edadilitu asse euq e ,omusnoc ues ed ravired ar -epse euq edadilitu alep odaiug meb odad mu adnamed rodimusnoc o euq mavatiderca a c i s s l c o e n a i m o n o c e a d s er o d a d n u f s o ;o d a c o v i u q e o h n i m a c m u u i u g e s r o d i m -usnoc od airoet ad laicini oalumrof A .ejoh ta eviverbos euq e ,rodimusnoc od atsil -anidro airoet an uonimluc euq ourtsnocer e oamrof ed orofse oudr mun ,opmet on uiulove atsE 2.rodimusnoc od airoet ad otejbo omusnoc ed ossecorp od esilna a ,aimonoceorcim a araP .omusnoc ed o e oudorp ed ossecorp o :socisb sossecorp siod odnazilacof ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf o maredisnoc satsimonoce sO
OVITUDORP OSSEC -ORP OD ACRECA NEGEOR-UCSEGROEG ED ESILNA AD SOTNEMELE .2

.sovisulcnoc soirtnemoc atneserpa 6 oes a e ;setnerroc siat ed atsimissep e atsimito sesiv ed oailava amu arap etneibma oiem od aimonoce ad otnemasnep ed setnerroc ed siatneibma sesetpih sa omoc meb ,roiretna
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 096

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

.)1791 ,negeoR-ucsegroeG( .ssecorP cimonocE eht dna waL yportnE ehT ,rotua od amixm arbo ad XI olutpac o e ,)9691( negeoR-ucsegroeG ,laicepse amrof ed ,reV 5 .)18 .p( otnemasnep ed )yppols( sod - a d i u c s e d s o t i b h , s a t s i m o n o c e e d o a r e g a o a r e g e d , r i d n u fi d r o p o v i t u d o r p o s s e c o r p o d l a n o i c n e v n o c e s il n a a , e v i s ul c n i , a zi li b a s n o p s e r a r ot u a a s s E . o u d o r p e d o n uf a a t a r t a ci s s l c o e n ai r o et a o m o c a d a d -iucsed arienam a etnemabreca odacitirc aivah j )45-3591( nosniboR naoJ ,negeoR-ucsegroeG ed setnA 4

-ot ed atsil amu omoc oudorp ed onuf rinifed es-edoP .oudorp ed onuf ed ot -iecnoc on ovitudorp ossecorp od esilna aus a aipa acimnoce airoet a ,ebas es omoC
5

ovitudorP ossecorP od acrecA negeoR-ucsegroeG ed esilnA ad socisB sotcepsA

-orp eved es otsi arap sezar sad amU .lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna ad tnemhsilbat -se od etrap ad otnemicehnocer o evetbo on negeoR-ucsegroeG ed megadroba a saM .ovitudorp ossecorp od otnemanoicnuf od asorogir esilna amu arap esab ed mar -ivres euq ,sesetpih ed odarednop etnemasoicunim otnujnoc mu ,missa ,uecelebatsE .ourtsnocer aus me rative ed odadiuc o uomot euq ,lanoicnevnoc megadroba ad saic -nicifed samugla racifitnedi rotua oa uitimrep alE .lanoicnevnoc megadroba ad socigl sotnemadnuf sod e sesetpih sad ,soipcnirp sod acitrc oaicerpa asodadiuc ed uitrap etnaida adaobse oudorp ad airoet ad acreca negeoR-ucsegroeG ed ourtsnocer A .sairoet saud sad oc -itlana latnemurtsni o ertne etsixe euq lamrof anahlemes a etnatsbo on ,rodimusnoc od airoet ad a euq edadilibaifnoc roiam amu oudorp ad airoet rarugessa aicerap edadilibarusnem assE .osicerp atrec moc oarusnem ed sievssap os euq e ,azerutan a d s i e l s a m e u g e s e u q , s o c i m u q - o c i s f s o s s e c or p e d a n a m e s a i r o d a cr e m e d o -udorp a euq ed otaf oa ueved es etnemlevavorp ossi ,rotua o araP .)894 .p ,9691 ,neg -eoR-ucegroeG( .rodimusnoc od otnematropmoc od sosoidutse so maraitsugna euq sa euq ,oudorp ed onuf a erbos saciglometsipe sadivd ed eicpse amsem a ratnavel ed edadis -secen a messitnes on oudorp ad airoet ad ourtsnoc an sodivlovne serotua so euq ed otaf o uotnemaL 4.etnanimod acimnoce esilna alep odatart res amutsoc oudorp ed ossecorp o euq me adadiucsed amrof a uotatsnoc negeoR-ucsegroeG oicni ed J
196 relleuM .C selrahC

.oenropmetnoc ocimnoce ametsis od otnem -anoicnuf od edadilibatnetsus ad acreca setnetsisnocni e sadicrotsid sesiv uoreg lan -oicnevnoc esilna a ,ossecorp essed siaicnesse sotcepsa rarongi oa ,ossid mlA .selpmis etnemetneinevnoc sam ,adacoviuqe amrof ed ovitudorp ossecorp o razilacof a aunit -noc etnemselpmis lanoicnevnoc acimnoce airoet a ;said sosson so ta amsem a esauq ueviverbos amitl atse ,missA .etnanimod oudorp ad airoet an etnerroc osu ed o -acilpa ed samrof sadanimreted ed e esilna ed sotnemurtsni sod snugla ed aicnnitrep a erbos sadivd setrof odnanal uobaca ourtsnocer aus a euq ed otaf oa etnemlevav

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

.oudorp an s o mu sn i so d o a pi c it r ap a d l a ro p me t o r d ap o et n e ma di tin r e c e le b at s e la tn e m -adnuf ,setse omoc sosac mE .)arger ed aiv( livic ourtsnoc an ,)sodacitsifos sotnem -apiuqe ed evisulcni( adnemocne rop oudorp an ,arutlucirga an otse setnatropmi solpmexe ahnil me rerroco edop on euq oudorp ed sosac sotium h ,sadanava saimonoce me omsem ,E .oudorp ad oazilaer ad ognol oa etnemaunitnoc mauta men e sotnuj sodot ossecorp od arietnorf a martenep on somusni e serotaf so ahn -il me arierutafunam oudorp ad oecxe ossid mlA .T ed sioped men e ,0 ed set -na arepo on ossecorp o ;atelpmoc es oudorp a euq me etnatsni o T e ,odatucexe res a aemoc ossecorp o euq me etnatsni o 0 otnemom o odnes ,]T,0[ opmet ed olavret -ni mu ed ognol oa erroco atsE .evitefe es oudorp a euq arap opmet avel euq ed otaf od erroced euq ,laropmet osnemid amu met oudorp ed ossecorp O .esilna an lepap muhnen met on opmet levirav a euq ,otnatertne ,riulcnoc etimrep son on oudorp ed ossecorp od acreca negeoR-ucsegroeG ed megadroba ad latnemadnuf esetpih assE .serodahlabart ed oasnac olep e saniuqm ed etsagsed olep adamrofsnart ovitudorp ossecorp od aruturtse a mbmat sam ,soudser e sotudorp sanepa on somaret oudorp adanimreted amu ed oazilaer ed olcic adac ed lanif oa ,ale mes ,euq ed otaf od erroced oirnoicatse odatse ed esetpih ad edadissecen A .zudorper -otua es mbmat ossecorp o ,oudorp a razilaer oA .arienam amsem ad oditeper res as -sop ossecorp o ,orutuf on ,euq moc odnitimrep ,sodaretlani mtnam es aruturtse aus a mepmoc euq ossecorp od socisb sotnemele so ,oudorp ed oucexe ed olcic mu odanimret zev amu ,euq ropus someved ,ajes uO 6.oditeper erpmes res assop ossi ,et -ucexe ossecorp o euq o l ajes euq ed oditnes on oirnoicatse odatse me ovitudorp ossecorp o odnopus etnematicilpmi somatse oudorp ed onuf amu somevercsed odnauq euq atnemugrA .otnemanoicnuf ues o radutse ed aterroc etnemacigolometsipe a m r o f a o d n a r t s o m e l a i cr ap o s s e c orp e d o d a c i f in gi s o e t n e m a s o i c u n i m o d n a t i m i l -ed aemoc rotua O .ossucsid asson a arap siaicnesse sotcepsa sanepa odnatlasser ,nege -oR-ucsegroeG ed megadroba ad everb oircsed rautefe a agirbo son oapse ed atlaf A .oudorp ed serotaf ed oanibmoc adanimreted amu ed retbo es ed levssop amixm oudorp mevel euq sossecorp ,ajes uo ,somit sossecorp oc -imnoce esseretni met s sam ,oudorp ed edaditnauq asse a ragehc metimrep serotaf ed seanibmoc satium ,arger ed aiV .serotaf ed levssop oanibmoc adac ed aditbo res edop otudorp mu ed edaditnauq adad amu siauq solep somit sossecorp so sod
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 296

Georgescu-Roegen (1971, p. 229) conceitua um sistema estacionrio como um sistema que, seja l o que ele faa, possa ser repetido identicamente vez aps vez. Para exemplificar um sistema em estado estacionrio, o autor cita o modelo de reproduo simples de Marx.

