Modeling and Simulation of PFC Converter

by

Dr Sanjeev Singh SLIET Longowal, Punjab, India

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PFC Converter
The PFC converter uses a DC-DC converter topology amongst various available topologies i.e. Buck, Boost and Buck-boost; An average current control scheme with current multiplier approach is used in continuous conduction mode (CCM) operation of the drive;
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PFC Converter
PWM Control

Control Schemes of PFC Converters

Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) with Current Multiplier Average Current Control. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) with Voltage Follower Control. These Control schemes are applied on various converter configurations such as buck, boost and buck-boost DC-DC Converters for control various drives.

Example 1 Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

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Power Supply

Linear Power Supply

Applications of SMPS
Battery chargers Electronics ballast Measurement and testing equipments, Small rating motor drives in medical equipments, Small rating refrigeration units. Single stage with power-factor correction.

Battery Chargers

Electronic Ballast

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Small Rating Motor Drives in Medical Equipments

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Operation of SMPS
The operation of SMPS involves, Rectification of available AC voltage from utility using diode rectifiers and capacitive filter; The rectified DC voltage (unregulated) is converted to high frequency AC by a suitable DC-DC converter topology. The high frequency transformers are used for isolation, desired voltage ratio and multiple outputs, if required. The high frequency AC voltages are rectified using diode rectifiers to achieve regulated DC output voltage. The regulated output voltage is applied to many applications as discussed in the previous slides.
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Operation of SMPS
However, the rectification process results in many problems at input AC mains in terms of poor power factor, High total harmonic distortion (THD) in AC mains current High crest factor (CF). These problems are termed as power quality problems and need to be addressed.

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Power Quality
Power Quality (PQ) is the quality of the voltage, including its frequency and the resulting current that are measured in the input of any user System; Therefore, any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviation that results in failure or mal-operation of utility or end-user equipment can be treated as power quality problem; Non-linear loads (electronic devices, PE switch controlled drives or switching converters for any electrical gadget) are the major source of power quality problems.
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Control of SPMS
The control of SMPS is mainly a closed loop control in which the output voltage is controlled using the DC-DC Converter. The control of DC-DC Converter mainly modifies the duty cycle of the PWM signals applied to the converter switch. There are various control strategies for PWM control of the DC-DC Converters. The schematic of SMPS Control and a general control scheme are shown in next slides.
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Control Schemes
Peak Current Control. Average Current Control. Hysteresis Current Control. Voltage Follower Control.

16

Peak current mode control

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Average current mode control

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Hysteresis current mode control

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Voltage follower control

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Complete Scheme of PFC Converter

Current Multiplier Control

21

Complete Scheme of PFC Converter

Voltage Follower Control

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Modeling of PFC Controller

The modeling of PFC Controller consists of following: Modeling of Voltage Controller Modeling of Reference Current Generator Modeling of PWM Current Controller

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Modeling of Voltage Controller

The voltage controller is a proportional and integral (PI) controller which tracks the error voltage between reference voltage and sensed voltage at DC link and generates a control signal Ic based on the Kp and Ki gains of the PI controller. Ic (k) = Ic (k-1) + Kp{Ve(k) Ve(k-1)} + KiVe(k) where Ve(k) =V*dc(k)-Vdc(k) This controller is an essential part in Current multiplier as well as voltage follower control schemes.
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Modeling of Reference Current Generator

The reference current at input of the DC-DC converter (idc*) is generated using the unit template of AC mains voltage and output of the PI controller. i*dc = Ic (k) uvs, uVs = vd/Vsm, vd = |vs|; vs= Vsm sin t The reference current generator is not a part of voltage follower control.
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Modeling of PWM Controller

Current multiplier approach The PWM controller processes the current error (idc) between the reference input current (idc*) of the DCDC converter and the DC current (idc) sensed after DBR. The PWM controller amplifies this current error (id) by gain kd and compares with a fixed frequency (fs) carrier waveforms md (t) to get the switching signal for the MOSFET of PFC converter. If kd idc > md (t) then S = 1 (ON) else S = 0 (OFF), where idc=(idc* - idc) 26

