FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMFACTS

TOPICS
1) INTRODUCTION 2) CLASSIFICATION 3) SERIES COMPENSATOR 4) PARALLEL COMPENSATOR 5) COMBINED COMPENSATOR 6) IPSC 7) SCCL 8) COMPARISON WITH HVDC

POWER SYSTEM
Power system can be separated into three areas :1.Generation 2.Transmission 3.Distribution

LIMITATIONS OF LARGE AC SYSTEMS

LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Voltage stability Reactive power problems Steady state stability Transient Stability

INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS
Load Flow Problems (needs management of Congestion) Voltage Stability Frequency Control Oscillation Stability Inter-Area Oscillations

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DEFINITION

A power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.

Reasons for operating the FACTS The two main reasons for incorporating FACTS devices in electric power systems are: Raising dynamic stability limits. Provide better power flow control.

Benefits of facts
Improved power transmission capability. Improved system stability. Improved power quality.

Minimized transmission losses.

Typical Power System

We know that,

Three main variables that can be directly controlled in the power system to impact its performance. These are : a. b. c. Voltage Angle Impedance

Power Flow Control

1400 MW

Role of Power Electronics

The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from ~ the source to the load Source by converting voltages and currents from one form to another. Thyristor GTOs IGBT
Power Electronics Interface Converter
L

Output to Load Controller

- Adjustable DC - Sinusoidal AC - High-frequency AC

TYPE OF FACTS CONTROLLERS

FACTS CONTROLLERS

SERIES

SHUNT

COMBINED

SSSC

TCSC

SVC

STATCOM

UPFC

IPF C

Generation of FACTS
1 Generation of FACTS (SVC & TCSC)
2 Generation of FACTS (STATCOM & SSSC).

3 Generation of FACTS (UPFC & IPFC).

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Details

Benefits of SSSC
Power factor correction through continuous voltage injection and in combination with a properly structured controller. Load balancing in interconnected distribution networks. It can also help to cover the capacitive and reactive power demand. Power flow control. Reduces harmonic distortion by active filtering.

Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator(TCSC)

Series Capacitor banks installations protected by thyristors.

BENEFITS

Increased Power Transfer Capability. Improved Transient Stability. Lower Transmission Losses. Improved Grid voltage control.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Power Oscillation Damping. Sub-synchronous Resonance Mitigation. Transient Stability Mitigation.

Comparison:

Static Var Compensator(SVC)

Details

Static Var Compensator(SVC)

The static Var compensator regulates the voltage by controlling the amount of reactive power absorbed from or injected into the power system. For example, it generates reactive power by switching capacitor banks when the system voltage is low or loads are inductive. Consequently, the reactive power demand of the lagging load is supplied by the SVC relieving the distributing lines from delivering it. Thus, the voltage drop decreases and the voltage at the load terminals shall improve. Likewise, the static var compensator absorbs reactive power when the system voltage is high or loads are capacitive. In this case, the SVC uses the reactors to consume the VARs from the system, thereby lowering the system voltage.

SVC

Benefits of SVC
Maximized power compensation Near-instantaneous response to system voltage variations Increased customers economic benefits Eliminate harmonics and reduce voltage distortion with appropriate shunt filters

Load balancing on three-phase systems

STATCOM- Static Compensator

STATCOM

Comparison:

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) )

CONTROLLER-OPERATION

It is a Combined Series-Shunt Controller. STATCOM and SSSC used for shunt and series compensation respectively.

BENEFITS

Increases Transmission line capacity (by installing a series capacitor which reduces the net series impedance) . Power System Oscillation Damping. Control of active and reactive power flow at both sending and receiving end.

Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the shunt inverter to control bus voltage. Reactive power is generated or absorbed by the series inverter to control the real and/or reactive power flow on the transmission line. A portion of the real power flow on the transmission line is drawn from the bus by the shunt inverter to charge the DC capacitor. Real power is inserted into the line through the series inverter.

Interline Power Flow Controller-UPFC

SCCL (Short Circuit Current Limitation) WITH FACTS

REASONS OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
Increasing Generation in high load density networks.

Interconnection between systems.

If the short-circuit current rating of the equipment in the system is exceeded, the equipment must be either upgraded or replaced, both are either very cost- or time-intensive. Previously,Current Limitation by using reactor was done but it reduces system stability.

This new device operates with zero impedance in steady-state conditions and in case of a short circuit, it is switched to the limiting-reactor impedance within a few milliseconds.

Uses a reactor along with TPSC (Thyristor Protected Series Compensator).

HVDC and FACTS

HVDC
Economically transmit

FACTS
Offers low-cost power

electrical energy long distances via overhead lines or cable.

delivery with the same advantages as HVDC.

Connects asynchronous

Increases Capacity of

grids or grids with different frequencies.

existing electrical Transmission System.

Costly equipments used

Rapidly Implemented

and takes time-not so widespread.

Installations.