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

. e t n a r u a t s e r m u e d e t n e i l c o d a p o s e d ot a r p o n o d a r t n o c n e o r i e h n i z o c o d ol e b a c e d oi f m u e u q m e o a u t i s a a r t s ul i m e b o m o c , l e v t n e m a l e t n e di c n i m u , z e v a r t u o , s o m e t , e c e t n o c a o t s i o d n a u Q 8 .l ev tne mal e tne d icni mu et se , ar p m o c euq a l a c a n a d a i f n e a h l u g a a m u a r t n o c n e r o d i m u s n o c o e S . a l a c a r o p r o c n i e s o n al e s a m , a l a c a m u e d o -udorp an etnatropmi otnemelpmi etaiafla mu ed ahluga a ,)1791( negeoR-ucsegroeG atlasser emrofnoC 7

.onetunaM = M ;)sodizudorp( setnerroc somusnI = I ;azerutan ad somusnI = R :sairogetac setniuges sa eregus negeoR-ucsegroeG ,oxulf ed serotaf soa otnauQ .oudorp raroprocni es eved eled etrap amuhnen ;sotudorp me 8 somusni ed oamrofsnart an rauta ed o ovitudorp ossecorp on rodahlabart od lepap o ;ohlabart ed arof rotaf o moc erroco omsem O 7.setse a maroprocni es on euq et -nedive e ;sotudorp me so-odnamrofsnart ,oxulf ed serotaf erbos mauta seurtsnoc sa ,sotnemapiuqe e saniuqm sa latipac odnuf ed rotaf O .siatnemadnuf soivres at -serp ,etreni arobme oudorp a azilaer es euq me ocisf oapse o anaidracir arret A .sotudorp ed oareg a arap soivres odnatserp mauta sele sodoT .otudorp oa ,etnemacis -if ,aroprocni es odnuf ed serotaf sod muhnen oudorp ed ossecorp on euq ed otaf on tse aticilpxe on lanoicnevnoc oudorp ad airoet a euq latnemadnuf otcepsa mU .ohlabart ed aroF = H ;)seurtsnoc ,satnemarref ,sotnemapiuqe ,saniuqm( latipaC = K ;)ocisf oapse( anaidracir arreT = L :sairogetac setniuges sa ereg -us negeoR-ucsegroeG ,socisslc satsimonoce solep adizudortni aigolopit an esab moC .ossecorp on lepap ues o uo azerutan aus odnuges sadacifissalc res medop ovitudorp ossecorp od odnuf ed sadanedrooc sA .sotudorp me so-odnamrofsnart ,oxulf ed serotaf so erbos rauta odnuf ed serotaf so somev ,ossecorp od otnemanoicnuf o odnavresbO .otudorp me amrofsnart ovitud -orp ossecorp o euq setnenopmoc so ,siairetam so ,aigrene a :oxulf ed serotaf sod A .sotudorp me somusni ed oamrofsnart an soivres matserp selE .lairetam esab aus a mepmoc euq ,ossecorp od setnega so ,odnuf ed serotaf sod A :sairogetac saud me matneserpa es setse ,aicnsse mE .oudorp ed serotaf so :ovitudorp ossecorp od socisb sotnemele so odadiuc laicepse moc aziretcarac negeoR -ucsegroeG ,lanoicnevnoc oudorp ad airoet a moc ecetnoca euq od etnemetnerefiD
396 relleuM .C selrahC

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

. o x ul f e d s e r o t a f m e m e u ti t s n o c e s s e t n e i r t u n s e s s E . s a t n a l p s s i e v n o p - s i d so d a nr o t s e tn e ir t un e d o i r t is op e r e ; me r ev lo vn e s e d es a r ap ra lo s a i gr e ne m et p ac eu q e t i m r ep e s a t n a l p s a e b e c e r e u q o c i s f o a p s e o a n a i d r a c i r a r r e t o d n u f e d r o t a f , e t n e m a e n a t l u m i s , a l o c r g a o l o s O 9

apate adac ed sedadissecen sa moc odroca ed airav otudorp me oxulf ed serotaf sod o -amrofsnart an setnega sessed soivres sod osu od edadisnetni a ,ossecorp od oarepo ad ognol oa ,otnatertnE .ovitudorp ossecorp od setnega so os odnuf ed serotaf sO .latnemadnuf oxulf esse rarongi ,siop ,odrusba mu ,negeoR-ucsegroeG atlasser emrofnoC .saigoloncet sasson sa majes euq adanava siam rop ,sadagover res medop on satse E .aiportne ad iel a e ,aigrene ad e airtam ad oavresnoc ad iel a :azerutan a d si el sa u d ed ot ne ma noi cnu f o d a i cnq e sno c o s s e lE . s ai d so s so n so d l atn eib -ma otseuq ad ogam on tse ocimnoce ametsis olep soudser ed oareg a saM .siev -redisnoc res medop sele sortuo sotium me ,soudser socuop h sosac snugla me eS .W ,oiulop ed ,sotiejer ed ,soudser ed oxulf o :seecxe mes e ovitudorp ossecorp od aname mbmat etnemlevairavni euq oxulf o ,missa ,arongI .arietnorf aus a axied Q sanepa ,ossecorp od onimrt oa ,euq aredisnoc oudorp ad lanoicnevnoc airoet A .W ,oiulop ed ,sotiejer ed ,soudser ed o ,e ;Q ,sotudorp ed o :soxulf sortuo siod ossecorp o maxied ,etnemlanoicida ,saM .ossecorp od setnega so odnuf ed serotaf so moc ecetnoca otsi ,adivd meS ?T me ossecorp od arietnorf a axied euq o ,E .oud -orp a azilaer es euq me ]T,0[ opmet ed olavretni od ognol oa arietnorf aus a martenep selE .ovitudorp ossecorp od somusni e setnega so os oxulf ed so e odnuf ed serotaf sO .oudorp ad lacol od arof arroco euq e rodahlabart od oirlas olep adaetsuc ajes ale euq emuserP .ohlabart ed arof ad onetunam a ossecorp on iulcni on negeoR-ucsegroeG ,ohlabart ed arof ad onetunam ed oxulf od sotnemele so asicerp etnemaminim amrof ed ranimreted lic -fid omoC .ral od otibm on ,adidem aob me ,edadicapac assed oarepucer a eietsuc )ele odot uo( oirlas od etrap euq reuqer es ,atcatni aenamrep rizudorp ed edadicapac aus a euq araP .ailmaf aus ed a e ,aicntsisbus airprp aus a arap soiem ed edadit -nauq adanimreted amu reuqer rodahlabart o euq ecehnocer negeoR-ucsegroeG .oud -orp ad rapicitrap oa )asnac es( atsagsed es mbmat euq ,ohlabart ed arof ad odnuf od onetunam sodaicossa somusni ed oxulf od osulcni on a ahnartse recerap edoP .K odnuf ed rotaf o moc rev a ,etnemacisab ,met ;otnemano -icnuf ed odatse mob me oudorp an sodasu sotnemapiuqe so raxied arap soirssecen somusni ed soxulf so edneerpmoc ,M ,onetunam ed somusni sod airogetac a E .o -udorp ed sossecorp sortuo ed manigiro es euq ,ovitudorp ossecorp olep sodamrofsnart s i a i r e t a m s o m u s n i , z e v a u s r o p , m e d n e er p m o c I ox u l f e d s er o t a f s O . c t e 9 s a l o c -rga solos son soditnoc setneirtun so ,olosbus on ovrac o e oelrtep o ,savuhc sa ,ral -os aigrene a :azerutan alep sodicenrof somusni so medneerpmoc R oxulf ed serotaf sO
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 496

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E .opmet od otnop odad mu a es-erefer ;uolumuca es euq asioc amugla ed edaditnauq amu euqotse mU .soxulf e seuqotse ertne sacitlana sanerefid sa sadicehnoc oS
latnemadnuF oaicnerefiD amU :sodnuF e seuqotsE

.aserpme alep sadizudorp sartuo ed etnerefid otudorp ed edadinu amu lauq an ,adnemocne rop oudorp ed sopit sosrevid so men e ,edlom essen ardauqne es on ,otnatertne ,alocrga oudorp A .acitslibomotua airtsdni an snumoc ,meg -atnom ed sahnil san avresbo es euq o .oxulf ed serotaf sod oamrofsnart an etnem -atpurretnini e auntnoc soivres ratserp so-odnezaf ,ahnil me odnuf ed serotaf so sodot rajnarra levssop euq me sosac son ,ajes uo ;ahnil me arierutafunam oudorp ad o :laicepse osac mu me lanoicnevnoc esilna alep adatoda etnemumoc ad amixorpa es s oatneserper aus a euq artsnomeD .lanoicnevnoc oudorp ad airoet ad a e asorog -ir siam meb etnemlautiecnoc oatneserper aus a ertne anerefid a azitafne rotua O .etnahl -emes azerutan ed omoc oudorp ed serotaf so sodot ratart a es-uossap e odal ed uocif ossucsid ed opit esse omusni omret o uotnevni es odnauq sam ,oudorp ed serot -af sod azerutan a rasilana me mavapucoerp es adnia satsimonoce so oudorp ad airo -et ad otnemivlovnesed od soidrmirp son ,)994 .p ,9691( negeoR-ucsegroeG artsom emrofnoC .odasilana ossecorp od adauqeda oaziretcarac amu mes atief lanoicnev -noc oatneserper a euq amelborp O .sotxet ed sorvil son adidnufid ,lanoicnevnoc oudorp ad airoet ad oatneserper a moc atsartnoc negeoR-ucsegroeG ed esilna A .opmet od onuf os } {F me saditnoc sievirav sa sadot euq es-eton ;senuf sartuo a )oudorp a( etnedneped levirav a anoicaler euq onuf amu ,ajes uo ,lanoicnuf ed emon o ebecer ,ocitmetam ograj on ,euq oaler ed es-atarT
})t(W ,)t(M ,)t(I ,)t(R

:opit etniuges od alumrf amu rop otudorp odad mu ed o -udorp a arap somit siaicrap sossecorp so sodot ed ogoltac mu oudorp ed onuf a ratneserper oterroc o euq artsom negeoR-ucsegroeG ,sotnemugra essen esab moC .odaredisnoc res asicerp euq ,oudorp sodatserp odnuf ed serotaf sod soivres sod laropmet ord -ap mu ,missa ,H .oudorp sairssecen satnemarref sartuo moc ecetnoca omsem o e ;asoico acif ale sortuo me sam ,sotnemom snugla me arres aus asu orienecram mu ,olpmexe rop ,levm mu rizudorp oA .odazilitu etnemasnetni euq me sortuo h sam ,osoico ecenamrep odnuf ed rotaf odanimreted mu euq me sotnemom H .ossecorp od
596 relleuM .C selrahC

;)t(H ,)t(K ,)t(L{

F = )t(Q

5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

mu omoc ecenrof ale euq soivres sod oalumuca alep adairc on aniuqm amu ,)722 .p ,1791( negeoR-ucsegroeG atlasser emrofnoC .erroco on otsi odnuf ed odanim -oned euqotse od osac oN .osu arap euqotse od sadariter s edecxe euq ,amirp-airtam ad edaditnauq amu artne ,ona oN .amirp-airtam ad sacisf sedaditnauq ed atercnoc oida alep erroco ossi ;ona mu ed ognol oa elumuca es euq ,oudorp aus an agerpme aserpme amu euq amirp-airtam ed euqotse o somenigami ,onitsid a odnarobalE

