AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE (TECHNICIAN/ENGINEER/MECHANIC)

Requirements for the issue of the licence

1. Age The applicant shall be not less than 18 years of age. 2. Basic Knowledge The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge relevant to the privileges to be granted and appropriate to the responsibilities of an aircraft maintenance licence holder, in at least the following subjects: 1. Mathematics 2. Physics 3. Electrical Fundamentals 4. Electronic Fundamentals 5. Digital Techniques / Electronic Instrument Systems 6. Materials and Hardware 7. Maintenance Practices 8. Basic Aerodynamics 9. Human Factors 10. Aviation Legislation 11. Aeroplane Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems 12. Helicopter Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems 13. Aircraft Aerodynamics, Structures and Systems 14. Propulsion 15. Gas Turbine Engine 16. Piston Engine 17. Propeller

3. Natural science and aircraft general knowledge Basic mathematics; units of measurement; fundamental principles and theory of physics and chemistry applicable to aircraft maintenance.

4. Air law and airworthiness requirements Rules and regulations relevant to an aircraft maintenance licence holder including applicable airworthiness requirements governing certification and continuing airworthiness of aircraft and approved aircraft maintenance organization and procedures.

5. Aircraft engineering Characteristics and applications of the materials of aircraft construction including principles of construction and functioning of aircraft structures, fastening techniques; powerplants and their associated systems; mechanical, fluid, electrical and electronic power sources; aircraft instrument and display systems; aircraft control systems; and airborne navigation and communication systems.

6. Aircraft maintenance Tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft including methods and procedures for the overhaul, repair, inspection, replacement, modification or defect rectification of aircraft structures, components and systems in accordance with the methods prescribed in the relevant Maintenance Manuals and the applicable Standards of airworthiness.

7. Human performance Human performance relevant to aircraft maintenance. Note - Guidance material to design training programmes on human performance can be found in the Human Factors Training Manual

8. Training Recommendation - The applicant should have completed a course of training appropriate to the privileges to be granted. Note - The Training Manual (Doc 7192), Part D-1, contains guidance material on a training course for applicants for an aircraft maintenance licence.

9. Experience The applicant shall have had the following experience in the inspection, servicing and maintenance of aircraft or its components: a) For the issue of a licence with privileges for the aircraft in its entirety, at least: i. ii. four years; or two years if the applicant has satisfactorily completed an approved training course; and

b)

for the issue of a licence with privileges restricted in accordance with (airframes and powerplants and aircraft systems or components as are entered on the licence either specifically or under broad categories) or (aircraft avionic systems or components as are entered on the licence either specifically or under broad categories), a period of time that will enable a level of competency equivalent to that required in a) to be attained, provided that this is not less than: i. ii. two years; or such a period as the State considers necessary to provide an equivalent level of practical experience to applicants who have satisfactorily completed an approved training course.

10. Skill The applicant shall have demonstrated the ability to perform those functions applicable to the privileges to be granted. Privileges of the holder of the licence and the conditions to be observed in exercising such privileges

Subject to compliance with the requirements specified, the privileges of the holder of an aircraft maintenance licence shall be to certify the aircraft or parts of the aircraft as airworthy after an authorized repair, modification or installation of a powerplant, accessory, instrument, and/or item of equipment, and to sign a maintenance release following inspection, maintenance operations and/or routine servicing. Shall be exercised only:

a. in respect of such: i. aircraft as are entered on the licence in their entirety either specifically or under broad categories; or ii. airframes and powerplants and aircraft systems or components as are entered on the licence either specifically or under broad categories; and/or iii. aircraft avionic systems or components as are entered on the licence either specifically or under broad categories

b. provided that the licence holder is familiar with all the relevant information relating to the maintenance and airworthiness of the particular aircraft for which the licence holder is signing a Maintenance Release, or such airframe, powerplant, aircraft system or component and aircraft avionic system or component which the licence holder is certifying as being airworthy

c. on condition that, within the preceding 24 months, the licence holder has either had experience in the inspection, servicing or maintenance of an aircraft or components in accordance with the privileges granted by the licence held for not less than six months, or has met the provision for the issue of a licence with the appropriate privileges, to the satisfaction of the Licensing Authority.

A Contracting State shall prescribe the scope of the privileges of the licence holder in terms of the complexity of the tasks to which the certification relates.

11. Medical Fitness The evidence issued by a Contracting State that the licence holder meets specific requirements of medical fitness. Formal medical examination is not required, there are requirements for general levels of medical fitness. Hold a certificate of medical fitness, a list of medical practitioners in the Contracting States who are approved to issue medical certificates and details on the requirements for medical certificates and approved medical advisors.