Modeling of PWM Controller

Voltage follower approach
The PWM controller processes the PI Controller output (Ic )after amplification by gain kd and compares with a fixed frequency (fs) carrier waveforms md (t) to get the switching signal for the MOSFET of PFC converter. If kd Ic > md (t) then S = 1 (ON) else S = 0 (OFF),

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Design Equations of Isolated PFC Topologies in CCM and DCM

PFC Topology Forward buck Converter Design Equations Vo = Vin D(N2/N1), with D(1+N3)/N1 < 1 Lo = (1-D) Vo/fsiLo Lo min = {Vin(N2/N1)- Vo}DR/2fsVo (DCM) Vo = 2 Vin (N2/N1)D Lo =Vo (0.5-D)/ fs iLo Lo min = (0.5-D) R/(2f) (DCM) Vo = D (N21/N1) Vin, N21=N22 Lo =Vo (0.5-D)/ fs iLo Lo min = (0.5-D) R/(2f) (DCM) Vo = 2 (N21/N1) Vin D and N21=N22 Lo = Vo (0.5-D) / (fs iLo) Lo min = (0.5-D) R/(2f) (DCM)
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Push pull buck Converter

Half bridge buck Converter

Full bridge buck converter

Design Equations of Isolated PFC Topologies in CCM and DCM

Forward boost Converter Vo = Vin (N2/N1) / (1-D) Li= Vin D/ (ILi) fs Lo = Vin D/(iLo fs) Lo min = {Vin(N2/N1)- Vo}DR/2fsVo (DCM) Vo = Vin (N2/N1)/ {2 (1-D)} Li = Vin D/(fs iLi) Li min= (1-D)2 R/{2fs (N2/N1)2} (DCM) Vo = Vin (N2/N1) / {2(1-D)} Li = Vin D/(4fs iLi) Li min= (1-D)2 R/{2fs (N2/N1)2} (DCM) Vo = Vin (N2/N1)/{2(1-D)} Li = (0.5- D) Vin/ (fs iLi) Li min= (1-D)2 R/{2fs (N2/N1)2} (DCM)
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Push pull boost Converter

Half bridge boost Converter

Full bridge boost converter

Design Equations of Isolated PFC Topologies in CCM and DCM

Flyback Converter Cuk Converter Vo = Vin {D /(1-D)} (N2/N1) Lm = Vin D/ (fs iLm) Lm min = {Vin(N2/N1)- Vo}DR/2fsVo (DCM) Vo = D (N2/N1) Vin / (1-D) Li = Vin D/ (fs iLi) Lo = Vo (1-D) / (fsiLo) C1 =Vin (N2/N1)2 D2/{Rfs(1-D) VC1} C2 = VoD/(Rfs VC2) Li min = RL (1-D)2/ {2Dfs(N2/N1)2} (DCM) Vo = Vin (N2/N1)D/(1-D) Li = Vin D/(fs iLi) Lm = Vo (1-D) / (n fs iLm) C1 = (N2/N1)Vo D/(Rfs VC1) Li min = RL (1-D)2/ {2Dfs(N2/N1)2} (DCM)
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SEPIC Converter

Design Equations of Isolated PFC Topologies in CCM and DCM

Zeta Converter Vo = (N2/N1) Vin D/(1-D) Lm = Vin D/(fs iLm) Lo = Vo (1-D)/ (fs iLo) C1 = Vo D/(R fs VC1) Li min = RL (1-D)2/ {2Dfs(N2/N1)2} (DCM) DC Link Capacitor for Co=Iav/2Vo all Converters

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DC-DC Converters
There are mainly two types of DC-DC converter topologies Non-isolated converter Isolated converter

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Non Isolated Converter

Buck converter Boost converter Buck-Boost converter Cuk converter SEPIC converter Zeta converter