.oeloc amu me soles soa uo ,anapuop ed at -noc amu me serald soa etnahlemes amrof ed sodalumuca res medop on soivreS .)...( odnuf

.soivres ed sodnuf ,somitl setse a uonimoned ,yaS etsitpaB naeJ atarcoisif on odaripsni ,)215 .p ,9691( negeoR-ucseg -roeG euq iof ossecorp on sodasu sotnemapiuqe e saniuqm ed seuqotse sod ovitud -orp ossecorp mu me setnenopmoc e samirp-sairtam ed seuqotse so raicnerefid araP .ovrac od osu o moc ecetnoca euq o omoc amrof amsem ad on sonem olep ,emos -noc a on aniuqm alep soivres sessed oatserp a sodauqeda onetunam ed soxulf odnopus erpmes euq ,otnatertne ,es-evresbO .oudorp ratserp edop ale euq so -ivres sod euqotse mu ,rezid missa rop ,atneserper acirbf amun osu me aniuqm amu ,ropav a aniuqm amu ed ahlanrof ad oatnemila an osu ues ed odnauq odimusnoc etn e ma c i si f o v ra c e d euqo t se mu ot nau qne ,euq e d ot af o , euq ot s e o s serp -xe ad soditnes siod so eugnitsid euq O .etnerefid otium setnenopmoc siod sessed az -erutan a ;oterroc etnematirtse on otsi saM .latipac ed euqotse o asioc acin amu ed setrap omoc latipac atnoc ad setnenopmoc siod so atart satsimonoce sod airoiam A ?euqotse osserpxe ad soditnes siod sesse merefid omoC .ona mu ed ognol oa ot -nemitsevni atnoc ad meti mu seuqotse ed oairav somirefer son odnauq ,sap mu ed sianoican satnoc sa atsiv me odnet ,adnia ,uo ;aserpme amu rop adasu amirp-airt -am amu ed euqotse oa somirefer son odnauq odagerpme od etnerefid etnemlatot sos -ac siod sessen euqotse omret od oditnes o ,otnatertnE .sap od oxif latipac ed euqotse o etse ,soirtenom somret me osserpxE .siainomirtap satnoc ed ametsis ues olep adat -upmoc ,atad adanimreted amu me sap mu ed seurtsnoc e sotnemapiuqe ,saniuqm sad edadilatot ad otiepser a otid res edop omsem o euq e ,euqotse mu aserpme amu ed otnemapiuqe od edadinu amu euq ecehnocer )82-522 .p ,1791( negeoR-ucsegroeG ,otnop etsed odnatarT ?euqotse omoc ,latipac esse raziretcarac ,odnalaf etnemat -irtse ,odilv reS ?acifingis otsi euq o ,sona siod ertne uotnemua sap mu ed oxif latip -ac ed odnuf od euqotse o euq ,olpmexe rop ,somezid odnauq ,oxulf ed serotaf e odnuf ed serotaf ertne amica onitsid a atsiv me odnet ,saM .ratnemele recerap edop ossI .euqotse od setnenopmoc sod sadas ed e sadartne ed soxulf sod sedutingam sad od -nedneped ,seuder rerfos uo ratnemua edop euqotse mu ,opmet od ognol oA .mep -moc o euq sotnemele sod adas ed e adartne ed soxulf rop odaretla euqotse esse
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 696

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. 1 9 9 1 m e , st te s s u h c a s s a M e d n o i t ut it s n I c i h p a r g o na ec O e l o H s d o o W o d r e t n e C y c i l o P e n i r a M o d s a t s i l a t n e i b m a s o a r o t u a o d a r t s e l a p m e e , ) 3 9 9 1 ( w o l o S m e a i p a e s i u q a o s s u c si d A 0 1

ed otiecnoc o euq o ,assimerp atse odnatiecA .sarutuf seareg sa moc edadinamuh ad ocit ossimorpmoc etrof mu ed assimerp ad etrap woloS ,levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed otiecnoc od osicerp a ratnemua arap sorofse razilaer artnoc euq rop racilpxe oA .ovitisop otubirta mu etse euq aredisnoc 01 sam ,agav aus a mbmat omoc oinifed atse euq ecehnocer rotua O .DMMC ad oinifed an aditnoc tse mbmat onujni asse ,edadrev aN .opmet o odot rop avitud -orp edadicapac ad oavreserp a arap onujni amu res eved osserpxe a ,oome ed oat -sefinam uo nagols mu ed mla ogla res euq revit edadilibatnetsus es ... ,)361 .p ,3991( woloS araP .acimnoce esilna ad atsiv ed otnop od edadilibatnetsus ed otiecnoc o odnitucsid mev ,siarutan sosrucer sod ,etnemetnecer siam ,e ocimnoce otnemicserc od ,latipac od airoet seiubirtnoc setnatropmi moc ,lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna ad etneopxe mu ,woloS treboR leboN oimrP o ,0791 ed adacd ad oicni od ritrap A
WOLOS TREBOR ED ED -ADILIBATNETSUS AD ACIRTNCONOCE ETNEMETROF MEGADROBA A .3

.oudorp ed sotsuc ropmoc otne ,otsi moc ,arap ,sedaditnauq euq me e ovitudorp ossecorp odad mu ed map -icitrap euq oudorp ed serotaf so siauq ranimreted ed o res aireved oudorp ed se -nuf ed lepap ocin o ;sosonagne socitlana sotnemanro ,aicntsni amitl me ,os soerp ed oanimreted ad atsilanigram airoet a manroda euq sameroet so ,)542 .p ,1791( negeoR -ucsegroeG araP .oudorp ed senuf ed seamitse sa ,olpmexe rop ,omoc ,sacirp -me seacilpa sad satium oditnes mes anrot rotua essed asorogir e atelpmoc siam meg -adroba ad ooda a ,edadrev aN .negeoR-ucsegroeG ed lanoicnuf a moc erroco on euq o ,ovitudorp ossecorp o erbos seisoporp ed eirs amu ravired arap ocitmetam oluclc od osu o metimrep siop ,setneinevnoc ,otnatertne ,os searobale sauS .ovitud -orp ossecorp od siaicnesse sotcepsa ,siop ,ednocse lanoicnevnoc oudorp ad airoet A .edadilibatnetsus ad ,etnaida ,ossucsid a arap seacilpmi setnat -ropmi met odnuf e euqotse ertne onitsid assE .avissecer esaf a etnarud odaidrepsed ovitudorp laicnetop od etrap a ,otnemom eleuqan etnetsixe avitudorp edadicapac o -ida me ,rasu levssop on ,al-dneta arap etneicifus rof on avitudorp edadicapac a e eceuqa es adnamed a etniuges odorep on es ;sodazilitu on soivres so osu orutuf arap radraug arap d oN .sodaidrepsed os ,ossecer me aimonoce amu ed oxif latipac od etrap moc erroco omoc ,uo sodasu os sele uo :soivres sesse arap savitanretla saud h s ,odorep odad mu me ,E .sotudorp me somusni ed oamrofsnart ed ossecorp oa soivres sievnopsid anrot soivres ed odnuf odad mu ed aicntsixe a ,ossid mlA
796 relleuM .C selrahC

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-rap roiam e azerutan ad oiubirtnoc sonem moc omoc sonamuh sotafetra ed oalum -uca ad acuop e azerutan ad oiubirtnoc adavele moc otnat oditbo res edop ratse-meb ed levn omsem mu ,oipcnirp me ,woloS araP .onamuh orofse od setnatluser so e azer -utan ad sodnuiro so :ratse-meb ed setnanimreted ed sairogetac saud sasse ertne oiut -itsbus revah levssop euq ed otaf o mbmat atsiv me ret euq somet ,otsi odnatiecA .edadisohnegne asson a e orofse osson o moc somalumuca euq sotafetra solep omoc azerutan ad odatse olep otnat sodatefa os laicos ratse-meb ed sievn so euq oivb .alumuca es euq otnemicehn -oc od ritrap a odareg ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed o raredisnoc mbmat someveD .sa -imonoce sasson me somalumuca euq seacifide sa e saniuqm sa :siatneibma sosrucer ed oiubirtnoc a moc somurtsnoc euq oliuqa mbmat sam ;racif etse omoc e aroga etsixe euq larutan etneibma oiem ed opit o e ;orutuf o arap somaxied euq so e som -asu euq siarutan sosrucer so sanepa raredisnoc someved on oirtser asse somrailava oa euq ,otnatertne ,azitafnE .sosson soa siaugi sonem olep ratse-meb ed sievn riurf -usu ed sarutuf seareg sad edadilibissop a somrazilibaivni on arap somizudorp euq siatneibma sotcapmi so somrignirtser ed edadissecen a ,otnatertne ,ecehnocer rotua O .ogav recenamrep asicerp levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed otiecnoc o ,sotnemele sesse ,osicerp ed ominm mu moc ,rapicetna levssop on omoC .osnetxe otium laropmet etnoziroh mu ed ognol oa sadairc ores euq saciglon -cet sepo sad otiepser a aruges sonem uo siam aidi amu ret euq someret ,ossid mlA .)olucs mu a iuqad ,somagid( opmet otium a iuqad oriv euq saleuqa omsem ,sarutuf s e a r e g s a d r a t s e - m e b e d s i e v n er b o s o g l a r e z i d e s a r a p s i a t n e m a d n u f s o t n e m -ele saicnreferp e sotsog so osicerp amugla moc somrecehnoc oirssecen aires levt -netsus otnemivlovnesed ed otiecnoc oa osicerp roiam rad arap euq atnemugra woloS .sarutuf seareg sad otnemicerbopme od atsuc odiugesnoc ajes on adiv ed ordap lauta osson o euq arap otnemadnam mu omoc odaracne res ,siop ,eved levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed O .ejoh sosson soa siaugi sonem olep ratse-meb ed sievn meret ed edadilibissop a sarutuf seareg s ragel ed a amrof a rtuo e d a da uti e cno c e d a di lib atn et su s o dn a si v so meu ta eu q so m s e m s n e d r ig -ixe somedop euq o ,otnatrop ,omixm oN .acitrp an al-tnemelpmi arap rauta a airag -irbosed son aicngixe lat me adatnessa edadilibatnetsus ed oautiecnoc amu ,levssop on euq o rezaf a odagirbo etnemlarom res edop mugnin omoc ,e ;levssop on ,etnemaivbo ,otsI .sodassapetna sosson sod somebecer euq oa laugi etnemataxe odnum mu ,adacotni azerutan amu setnednecsed sosson soa ragel ,olpmexe rop ,omoc lev -ssopmi o rezaf a eugirbo son zevlat levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed asicerp siam o -autiecnoc amu euq atnemugrA .etnatsid siam orutuf mu me oriv euq so mbmat sam ,soterid siam so sanepa on setnednecsed sosson so erbos sosotnemirted sotiefe mahn -et euq sea ,etneserp on ,ratucexe rative rezaf radnam son eved edadilibatnetsus
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 896