FREEDOM OF AIR Most nations of the world exchange first and second freedoms through the International Air Services Transit Agreement. The other freedoms, to the extent that they are available, are usually exchanged between countries in bilateral or multilateral air services agreements. A bilateral air transport agreements is an agreement which two nations sign to allow international commercial air transport services between their territories. A multilateral air services agreement is the same as bilateral agreement, the only difference is that it involves more than two contracting states. The eighth and ninth freedoms (cabotage) have been exchanged only in limited instances. The States which sign and accept this International Air Services Transit Agreement, being members of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

First Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing The right to fly across the territory of a foreign country. without landing (e.g. Malaysia Airlines flies from the Malaysia over Ireland en route to Germany.

Second Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes The right to land in a foreign country for technical or non-traffic purposes, such as for refuelling or maintenance. (e.g. Malaysia Airlines flies from the Malaysia and lands to refuel in Ireland en route to Germany.)

Third Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier. The right to deplane traffic in a foreign country that was enplaned in the home country of the carrier. (e.g. Malaysia Airlines carries passengers from the Malaysia to France.)

Fourth Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier The right to enplane traffic in the foreign country that is bound for the home country of the carrier. (e.g. Malaysia Airlines carries passengers from the United Kingdom to the Malaysia.)

Fifth Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State. ICAO characterizes all "freedoms" beyond the Fifth as "so-called" because only the first five "freedoms" have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. The right to enplane traffic at one foreign point and deplane it in another foreign point as part of continuous operation also serving the airline's homeland (e.g. Malaysia Airlines has "fifth freedom" rights to carry traffic between Tokyo and Hong Kong, on services which stop at Tokyo en route between Los Angeles and Hong Kong.)

Sixth Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States. Unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the "Five Freedoms Agreement" This term is applied to Fifth Freedom traffic carried from a point of origin in one foreign country to a point of destination in another foreign country via the home country of the airline. (e.g. Malaysia Airlines, carries sixth-freedom traffic between New York and Cairo, carrying passengers travelling from New York to Amsterdam and on to Cairo.)

Seventh Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i.e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. This term is applied to an airline's operating turn around service and carrying traffic between points in two foreign countries without serving its home country (e.g., Malaysia Airlines operates between New York and Mexico City without serving Germany)

Eighth Freedom of the Air The right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a "consecutive cabotage").

This term is used to refer to "consecutive or fill-up" cabotage in which an airline picks up traffic at one point in a foreign country and deplanes it at another point in that same foreign country as part of a service from the home country of the airline (e.g., Singapore Airlines enplanes traffic at Wellington and deplanes it in Aukland as part of its service between New Zealand and Singapore.

Ninth Freedom of the Air The right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a "stand alone" cabotage). This term is used to refer to "pure" cabotage in which an airline of one country operates flights and carries traffic solely between two points in a foreign country (e.g., Air France operates flights between Berlin and Frankfurt)

INTERNATIOANAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION (ICOA) STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION Basically three main organization of ICAO which is assembly, council and secretariat which headed by the Secretary Council.

ASSEMBLY 1. All members of assembly meet every three years and every member state has one vote in the assembly and decisions are made by simple majority vote unless otherwise specified by the Chicago Convention. 2. Sessions have been held in many different cities. 3. Its also makes policy recommendations, review the work of ICAO, offer guidance to the other ICAO bodies, elects the council and determine the budget. 4. May amend the ICAO constitution by two over thirds majority vote and has done so on several accessions. 5. Amendment comes into force for the states that rectify only after they have been rectified by at least two-thirds of ICAO member states as specified by the assembly. 6. The assembly possesses a rather unusual prerogative to induce wide rectification of on amendment if has adopted. 7. If member state not rectify particular amendment within given period of time, the assembly has the right to revolve that country is membership in ICAO (but this provision [Article 94] never been involved).

COUNCIL 1. It was permanent body, composed 33 members states elected by the assembly for three years. 2. In selecting the membership of council: a) Assembly is required by Chicago Convention to give adequate representation to nations major importance in air transport. b) Nations that provide largest share of facilities for international civil air navigation. c) Nations whose inclusion on the council will endure board geographical representations: Councils power usually broad, compared with those of the executive councils more other specialized agencies. Its adopting international standard and recommended practices regarding civil air navigation and transport. Its maybe investigating any situation that prevents obstacles to the development of international air navigation. It may take what ever step to maintain the safety and regularity of operation of international air transport.

SECRETARY GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT 1. ICAO secretariat is headed by a secretary general who appointed by the council. 2. The secretary general appoints the staff of ICAO secretariat and supervises and directs its activities. 3. ICAO headquarters are at 999 University Street in the center of Montreal, occupying a 15 story tower with an adjoining complex offering complete conference facilities. 4. ICAO maintains regional offices in Paris, Bangkok, Mexico City, Nairobi, LIMA and Dakar to assists member states in providing aeronautical services.

