Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
1. Effects of Folding
o Change in attitude
o Shattering of rocks
o Weak in strength parameters o Porous and pervious in nature o Strained nature
Downstream side
Chenna Kesavulu
Chenna Kesavulu
Chenna Kesavulu
3. Location of Tunnels
o Folded rocks are greatly strained, their removal, for tunneling can cause rock explosions o Along crests of folds, the rocks are in tension, therefore highly unstable o Along the troughs, rocks are highly compressed, hence tough, offer greater resistance to
Parbin Singh
10
4. Quarrying
Should be done along the limbs: o Better quality of rocks available o Fractures associated with crests and troughs are absent along the limbs o Seepage problems along the crests and troughs can be avoided
11
12
Unstable
Stable
Chenna Kesavulu
14
15
Chenna Kesavulu
16
2. Effects of Faulting
o Fracture and shattering of rocks along fault zones o Serves as pathways for water, causes leakage o Fault zone lubricated with water are potential
Faulting considerations
o What are the effects of faulting on the rocks in the site? o Is it possible to build safe structures, with or without ground treatment? o What is the factor of safety to be adopted, if there is no alternative available?
18
2. Location of reservoirs
3. Location of tunnels 4. Quarrying 5. Ground water occurrence 6. Laying roads and railway tracks along hill slopes 7. Oil, gas and ore deposits
19
Chenna Kesavulu
20
2. Location of reservoirs
o Faults cause leakage of water, if present in the reservoir basin o Downstream dipping faults cause excess uplift pressure o Fault zone occurring in the upstream of the river, leads to erosion and accelerated reservoir
silting
21
3. Location of Tunnels
o Faults zones, being heavily fractured, makes tunneling unstable o Ground water associated problems are likely to occur o Renewed faulting can lead to ground displacement
22
4. Quarrying
o Quarrying in fault zones produce inferior materials, quantitatively and qualitatively
possibility of landslides
23
7. Ore minerals
o Faults zones, are often rich in minerals o They favor different process that eventually lead to mineral formation
24
25
3. Effects of Joints
o Sources of weakness in rocks, pathways for
seepage of water o Jointed rocks, lubricated by the presence of water, are susceptible to motion o Joints are usually treated by grouting o Only a well jointed and porous rock can become a good aquifer or an oil and gas reservoir
26
27
28
2. Occurrence of Landslides
o Landslides take place, when the surface slope of
the hills and the dip of the beds are in the same direction o Joints facilitate the heavy percolation of water o This water comes in contact with clayey material below the ground, producing fine lubricating materials, which causes the slipping
3. Quarrying
o Depending on conditions, joints can play a
helpful or harmful role in quarrying o Joints cut in situ rocks, which can be easily extracted, without the use of explosives o Too many joints, on the other hand, render quarrying useless, due to excessive decay of rocks
30
4. Tunneling
o Joints can severely hamper the strength of rocks
o They may cause rocks to fall from the roof of the tunnel o Joints can cause the ground to be saturated with water, decreasing the strength of the rocks o They may act as sites for the development of solution cavities in limestone terrain
31
Reference
Parbin Singh, Engineering and General Geology, S K Kataria & Sons
Publishers
Thompson, G R and J Turk, Introduction to Physical
33