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.edadilibatnetsus ad socimnoce sotisiuqer sod onrotne on etnecer siam etabed on aicntropmi marimussa ocinct ossergorp o e edadilibatutitsbus a ,somerev omoC
-sap oa etnahlemes rof orutuf o es" euq metnarag ocinct ossergorp o e edadilibatutitsbus A .efortstac amu on e ,otneve mu sanepa res otsi ,larutan osrucer mu ed otsuaxe a revuoh laidnum aimonoce ad alacse ad oailpma auntnoc amu ed ognol oa es ,saic -ntsnucric sasseN .oapucoerp arap ozar h on ,siarutan sosrucer ed oiutitsbus ad uo/e anapuop ad rodatilicaf ocinct ossergorp o riv ,ocimnoce otnemicserc o moc ,euq somratiderca es e ,latipac ,laicepse amrof ed ,e ohlabart oudorp ed serotaf sol -ep siatneibma sosrucer ,socimnoce sossecorp son ,riutitsbus licf etnemavitaler euq somritimda es ,otne ,ele odnugeS .oatnemugra aus ed sotnemele so uoeniled rotua o noitaicossA cimonocE naciremA ad ossergnoc oa 3791 ed angam alua aus aN .laidnum aimonoce ad otnemicserc ed oenropmetnoc ordap od edadilibatnetsus a erbos ad -ivd me otne ,satsimonoce a uossap rotua o sona 03 ed siam h euq megasnem ad ad -azilauta e adarobale siam osrev amu )3991 ;1991( woloS ed osiv asse ,edadrev aN

.)11-01 .p ,4791 ,woloS( .otudorp ed edadinu rop siarut -an sosrucer ed sotnemireuqer son seuder sievredisnoc revah adnia opmet otium rop ,odas

.setsed oauta ed laicnetop o mezimixam euq sacitl -op e saigtartse metoda es euq latnemadnuf e ,edadilibatnetsus ad socisb sotnemele ,missa ,os ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed o e edadilibatutitsbus A .ocigloncet otnem -ivlovnesed o moc merba es euq sedadilibissop sa atnoc me somahnet euq ,otsid mla ,etsisni rotua O .levssopmi res ed axied , woloS ed oautiecnoc an levtnetsus ot -nemivlovnesed od otnemignita o ,opit etsed sedadilibatutitsbus salpma odnitsixE .o -udorp an azerutan ad otubirta mu iutitsbus odurtsnoc oudorp ed rotaf mu odnauq ,oudorp ad otibm on e ;osseca mt eled euq soa oafsitas esuac euq odurtsnoc etneibma mu e anitsrp megasiap amu ertne ,olpmexe rop ,omusnoc od otibm on rad es edop edadilibatutitsbus assE .levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed o es ranimreted som -assop euq arap ocisb otubirta mu edadilibatutitsbus a ,otnatrop ,woloS ed osiv aN .ouder lat mesnepmoc euq sedaditnauq me sonamuh edadisohnegne ad e orofse od soturf ragul ues on odigrus ret medop siop ,odnizuder es ratse laicos ratse-meb ed levn o euq acifingis on otsi ,azerutan ad sotubirta e sosrucer ed ladebac od ouder amu revuoh opmet od ognol oa es ,missA .sonamuh sotafetra ed oapicit
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. o t n e m a s n e p e d s e t n e ci l p si d s o t i b h e d u o n i m o n e d n o s n i b o R n a o J e u q o d o l p m e x e m e i u t i t s n o c e s m b m a t l a tip ac e d sa iro g et ac s e tne re fi d s as se d uo zi ra lupop es eu q o tn e m at ar t o euq so m ec e hno ce R 11

.etnemetnecer laicepse oneta odibecer met etnenopmoc etsE .oaticapac me ,otnemaniert me ,oacude me etsevni edadeicos a onamuh latipac ues o ratnemua araP .otnemom odad mu me edadeicos ad ohlabart ed arof ad rizudorp arap sedadilibah sa e oaticapac a evlovne euq ,)hK( onamuh latipac O .otnemicserc ed socisslcoen soledom solep ,olpmexe rop ,adazitafne airogetac ad es-atarT .ocimnoce ametsis olep odalumuca e odareg ocisf latipac o .otnemom odnanimreted mu me epsid edadeicos amu euq aruturtse-arfni ed ,se -urtsnoc ed ,saniuqm ed euqotse o odnedneerpmoc ,)pK( odizudorp latipac O :omoc 11,latipac ed sairogetac setnerefid a saicnrefer odnigrus marof ,etnemetneceR .acimnoce esilna alep adagerpme etnemumoc a euq latipac ed etnegnarba siam oinifed amu reuqer levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed ed oautiecnoc asse ,azerutan ad sotnemele euqatsed memussa ravresnoc eved es euq o ertned ,omoC .latipac od oavresnoc ad o -nujni a setnednecsed sosson soa acilpa es mbmat E .ejoh somurfusu euq ratse-meb ed levn omsem o ,sonem olep ,rareg arap latipac esse rasu ed seidnoc oret setned -necsed sosson ,etneserp on etnetsixe o euq ronem ajes on euq latipac ed euqotse mu sarutuf seareg sa arap raxied oareg lauta a es ;latnemadnuf lepap mu met aicngixe assE .oavresnoc aus ad aicngixe a adicedebo ,osnapxe me latipac ed euqotse mu ed ritrap a odareg res edop euq adner/otudorp ed omixm oxulf o edneerpmoc levtnet -sus otnemivlovnesed o ,acimnoce esilna ad atsiv ed otnop od ,)3991( woloS araP .cte aruturtse-arfni ,seurtsnoc ,saniuqm odizudorp latipac rop siatneibma sosrucer ,odom ossorg larutan latipac ed oanimoned a odnebecer uobaca euq oliuqad oiutitsbus a odnevlovne sam ,sagolna searedis -noc a zudnoc edadilibatnetsus ad acreca woloS ed megadroba A .latipac olep ohlabart od oiutitsbus a revah ,meb manoicnuf sodacrem es ,ecetnoca otsi odnauQ .ohl -abart oudorp ed rotaf od ovitaler otnemiceracne mu h euq me odacrem ed saimon -oce me latipac olep arbo-ed-om ad oiutitsbus ad ,olpmexe rop ,matart satsimonoce so otium H .adicehnoc ahlev asson oudorp ed serotaf ertne edadilibatutitsbus A
latipaC ed sairogetaC setnerefiD sa e edadilibatnetsuS A
LEVTNETSUS OT -NEMIVLOVNESED O E LARUTAN LATIPAC O ,ODIZUDORP LATIPAC O .4
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 007

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.)30 02( truocr a H e n e h o C rev , ais rv o rtno c a d e t n e c e r o a i l a v a a m u a r a P . o d i z u d o r p l at i p a c o , p K a t a s o i r t e n o m s o m r e t m e r a t n es e r pe r e s e d e d a d - i l a v a d o t i e p s e r a s a c i r e t s a v r e s e r h a d i v l o s e r e t n e m a r i e t n i o n e j o h t a 0 6 s o n a s o d s e g di r b m a C s a u d s a d a i s r v o r t n o c a a l e v e r o m o C . e t r o f e t n e m a m e r t x e e s e t pi h a m u a t s e e u q , o t n a t e r t n e , a d i v d at s e r o N 2 1

-adnuf siarutan sosrucer ariter lauq od ,etneibma oiem on odiresni ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf o azilacof lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna ad etnematerid adavir -ed etnairav aus an omsem etneibma oiem od aimonoce a ,edadissecen rop ,euq ,mr -op ,somebaS .arroco woloS ed oautiecnoc an levtnetsus otnatrop odaunitnoc otnemicserc mu euq arap adauqeda axat amu a elumuca es odizudorp latipac o euq atsab euq rartsom a mednet sele e ;pK = K ,soledom sesse araP .odizudorp latipac od oalumuca a ,ocinct ossergorp o e ohlabart ed arof ad osnapxe a moc etnematnuj , elav euq o ,setse arap ,euq alever otnemicserc ed socisslcoen soledom sod emaxe mU .K ed setnenopmoc 21 so sodot soirtenom somret me rarusnem ed sievtieca samrof metsixe euq ed esetpih a somezaf ,ratnemugra arap sanepa ;oagerga e oarusnem ed seacilpmoc sad som -iguf euges es euq ossucsid aN .seroiam meb os soirtenom somret me oarusnem ed sedadlucifid sa ,sairogetac siamed sa araP .latipac ed airogetac assed edutingam a soirtenom somret me ratupmoc es ed edadilicaf avitaler an tse otsi arap sezar sad amU .odizudorp latipac o ,pK etnemavisulcxe esauq avazilacof acimnoce esilna a etnemetnecer ta ,ovitiutni olepa otrec ahnet latipac od oautiecnoc asse arobmE

sK + hK + nK + pK = K
:somaret ,sairtenom sedadinu me sairogetac sassed edadilibarusnem a odnopuS .latipac ed sairogetac sa sadot ed odagerga o edneerpmoc K .larutan latipac o ,nK san -epa on e ,aimonoce ad ,K ,latot latipac ed euqotse o edadilibatnetsus ajah euq arap ravresnoc reuq es euq o ,serodiuges sues e rotua etse araP .hK ,onamuh latipac o e ,pK ,odizudorp latipac o etnemadaton ,latipac ed samrof sartuo rop odutitsbus res edop nK ,larutan latipac o ,ednapxe es aimonoce a euq adidem , oloS arap ,euq somiV w
,