ROLES OF ICAO 1. Its used provide standardization and technical guidance on the proper functioning of international civil aviation which is does through: a) The development and issuance of standards and recommended practices (SARPS). b) Production of detail guidance material. c) Safety and secure audit process. d) International conferences and workshop. 2. ICAO also provide policy leadership and international coherences through triennial assemblies where its adopt resolutions which add to the convention in terms of the agreed scope of organization. 3. Meet the needs of the people of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF ICAO 1. ICAO obligation that Air Traffic Services are to be provided, within ICAO Contracting States and their territories. 2. Cayman Island, being in Overseas Territory of United Kingdom has given the Cayman Islands Airports Authority the contracted responsibility of providing Air Traffic Services in Cayman Islands airspace. 3. Under Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) Order, as amended, Civil Aviation Authority is responsible for the regulatory safety oversight of the Air Traffic Services Unit.

DEFINITION

INSPECTION Critical appraisal involving examination, measurement, testing, gauging and comparison of materials or items. An inspection determines if the material or item is in proper quality and condition and if it conforms to the application or specified requirements. Means examinations of an aircraft or component to establish conformity with standard approved by authority. Inspection is divided into three: o Receiving Inspection. o In-Process Inspection. o Final Inspection.

REPLACEMENT Means that a work operation which involves the removal or substitute of the same part of an approved alternate part.

REPAIR To restore to a good sound condition after decay or damage. Part of maintenance expense that has been paid out to keep fixed assets in usable condition, as distinguished from amounts used for renewal or replacement. Restoration of an aeronautical product to an airworthy condition and to ensure that aircraft continues to comply with the design aspects of airworthiness requirements used for issues of type certificate for that aircraft type after aircraft has been damaged or subject to wear. MODIFICATION The changes that has been made to particular aircraft including the components, engines, propellers, radio station, accessories, instruments, equipments of the aircraft and their installations.

AIRWORTHY An aircraft that meets its type design and is in a condition for safe operation. Essential is making an airworthiness determination. An aircraft or aeronautical product is in fit and safe state for flight and is conformity with its type design. Fit for the aircraft to fly with safe condition with approval by the authority.

OVERHAUL Means restoration of an aircraft or component by inspection and replacement in conformity with approves standard to extend the operational life (Airworthiness Notice). To investigate of examine thoroughly for repair or revision. To make necessary repairs on restore to serviceable.

FLOOR PROXIMITY EMERGENCY ESCAPE PATH MARKING

INTRODUCTION Internal emergency lighting systems, to facilitate the rapid evacuation of passengers in an emergency situation during conditions of darkness, are generally located in the overhead area. This not only optimizes the protection of the lighting units and associated wiring but also makes the most economic use of available illumination in meeting the required minimum lighting levels.

APPLICABILITY All Malaysian registered aero planes above 5700 kg MTWA for which a Type Certificate was first issued by an ICAO Contracting State on or after 1 January 1958 and which are:(a) Certificated in the Transport (Passenger) Category and (b) Required to be equipped with an emergency lighting system to provide illumination in the passenger compartment sufficient to facilitate the evacuation of the aircraft.

REQUIREMENTS Each affected aero plane must be provided with visible illuminated floor proximity emergency escape path markings which meet the standards

Interpretation of Requirements: The markings and illumination provided should enable the passenger to visually identify the escape path along the cabin aisle floor The illumination should be of sufficient intensity to enable the passenger to identify features bounding the cabin aisle. Where exits are to be found in one direction only, the system should not tend to lead the passenger towards the end of the cabin where there are no exits. The escape path marking, coupled with exit markings, should be so arranged that a passenger will not tend to proceed along the cabin aisle past any available exits. It is recommended that conspicuous markers be placed at the point of access from the cabin aisle to the exit

EXIT IDENTIFICATION Only those exits which are either 'designated' emergency exits or 'excess' emergency exits should be identified by the floor proximity emergency escape path marking system.

ESCAPE PATH MARKINGS ALONG CABIN AISLE FLOOR Where single point incandescent type or electro-luminescent strip type floor track markers are employed, the DCA recommends a distance between markers no greater than 20 inches (thus permitting a maximum distance between markers of 40 inches under typical Minimum Equipment List (MEL) conditions).

ESCAPE PATH 'FLOOD LIGHTING' OF CABIN AISLE Where a 'flood lighting' system is employed the maximum distance between light sources is to be agreed with the DCA and this will be dependent upon the Intensity and distribution of light available.

AISLE CUES FOR OVERWING EXITS Floor track marking system aisle cues for overwing exits are recommended to comprise three, with a minimum of two, closely spaced red/orange markers or a suitable length of red/orange strip-lighting, adjacent to the access route to overwing exits.

CRASS AISLE ESCAPE PATH MARKINGS A similar level of floor proximity escape path marking/illumination to that provided for the cabin main aisles should be provided in cross aisles on multi-aisle aircraft. .

THE 25 PERCENT RULE Each escape path marking system is required to meet existing FAR/JAR 25.812 requirements. In particular FAR/JAR 25.812(k)(i) requires that not more than 25% of the escape path marking system lights are rendered inoperative after any single transverse vertical separation