.otnemom omsem essen ).cte siarutan sametsis ed oareneger ed edadicapac a ,sametsissoce ed sacitsretcarac sa ,sacitmilc seidnoc sa( etneibma oiem on setnetsixe socisfoib sodatse so omoc ,otnemom odad mu me osseca mt es siauq soa siarutan sosrucer sortuo ed e socit -grene sosrucer ed seuqotse so otnat iulcnI .adadiucsed etnatsab amrof ed odatart odnes mev ,somerev omoc ,euq e oxelpmoc meti mu )nK( larutan latipac O .aimonoce amu ed otnemivlovnesed on lartnec lepap mu met lanoicutit -sni esab assed aiccife a euq es-ecehnoceR .opmet od otnemom odad mu me edad -eicos ad lanoicutitsni aruturtse a ,aicnsse me ,iulcni euq ,)sK( laicos latipac O

107

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.)3 .pa c ,0991( re n r u T e ecr ae P rev , ac is - s l c o e n l a t n e i b m a ai m o n o c e a d o d i t n e s o n a d a s e i v n e a r o b m e , a h n i l a m s e m a s s e n o a t n e m u g r a a m u a r a P 3 1

.acisslcoen latneibma aimonoce ad a :lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna ad etnem -aterid uoname euq etneibma oiem od aimonoce ad etnerroc an recelaverp a ednet os -iv assE .ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed revuoh es licf siam ranrot es oiutitsbus a E .oiutitsbus ad edadissecen a odnazilanis ,meb ranoicnuf masicerp sodacrem so arroco otsi euq araP .nK ed ragul o odnamot pK moc rerroco a raunitnoc redop otnem -icserc o ,edadeicos ad nK ed euqotse o etnemavitacifingis azuder ocimnoce otnemic -serc o euq omsem ,missA .odizudorp latipac olep nK ed oiutitsbus a rerroco ,sorac siam es-odnanroT .ratnemua soivres sues ed ovitaler oerp o ,acimnoce osnapxe ed ossecorp od ognol oa ossacse ranrot es larutan latipac o es ,missA .ortuo oa mu riut -itsbus ,edadilicaf moc ,medop nK e pK euq aredisnoc euqrop etnemacisab ,adatim -ili esauq amrof ed recserc omoc met K ,)arfS( acarf edadilibatnetsus ad osiv a araP

})t /nK ( ;)t /pK ({ F = )t /K ( F = otudorp od otnemicserC

,ajes uO 31.latipac ed sopit sesse sobma reuqer levtnetsus otnemiv -lovnesed o ahnapmoca euq otnemicserc o euq acisb aidi A .nK ,larutan latipac od a e ;pK ,odizudorp latipac od a :etneibma oiem od aimonoce a arap setnaveler etnem -aterid siam latipac ed sairogetac sa sanepa somazilacof ,ossucsid a racifilpmis araP .latipac ed sopit setnerefid ertne edadilibatutitsbus ed uarg o erbos sesetpih saus moc etnematsuj rev a met siod so ertne anerefid A .)rofS( etrof edadilibatnetsus ed o e )arfS( acarf edadilibatnetsus ed otiecnoc o :saicngrevid siat martsuli sotiecnoc sioD .levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed o arap larutan latipac od avitefe aicntropmi egnat euq on saicngrevid matneserpa acimnoce esilna ad omar essed setnerefid snegadroba ,edadrev aN .otnop otrec ta otsi atieca etneibma oiem od aim -onoce A .levtnetsus ajes otnemivlovnesed o euq ridepmi edop larutan latipac od od -auqedani osu mu euq metsisnI .oavresnoc lat ed ,laicurc amrof ed ,edneped sarutuf seareg sad ratse-meb ed seidnoc sad oavreserp a euq odnamrifa mv satsigoloce so opmet otium H .ligrf ,samrof satium ed ,e otinif etse siop ,larutan latipac od oavresnoc ed uarg mugla evlovne edadilibatnetsus a ,ocimnoce atsiv ed otnop oD
edadilibatnetsuS oaleR me omsimisseP e omsimitO ,edadilibatutitsbuS

otnemicserc od siatneibma sotiefe so raredisnoc a sodarof os E .larutan latipac olep sodicenrof soivres e sosrucer so rarongi ,siop ,med -op on soledom sues ;socimnoce sossecorp sod sotiejer atisoped lauq on e ,siatnem
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O
.

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a ,otnemitsevni atnoc an ,etnemadarapes edem sianoican satnoc ed ametsis o ,etnem -etnahlemeS .)sianif soirusu rop sodiriuqda on adnia sam ,sodizudorp latipac ed uo omusnoc ed sneb e soiridemretni sotudorp ,samirp-sairtam( saserpme sad som san sairodacrem ed soirtnevni sod seuqotse sod etnatnom od o e ;aimonoce ad se -urtsnoc ,sotnemapiuqe ,saniuqm sad edadilatot ad o :atnitsid etnemlaicnesse azerut -an ed sotnemele ed sotnujnoc siod edneerpmoc euqotse esse sam ;euqotse mu omoc odatart opmet od otnemom odad mu me aimonoce amu ed latipac o ,lainomirtap ed -adilibatnoc zaf sianoican satnoc ed ametsis o euq me sesap son ,sodagerga somret mE .oarusnem aus a ,acitrp an ,erroco omoc somraredisnoc es levsiv anrot es otsI .atnitsid amrof ed sodatart res maireved euq sotnemele edneerpmoc ale ,emrofinu airogetac omoc odatart etnemlausu ajes pK arobmE .ocimnoce ametsis olep odalumuca e odizudorp latipac o ,pK moc somaemoC .edadilibatnetsus ad ossucsid a arap esab a somailpma ,otsi od -nezaF ,nK e pK ed azerutan a rohlem somracificepse es ,otnatertne ,adum oautis A .sogav euq siam sotnemugra etabed oa rezart osiv adac mednefed euq soa licfid ,siop ,aciF .nK airogetac a moc odnerroco omsem o ,etnahlemes azerutan ed adaredisnoc ,is me ,pK airogetac a sam ,ovitudorp ossecorp od otibm on nK e pK sairogetac sa ertne edadilibatutitsbus ronem uo roiam ed esetpih an tse edadilibatnet -sus ed sepecnoc saud san anerefid a ,somiv omoC .etnahlemes retrac ed sotnemele ed otnujnoc mu edneerpmoc )larutan latipac ,odizudorp latipac( adaredisnoc latip -ac ed airogetac adac sesiv saud sa araP .latipac ed oalumuca a ocimnoce otnem -icserc od oomorp an lartnec otnemele ed sadicrotsid e sadacifilpmis sepecnoc me matnessa es sotnemugra sesse ,laicepse amrof eD .lautiecnoc esab adils me sodaiopa sotnemugra ed euq od f ed sesod sadavele ed siam melav es etnemlausu otiepser esse a setabed sO .atlos etnatsab amrof ed ol-zaf a mednet artuo ad melav es euq so omoc amu mednefed euq so otnat euq alever ,otnatertne ,aenropmetnoc aimonoce ad ed -adilibatnetsus a erbos etabed on sesiv saud sassed zaf es euq ogerpme od emaxe mU .acigloce aimonoce ad snegadroba san recelaverp a ednet rofS ad osiv A .recserc ed rassec redop aimonoce ad otudorp o ,ossacse etnemamertxe ranrot es nK es e ;larutan latipac od oavresnoc a ,missa ,rereuqer aimonoce ad laer otudorp od auntnoc osnapxe amU .latipac ed sairogetac sa sabma ed siam sairssecen ores aimonoce an odareg ajes laer otudorp ed lanoicida etnatnom mu euq arap ,sale ertne edadiratnemelpmoc laicnatsbus revuoh eS .latipac ed sairogetac saud sasse ertne edadiratnemelpmoc ed oaler odnecelaverp airabaca euqrop airecetnoca ossI .odaz -ilibaivni res redop ele larutan latipac ed roiam zev adac avitaler zessacse ed odahnap -moca rof otnemicserc o es euq aredisnoc sam ,etsixe atse ,otnop otrec ta ,euq atiecA .nK e pK ertne edadilibatutitsbus a adatimil aredisnoc siop ,levtnetsus otnemivlov -nesed oa oaler me atsimito sonem meb )rofS( etrof edadilibatnetsus ad osiv a J
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.oud -orp a arap ,adanroj artuo me ,sievnopsid siam oratse on sodamrofsnart sotnemele so ,aniuqm odnuf ed etnenopmoc o moc erroco euq od oirrtnoc oa ,otsi roP .set -nenopmoc e siairetam sessed acesnrtni azerutan ad oamrofsnart amu ,siop ,h o -udorp ad oazilaer ad ognol oA .soudser mepmoc ,etrap me ,e sotudorp soa ,etrap me ,maroprocni es ,sovitudorp sossecorp sortuo ed uo seuqotse ed uo ,manigiro es euq ,sotnemele sues opmet od ognol oa saniuqm salep sodamrofsnart os euq setnenop -moc e samirp-sairtam sad a latipac ed oinmirtap od airogetac artuo a J .oudorp an soivres revorp a ratlov ,adanroj artuo amu me ,e uortne omoc ovitudorp ossec -orp o axied etnenopmoc etse oudorp a adanimret ed sioped ,adauqeda onetunam odnevaH .otudorp oa etnemacisif aroprocni es on ,otsi rezaf oa sam ;otudorp me set -nenopmoc ed oamrofsnart an soivres atserp aniuqm a ,etseN .ocifcepse oudorp ossecorp mu me adasu aniuqm amu ,somagid oxif latipac ed odnuf od setnenopmoc sod mu somahnopus :sairogetac saud sasse ertne latnemadnuf anerefid amu etsixE .sodidnev on sotudorp me sodamrofsnart j uo otnemassecorp me siairetam ed seuqotse so etnem -laicnesse iutitsnoc sianif soirusu rop sodiriuqda on adnia sam ,sodizudorp latipac ed sneb uo omusnoc ed sneb sod ,soiridemretni sotudorp sod ,samirp-sairtam sad o aimonoce ad latipac ed oinmirtap o epmoc euq otnujnoc ortuo o J .oudorp me ,setnenopmoc ed ,siairetam ed ,aigrene ed soxulf ed oamrofsnart an mauta ,)o -apse omoc arret anaidracir arret ad e ohlabart ed arof ad soivres so( sodnuf sortuo ed so moc etnematnuj ,euq soivres recenrof ossecorp on zaf odnuf esse euq o ;o -udorp ed ossecorp on oamrofsnart ed setnega sod mu .aimonoce ad latipac ed odnuf o iutitsnoc ,oanimoned aus an ,uO .aimonoce ad oxif latipac ovitudorp et -nega o iutitsnoc ,aimonoce ad latipac ed oinmirtap o mepmoc euq .cte seurtsnoc sad ,otnemapiuqe od ,saniuqm sad otnujnoc o ,rotua essed opecnoc an esab moC .adaobse amica ,ovitudorp ossecorp od negeoR-ucseg -roeG e esilna ad sotnemele me esab moc otief otsi E .aimonoce amu ed latipac o medneerpmoc euq sotnemele ed sotnujnoc siod sod etnerefid etnemlaicnesse azerutan a racatsed erpmuc euq O .iuqa odazitafne otnop o etse on sam ,nK ,larutan latipac o arongi lanoicnevnoc sianoican satnoc ed ametsis O .osac odnuges on pK ed o -alumuca alep ednopser euq oturb otnemitsevni o ,I e ,osac oriemirp on ,pK ,aimon -oce ad odizudorp latipac ed oinmirtap o mepmoC .etnahlemes azerutan ed messof es omoc sodamos e soirtenom somret me sosserpxe odnes mebaca sele arobme ,etnem -adarapes sodartsiger os sotnujnoc siod sesse ,sosac so sobma mE .erroco elen euq seuqotse ed oairav a e ,odorep odad mu a etnerefer oxif latipac ed aturb oamrof
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O 407

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-ner on socitgrene sosrucer riutitsbus ed edadilibissop a h euq ,mbmat ,oralc maraxieD .oelrtep oa osseca osson o otium me marailpma ocinct ossergorp o e odacrem ed sianis so euq malever ,otne edsed ,sotneve so saM .laidnum aimonoce ad osnapxe ad oatimil etnenimi ed lanis mu oelrtep od sesirc san essiv meuq evuoh e ,sodatnoc said sues moc mairatse oelrtep od seuqotse so ,oartxe asnetni ed ozar me ,euq aicerap 0791 ed adacd aN .siessf sievtsubmoc ed so ,laicepse amrof ed ,e siarenim sosrucer ed soirtnevni so meulcni es somitl setse ertneD .mezudorper es on siop ,osu o moc zuder es edadilibinopsid ajuc seleuqa ,sievv -oner on siarutan sosrucer sod o E .mavoner es e ,sodasu e sodartxe res medop ,odauqeda ojenam moc ,euq siarutan sosrucer sievvoner etnemlanoicidnoc siarutan sosrucer sod o :sopurg siod me airogetac atsed sotnemele so ragergnoc mamutsoc satsimonoce sO .enK ,azerutan an soditnoc somusni ed euqotse O .airog -etac amitl atse moc somaemoC .enK ,azerutan an soditnoc somusni ed seuqotse ed a e ,azerutan ad snK soivres ed sodnuf ed raicnegilgen a mednet satsimonoce so euq sam ,etnatropmi otium airogetac a edneerpmoc mbmat etsE .nK ,larutan latipac od aigrene e airtam ed euqotse ed a e ,ovitudorp ossecorp on etnega ed onuf a ertne anerefid assed emaxe o laicepse esseretni emussa ,otnatertne ,atsiv ed otnop osson oD .epK e spK etne edadiratnemelpmoc amugla etsixe ,sarvalap sartuo mE .olucev od lairetam aruturtse ad etnemadarapes oirusu ues oa ecenrof levmotua mu euq soivres so sodizudorp res medop omoc ran -igami licfid .mamrofsnart sa euq setnega sod soivres ed soxulf so moc etnematnuj ,aigrene e airtam reuqer oudorp a euqrop otsI .adatimili on sam ,etsixe ale otnop otrec mu tA .ronem res a ,oipcnirp me ,ednet epK ed seuqotse so e ,ovitudorp ossec -orp od apicitrap euq ,spK ,latipac ed odnuf od soivres so ertne edadilibatutitsbus a ,otnatertnE .epK ed oisopmoc an oacifidom rerroco a adnet ,siairetam somusni ed sovitaler soerp son sanadum ed odatluser omoc ,euq moc zaf evisulcni otsI .oudorp an ortuo oa mu riutitsbus ,otnop otrec ta sonem olep ,medop mbmat euq , ovitud -orp ossecorp od sodnuiro setnenopmoc e siairetam e ,azerutan ad somusni ,olpmexe rop setnerefid setnenopmoc mt epK ed seuqotse so ,etnemetnahlemeS .)anaidracir arret ad o uo ohlabart ed arof ad o( sodnuf sortuo ed soivres solep odutitsbus res uo riutitsbus ,otnop otrec ta sonem olep ,medop spK odnuf od soivres so euq someb -aS .saud sa ertne uo ,amu adac ed roiretni on sotnemele ed edadilibatutitsbus a etner -efid res edop euq latipac ed euqotse od sairogetac saud sassed seacilpmi sad amU .sianif soirusu soa sadicenrof on adnia sairodacrem ed e ,setnenopmoc e saep ,siairetam ed seuqotse so ,epK e ;soivres ed sodnuf sod alecrap a ,spK :setrap saud me ,pK ,latipac o ropmoced ,missa ,somedoP
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.ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf o arap siaicnesse soivres manigiro sale ;snK latipac ed odnuf od sotnemele os senuf sasse ,negeoR-ucsegroeG rop ad -iregus aigolopit an ;sievutitsbusni e siaicnesse senuf ,missa ,ahnepmesed azerutan A .otsi otief ahnet acimnoce esilna a ,etnemetnecer ta ,arobme ocimnoce am -etsis od otnemanoicnuf od esilna ad soditimo res meved siarutan sosrucer sesse euq riulcnoc etimrep son on azerutan ad satiutarg savidd ed amrof an ,aid spa aid ,ss is rop odniulf mv soivres sesse euq ed otaf O .sosoilav etnematinifni ,missa ,e siev -utitsbusni os sotium ;siatnemadnuf sam ,sotiutarg soivres oS .anamuh a evisulcni ,a div airprp a ta omoc , arutluci rga a ,olpmexe rop ,omoc aimono ce ad ser -otes sotrec ed oudorp a s on ,levivni ranrot edop azerutan alep sodatserp siatnem -adnuf soivres ed oxelpmoc essed ohnepmesed od otnemitemorpmoc o euq oralc tsE .oazilivic aus ed sesab sariedadrev sa uoriter edadinamuh a lauq ad acitneg acetoilbib asnemi amu ed onetunam a e ,ram od sotnemila ed osivorp a ,sarfas ed oazinilop a ,solos ed oamrof a ,latserolf edadivita e arutlucirga siaicnesse setneirtun ed megalcicer a ,soudser ed oalimissa a ,)soilcimod so e airtsdni a ,arutlucirga a arap ecod aug ed osivorp a arap e setnehcne ed elortnoc o arap latnemadnuf( ociglord -ih olcic od oarepo a ,adiv sadauqeda sacitmilc seidnoc ,arefsomta ad asosag edadilauq ad onetunam a macatsed es siauq so ertned ,soivres ed levsnepsidni etnematulosba otnuj -noc mu edadinamuh mecenrof sametsissoce ,)01 .p ,9891( hcilrhE atlasser emrofnoC .labolg ametsissoce od ocimnidom -ret oirbliuqe od egnol edadilibatse lauta an arutpur ajah on euq oirssecen ,lat araP .sodicerefo res a raunitnoc medop sele ,sadairporpa seidnoc me ,E .soivres sessed edneped edadinamuh a adot ,aimonoce a euq siam ,edadrev aN .siaicnesse soivres aimonoce ecenrof mbmat azerutan a ,odizudorp latipac ed odnuf o moc erroco omoC .larutan latipac od ,snK ,soivres ed sodnuf ed airogetac A .sairogetac saud sa ertne edadiratnemelpmoc ed sealer h mbmat sam ,ocinct ossergorp olep adatilicaf ,zev artuo ,euq edadilibatutitsbus etsixE .ovitudorp ossecorp od somusni omoc sodasu siarutan sosrucer so azerutan ad riartxe arap oirs -secen etse e ;pK rizudorp arap oirssecen enK :sairogetac saud satse ertne ralucric oaler amu h ,edadrev aN .latipac ed sneb rizudorp arap siarutan sosrucer atissecen ocimnoce ametsis o euq atsiv me es-ret osicerp ,otnatertnE .laicnatsbus recerap edop atse atsiv ariemirp ,odizudorp latipac o ,pK rop enK ed edadilibatutitsbus otnauQ .sievvoner rop sievvoner on siarutan sosrucer ed ,otnop otrec ta sonem olep ,oiutitsbus ed edadilibissop a magen soc -uop ejoH .sievvoner sosrucer ed ritrap a aigrene ed onetbo ed samrof rop sievvo
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mu rop odareg otcapmi o ;aniuqm a riurtsnocer levssop etnemlareg ,ecetnoca otsi odnauQ .olpmexe rop ,aniuqm amu odizudorp latipac ed odnuf od etnenopmoc mu ed odauqedani osu ed sosac me recetnoca a ednet euq oa oaler me anerefid emrone amu iuqa h E .atlov ed sedadilibissop mes ,artuo a oirbliuqe od egnol edadil -ibatse ed oautis amu ed sacitmuart snegassap es-maravresbo uecetnoca otsi euq me siaudividni sametsissoce sod sotium me ;snK ed setnenopmoc ed soivres ed oareg ed edadicapac ad sievsreverri sarutpur sievssop ed solpmexe snugla sanepa os setsE .sadacd samixrp san adivlovnesed res assop euq acinct amuhnen rop sievsrever os on socixt socimuq e siatem rop soirut -se sod e sogal sod odol od ,saenrretbus saug sad ,solos ed oacixotni a ,afutse otiefe od sesag ed etnecserc olumca o ,statibah ed oiurtsed a ,seicpse ed adrep a ,)3991( ,seryA atlasser emrofnoC .levsreverri res edop ale ,arutpur lat odnerroco ,ajes uO .ad -igirroc res ed levssopmi arutpur racovorp edop aciprtna edadivita ed adalortnocsed osnapxe amu ,snK ed setnenopmoc sotium ed osac oN .atlov revah on edop ,sad -acidni amica sa omoc sarutpur mererroco es euq ,snK ,larutan latipac od soivres ed odnuf o e ,spK ,odizudorp latipac od soivres ed odnuf o ertne anerefid artuo amU .afutse otiefe olep sodasuac labolg amilc od sanadum sa erbos adivloser on adnia aisrvortnoc ad oralc etnemetnadnuba acif omoc setimil sesse erbos sievmsifosni e sotercnoc sehlated recenrof iof etnecnivnoc amrof ed zef on adnia aicnic a euq o saM .sefortstac ranigiro e sametsissoce razilibatsesed medop ,sodidecxe es ,euq oareneg -er ed edadicapac asse arap setimil h euq ,aivadot ,amrofni son aicnic A .ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf od setnatluser omoc siarutan otnat ,sotcapmi ed ecaf me oareneger ed edadicapac ed aicniliser ed sodatod os azerutan ad soivres ed od -nuf od setnenopmoc sod sotium euq agen es oN .adidore etnemaires res a ahnev ale euq rative arap ,soivres ratserp ed edadicapac aus ad onetunam ed atissecen mb -mat snK ,odnuf ed rotaf reuqlauq omoc ,euq somebaS .azerutan ad soivres ed odnuf od setnenopmoc sod soirv ed oarepo a ebos azetrecni emrone h adnia ,edadrev aN .seled sotium arap sievsualp socigloncet sotutitsbus metsixe on ,otsid mlA .sodatserp sele rop soivres so arap arbmos-soerp rinifed men e setnenopmoc sesse a serolav ,etnetsisnoc amrof ed ,riubirta levssop odnes mev on ,mecrofse es satsimon -oce so euq siam rop e ,sodacrem ed oinmod od arof tse setnenopmoc sessed airoiam a , omsem otsi rop ,)3991( seryA atlasser omoc ,uo amrof amsem aD .snK ed setnen -opmoc sod avisserpxe etrap a edadeirporp ed sotierid riubirta omoc ed setsegus adnia uonigiro socimnoce satsiledom ed litrf oanigami a men ,edadrev an onod met on etnemlareg larutan latipac ed odnuf o ,odizudorp latipac o moc ecetnoca euq od etnem -etnerefiD .egnol otium iav on aigolana asse ,otnatertne ;spK ,odizudorp latipac ed odnuf o e ,snK ,larutan latipac ed odnuf o ertne anahlemes amugla etsixe euq es-etoN
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.ac iss lco en es il n a a d n o s n i b o R n a o J e d a c it r c a d , o t n e m a s n e p e d s o d a di u c s e d s o t i b h e d o l p m e x e o r t u o m u i u q a s o m e T 4 1

-adnuforpa latneibma esetpih a E .edadilibisrever ed odatod ,etnemlaicepse ,e levtse etnemacisab euq sam ,odiderga etnemetrof es radomocni edop euq etneibma oiem mu ;ovissap ,ortuen etneibma oiem mu ed a ,eunt latneibma esetpih a :siatneibma sesetpih setniuges sad amu matoda satse euq alever etneibma oiem od aimonoce ad otnemasnep ed setnerroc siapicnirp sad emaxe mU .osiv atse a esab ed evres euq latne -ibma esetpih alep ,etnemacisab ,acilpxe es ossi e ;arongi o etnemlautriv arfS ad osiv A ?azerutan alep sodatserp siaicnesse soivres ed odnuf od o etnenopmoc ortuo o E

.oudorp ed serotaf sortuo rop oiutitsbus ed sievssap 41 e oelped otiejus ,seuqotse omoc etnemairatirojam siatneibma sosrucer so aredisnoc ;arger seecxe ed es-atart ,rotua o arap ,saM .etneibma oiem od sievutitsbusni sot -cepsa metsixe euqrop sam ,oarusnem ed sedadlucifid salep sanepa on ,sodacilpmoc etnatsab sosac atneserpa latneibma oadarged a euq ecehnocer )171 .p ,3991( wol -oS .sedadilibatutitsbus ed otnemicelebatse o e arbmos soerp ed oluclc o ,oadarged otiejus larutan latipac od soirtenom somret me oarusnem a evlovne ele ;omsem o etnemlaicnesse res eved setsed otnematart o euq atnemugra sam ,latneibma oadarged ad samelborp so metsixe euq ecehnocer riurtsnoc a uoduja euq edadilibatnetsus ed osiv a airamus euq me 3991 ed ohlabart ues oN .enK ed avitcepsrep ad etnemlapic -nirp edadilibatnetsus a razilacof a uounitnoc woloS euq ,otnatertne ,ratlasser erpmuC .acisslcoen latneibma aimonoce an ecelaverp ejoh euq arfS ad osiv a moc radrocnoc es-edop lar -utan latipac od enK etnenopmoc od amsirp o bos sanepa ,ajes uO .odaregaxe uortsom es omsimissep esse euq ejoh agen mugnin E .ocisb omusni essed zessacse etnenimi e d o z a r me ot n e m i c s er c o a s o lu c t s bo se t r o f ai ve t na e uq , l ai d nu m a ci l b p o i n -ipo an odidnufni aivah oelrtep od esirc a euq omsimissep o odad avacifitsuj es azerut -an ad somusni erbos rotua od esafn asse ,oisaco aN .sodizudorp sosrucer e siarutan sosrucer ertne edadilibatutitsbus oaler me f ed ossiforp uocitarp euq me ,3791 ed angam alua aus me uirefer es woloS euq nK ed etnenopmoc ed opit esse a etnemlap -icnirp ioF .ocigloncet otnemivlovnesed olep roiam adnia adanrot atse e edadilibat -utitsbus mebixe larutan latipac od sodnuiro somusni so ,sacitsretcarac saus rop ,somiv omoC .larutan latipac od ,enK ,somusni ed euqotse ed etnenopmoc on etnemlapicnirp artnecnoc es ,arfS ,acarf edadilibatnetsus ad osiv a euq oralc acif amica ossucsid aD
arfS SUSREV rofS AISRVORTNOC A E SIATNEIBMA SESETPIH . 5

.oacifitresed ad arutpur a erfos ,odauqedani osu rop mbmat ,euq ametsissoce mu moc ,olpmexe rop ,rerroco on edop otsi saM .oditrever res edop odauqedani osu
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. a l e d r e l a v e s a a u n i t n o c l a n o i c n e v n o c a c i m n o c e e s il n a a , ai g o l o m e t s i p e a s s e a m a r a t i ej e r o t i u m h e u q a i c n i c a d s o m a r , a i g o l o m s o c a e a i g o l o i b a , a c i m u q a , a c i s f a m o c u e c e t -noca euq od oirrtnoc oa ,euq artsom rotua O .oazimixam ed arger amu e oavresnoc ed oipcnirp mu ed socincem sogolna so sodot omoc odnitsisnoc ,ocincem ogolna mu ocimnoce ossecorp o raredisnoc a avel a l a n o i c n e v n o c a ci m n o c e e s i l n a a d a t s i c i n a c e m ai g o l o m e t s i p e a , ) 8 4 3 . p , 5 7 9 1 ( n e g e o R - u c s e g r o e G a r a P 5 1

sacitlop euq ,setse meS .oditnes mugla maaf euq soerp mes e serolav mes p o edrep lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna a E .sodnuf siat ed soivres solep soerp ed oditnes mugla ed odatod oluclc o e otubirta lat mt euq siatneibma soivres ed sodnuf soa ser -olav ed oiubirta a atlucifid euqrop adomocni edadilaicnesse atulosba ad otubirta O .sarodacifilpmis sesetpih ed om odnanal ,amelborp o ranrotnoc ,otnatrop ,adas a ;edadilibisreverri ad edadeirporp a moc acohc es aigolometsipe aus a ,laicepse amrof eD .snK ed sotubirta siat moc anudaoc es on megaledom aus euq otsid aicnrroc -ed amU 51.acisf alep ta adinab j ,atsicinacem socigl sotnemadnuf e sesetpih ,so -ipcnirp ed otnujnoc mu me ,ajes uo aigolometsipe amu me raiopa es me aicntsisni aus rop lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna a etnemabreca uocitirc )843 .p ,5791( negeoR -ucsegroeG .ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf od siatneibma sotcapmi sod snugla ed edadilibisreverri ad o e ;aimonoce ad esseretni ed siarutan sossecorp me sortuo rop odnuf etsed setnenopmoc ed edadilibatutitsbus on ad ,ajes uo edadilaicnesse atul -osba ad sotubirta so moc etnemlaicepse e ,snK ,socisb soivres ed odnuf od sotubirta sod snugla moc acohc es aigolometsipe aus euq me tse ,enK ,azerutan ad somusni ed euqotse ed etnenopmoc o azitafne e eunt latneibma esetpih ad elav es lanoicnevnoc acimnoce esilna ad uoname euq latneibma aimonoce ad omar o euq rop ozar amU .acarf edadilibatnetsus ad osiv an sadaiopa snegadroba arap lartnec ,siop , eunt latneibma esetpih A .edadeicos me soudvidni sod ratse-meb o erbos aimonoce ad otnemanoicnuf olep sadasuac siatneibma searet -la ed oxelfer olep sam ,)edadilibisrever ed odatod e ovissap etse siop( otid etnemairp -orp etneibma oiem o moc odnerroco ratse assop euq olep on ,esseretni ed oiulop ad oadarged a ,olpmexe rop ,latneibma esetpih assed melav es euq sealumrof araP .aicnic an lausu otnemidecorp o etse euq es-atnemugrA .siatnemadnuf sotcepsa me esilna a rartnec ed edadissecen alep sad -acifitsuj os euq sesetpih ;sarodacifilpmis sesetpih moc sadulcxe ,missa ,os sotcap -mi sessed setnatluser seacilpmoc sA .ocimnoce ametsis od ogam o megnita euq oaler-retni lat ed setnatluser sonemnef ed esilna aus rartnecnoc eved atsimonoce o euq e ,ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf od etneibma oiem o erbos sotcap -mi sod sehlated rasilana aigoloce ,olpmexe rop sanilpicsid sartuo a ebac euq ared -isnoc ,acisslcoen latneibma aimonoce ad esab an tse euq ,eunt latneibma esetpih A .savitalumuc saciprtna sesserp ed aicnqesnoc me sarodazil -ibatsesed etnemlaicnetop searetla rerfos edop euq ,ligrf etneibma oiem mu ed a ,ad
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.s aci frt sa tac e tn e mla icne top sa cit mi lc sa n a d u m ra ti v e mavitejbo euq ,otoiK ed olocotorP olep sadazinocerp ,afutse otiefe od sesag ed sessime sad onetnoc ed sadidem s oaler me sesap snugla ed arutsop a atsE ?otief res eved euq od otiepser a emrif siam oisop amu ahnet es e sazetrecni sa mazuder es euq ta ,odnezaf es mev omoc raunitnoc on euq rop ,osu ues on onetnoc alep etneserp on sodacifircas ogerpme e adner ,oudorp ed omret me sotsuc so sotla otium merof ,odal ortuo od ,e ,osu ues on osnapxe ad oaunitnoc sodaicossa sarutuf seareg sa erbos sonad so somecehnocsed ,odal mu ed ,eS .azetrecni levredisnoc h adnia siauq so erbos sam ,aimonoce ad o s n a p x e a a r a p s e t n a t r o p m i l a r u t a n l a t i p a c e d o d n u f o d s e t n e n o p m o c s n u gl a m e t s i x e : e t n i u g e s o e t n e m -acisab otnemugra O .sasseva s odasu odnes tse ouacerp ad oipcnirp o ,otnatertne ,etnemetneceR 71 .ylppa ton seod sffo-edart fo suluclac eht sosac sessen euq iulcnoc etnemarem ;etnegnat alep ias saM . s i e v u t i t s b u s o n e s i a i c n e s s e o s s i a t n e i b m a s o t u bi rt a s n u g l a e u q r i t i m d a a a g e h c ) 1 7 1 . p , 3 9 9 1 ( w o l o S 6 1

-netop sotcapmi moc ,labolg ametsissoce o razilibatsesed a riv ocimnoce ametsis o ed odargersed otnemanoicnuf od atercnoc edadilibissop a h euq raredisnoc a mednet ses -ilna siaT .sele ertne sealer sa etnemasodadiuc odnanimaxe ,etneibma oiem o e ocim -noce ametsis o ertne arietnorf an autis es ,rezid missa rop ,meuq ed amsirp od mezaf es esetpih assed melav es euq sesilnA .etneibma oiem o e ocimnoce ametsis o ertne sealer sad otnujnoc o mazitafne adadnuforpa latneibma esetpih ad melav es euq sealumrof sa ,acarf edadilibatnetsus ad setnenoporp sod arutsop a moc odnatsartnoC ?setnerroced seled socsir so e sodivlovne somsinacem so rohlem 71 aehnoc es euq ta sotcapmi sessed serodasuac serotaf so ranimile uo raredom on euq rop ,sanamuh sea ed sievrepucerri e soreves sotcapmi ed edadilibissop a adavele rof eS .ouacerp ad oipcnirp on sodaiopa ,oaredom ed setsegus a odavel met ossI .sod -nuf siat me sievsreverri sonad meuqovorp euq sea ed saicnqesnoc siaer sa erbos e socisb soivres areg azerutan a siauq so etnaidem somsinacem sod soirv ed otiepser a otnemicehnocsed osson o odavele adnia euq edadrev A ?omsem ossi euq res saM .arger seecxe ed atart es euq rednetne a odnad ,otsid mla iav on saM .socisf serodacidni moc rahlabart e arbmos-soerp odal ed raxied a rarof son medop setse euq racidni a agehc ;ocimnoce ametsis od otnemanoicnuf o d a cr e c a s i a t n e i b m a s o t c a p m i s n u g l a er b o s s a z e t r e c n i s a d n u f o r p m e t s i x e e u q e c -ehnocer ,olpmexe rop ,)171 .p ,3991( woloS .ahlaparta mbmat larutan latipac od soc -isb soivres ed sodnuf sotrec ed otnemanoicnuf o erbod azetrecni ad acitsretcarac A .odizudorp latipac olep sodutitsbus res redop on a mednet sele ,soivres sessed oatserp ed sodnuf so sodacif -inad odneS .levtnetsus on etnemaralc res osnapxe asse ,oditemorpmoc etnemlevar -aperri ajes soivres sessed oatserp ed laicnetop ues euq moc rezaf ed otnop a socisb siarutan soivres ed odnuf od setnenopmoc erbos sievsreverri sonad rizudorp raaema ai mo no c e a d o s na px e a e S 61 . e da di lib a tut it sb u s a d f fo - e da r t o e t six e o n , e d a d -ilaicnesse atulosba ed sosac me ,euq ed otaf o ,mbmat ,acilpmoC ?sievsreverri siatne -ibma sonad ed ocsir otla ed seautis me riregus odacrem ed somsinacem me sadaiopa
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5002 zed-tuo ,317-786 :)4(53 ,oluaP oS ,.noce .tsE

.) VI et ra P ,400 2 e , 1 0 0 2 ( r e l l e u M r e v , a d a d n u f o r p a l a t n e i b m a e s e t pi h a n e s a b m o c s e i u b i r t n o c e d a h n e s e r a m u a r a P 8 1

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SACIFRGOILBIB SAICNREFER

.satief etnemumoc seacifilpmis sad samugla ed odrusba o odnalever a i r a b a c a l a ru t a n l at i p a c o d s e t n en op mo c s io d s e s se o dn a ti ci lp x e l au t ie cn o c a ru t u r t -se amu ;licfid siam airanrot es samertxe sarodacifilpmis sesetpih ed ogerpme O .etne -ibma oiem o e ocimnoce ametsis o ertne oaler-retni ad siatnemadnuf sotcepsa moc meratnorfnoc es a edadilibatnetsus a erbos sesiv sa airarof socisb siatneibma so -ivres ed odnuf od a e euqotse ed larutan latipac ertne onitsid ad ,etneibma oiem od aimonoce alep ,oaroprocni a ,laicepse amrof eD .aipa es ale siauq sa erbos sesilna sad osicerp a etnemavitacifingis odnatnemua ,ossucsid a receuqirne arap lairetam etnatropmi mecerefo oudorp ad airoet negeoR-ucsegroeG ed seiubirtnoc sa euq rartsom odiugesnoc ret somarepsE .levtnetsus otnemivlovnesed od onrot me odnav -art mev etneibma oiem od aimonoce a euq etabed od otxetnoc on otsi zef ohlabart O .sotercnoc samelborp ed oaicerpa esab ed rivres arap omoc acimnoce esilna ad sotcepsa ed sesiver me otnat ,odarolpxe res a lairetam otium mtnoc adnia euq arbo asned ,setrap me e asnetxe uoxied ,osolucitem aicnic ad ofoslif e etnahlirb atsimonocE .negeoR-ucsegroeG salohciN ed arbo ad aicntropmi ad e edadilitasrev ad a ramrifaer oditimrep ahnet ohlabart etse euq arepse es euq seatatsnoc sad amU
SOVISULCNOC SOIRTNEMOC .6

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.1991 ed ohnuj ed 41 me ,sttesuhcassaM ,eloH sdooW ,noit -utitsnI cihpargonaecO eloH sdooW od retneC yciloP eniraM on artselaP ._______ .4791 oiam ,41-1 .p ,2 .n ,VIXL .v ,weiveR cimonocE naciremA .scimonoce fo secruoser eht ro secruoser fo scimonoce ehT .treboR ,woloS .1791 ,sagraV oilteG o ad nuF :or ienaJ ed oi R .a cim n oc eor ci m a iro eT .e uqi r neH o ira M ,ne sn om iS .45-3591 ,601-18 .p ,2 .n ,12 .v ,seidutS cimon -ocE fo weiveR .latipac fo yroeht eht dna noitcnuf noitcudorp ehT .naoJ nosniboR .0991 ,sserP ytisrevinU snikpoH snhoJ ehT :eromitlaB .tnem -norivne eht dna secruoser larutan fo scimonocE .yrreK .R ,renruT ;.W divaD ,ecraeP .p6 03 ,40 02 ,BnU ,aimon ocE ed ot nematrapeD ,AM AP EN ,ra nimi lerp osreV .etneibma oiem o e ocimnoce ametsis o ertne sealer-retni sa e satsimonoce sO ._______ .1002 ,48-163 .p ,01 .v ,seul -aV latnemnorivnE .lavivrus fo scimonoce eht fo evitcepsrep eht dna snoitad -nuof lautpecnoc :erutuf mret gnol eht dna yportne ,scimonocE .C selrahC ,relleuM .1991 ,12-706 .p ,6 .n ,91 .v ,tnempoleveD dlroW .weiver lacitirc a :tnempoleved elbaniatsuS .ardnahchcrahS ,lL .6891 .ram/.naj ,52-3 .p ,1 .n ,IIX .v ,lanruoJ cimonocE nretsaE .tcepsorter ni ssecorp cimonoce eht dna wal yportne ehT ._______ .313 -3 92 .p ,7791 ,srehsilbuP regearP :euqroI avoN .erutuf eht rof snoitatcepxe gnignahc htworg rof stcepsorP ,).de( .D htenneK ,nosliW :nI .oot ,srettam rettaM ._______ .5 791 ,183 -7 43 .p ,3 .n ,14 .v ,lanruoJ cimonocE nrehtuoS .shtym cimonoce eht dna ygrenE ._______ .1791 ,sserP ytisrev -inU dravraH :.ssaM ,egdirbmaC .ssecorp cimonoce eht dna wal yportne ehT ._______ .335-794 .p ,9691 ,nallimcaM :serdnoL .seiteicos lairtsudni ni erutluc -irga fo smelborp cimonocE ,).tide( selrahC ,nnuN ;ogU ,ipaP :nI .tnempoleved decnalab fo melborp a :gnirutcafunam ni ssecorp susrev gnimraf ni ssecorP ._______ .7691 ,sserP ytisrevinU dravraH :.ssaM ,egdirbmaC .smelborp dna seussi ,scimonoce lacitylanA .salohciN ,negeoR-ucsegroeG .8991 ,raglE drawdE :KU ,mahnetlehC .sdohtem dna stpecnoc scimonoce lacigolocE .nhoJ ,spoorP ;renieR ,nettetsnaM ;etlaM ,rebaF .9891 ,61-9 .p ,scimonocE lacigolocE .mgidarap lacigoloce-cimon -oce wen a dna noitelped ecruoser-atem :noitutitsbus ot stimil ehT .luaP ,hcilrhE .7891 ,sserP ytisrevinU drofxO :drofxO .erut -uf nommoc ruO tnempoleveD dna tnemnorivnE no noissimmoC dlroW .DMMC
edadilibatnetsuS a erbos satsimonocE sod etabeD O

217

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