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Buck Converter

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Boost Converter

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Buck-Boost Converter

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Cuk Converter

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SEPIC Converter

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Zeta Converter

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Simulation Results

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Buck Converter

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Boost Converter

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Buck Boost Converter

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SEPIC Converter

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ZETA Converter

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Isolated Converter
Forward buck converter Forward boost converter Flyback converter Push-pull buck converter Push-pull boost converter Half bridge buck converter Half bridge boost converter Full bridge buck converter Full bridge boost converter Cuk converter SEPIC converter Zeta converter
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Forward Buck Converter

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Forward Boost Converter

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Push-Pull Buck Converter

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Push-Pull Boost Converter

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Half-Bridge Buck Converter

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Half-Bridge Boost Converter

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Full-Bridge Buck Converter

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Full-Bridge Boost Converter

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Flyback Converter

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Cuk Converter

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SEPIC Converter

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Zeta Converter

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Simulation Results

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Forward Buck Converter Various Waveforms

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Buck Push Pull Converter

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Half Bridge Converter

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Buck Full Bridge Converter

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Boost Push-Pull Converter

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Boost Half Bridge Converter

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Flyback Converter

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Cuk Converter

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SEPIC Converter

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ZETA Converter

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MATLAB Model of Forward Buck Converter CCM Operation

Discrete , Ts = 1e-006 s. powergui
PF Meas
Pulses Gate +Vdc Out1

Is

Vs

Sw pulse

g 1

Vdc 1
+ A + +

v+ i +

ILoad Idc
B i + -Vdc -

AC Source

Forward Buck

Vdc 1 Idc Isw

In Mean In RMS

Vdc Vdc 1 Idc

Vdc ILoad

Vdc Ia

Idr ILoad Isw Is Is 1 Vs

t
Ism Vs

Idr

In Mean In RMS

ILoad Is

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Simulation of Forward Buck Converter

CCM Operation

Source current waveforms and its THD under CCM operation

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MATLAB Model of Forward Buck Converter DCM Operation

Discrete , Ts = 1e-006 s. powergui
Pulses Gate +Vdc Out1

Sw pulse

g 1

Vdc 1
+ A + +

v+ i +

ILoad
-Vdc B -

AC Source

Forward Buck

Vdc Vdc 1

Vdc ILoad

Vdc Ia

Is

Idc ILoad Vs Is Vs 2 Is

t
Ism Vs

PF Meas

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Simulation of Forward Buck Converter

DCM Operation

Source current waveforms and its THD under DCM operation

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PSIM Model of Flyback Converter

CCM Operation

Average current control of Flyback ACDC converter under CCM operation

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Simulation of Flyback Converter

CCM Operation

Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Flyback converter under CCM operation 75

PSIM Model of Flyback Converter

DCM Operation

Voltage Follower control of Flyback ACDC converter for DCM operation

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Simulation of Flyback Converter

DCM Operation

Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Flyback converter under DCM operation

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PSIM Model of Cuk Converter

CCM Operation

Average current control of Cuk ACDC converter under CCM operation

78

Simulation of Cuk Converter

CCM Operation

Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Cuk converter under CCM operation
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PSIM Model of Cuk Converter

DCM Operation

Voltage Follower control of Cuk ACDC converter for DCM operation

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Simulation of Cuk Converter

DCM Operation

Source voltage and current waveforms and Current THD in Cuk converter under DCM operation

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PSIM Model of SEPIC Converter

CCM Operation

Average current control of SEPIC ACDC converter under CCM operation

82

PSIM Model of SEPIC Converter

DCM Operation

Voltage Follower control of SEPIC ACDC converter under DCM operation

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Simulation of SEPIC Converter

DCM Operation

Hardware Result of SEPIC ACDC converter under DCM operation at 60 W Load

Simulation of SEPIC Converter

DCM Operation

Hardware Result of SEPIC ACDC converter under DCM operation during Load perturbation from 60 W to 200 W to 60 W

Implementation of SEPIC Converter

DCM Operation

The THD of source current for 200 W Load

Implementation of Zeta Converter

DCM Operation

Hardware Result under DCM operation at 60 W Load

Implementation of Zeta Converter

DCM Operation

Hardware Result under DCM operation during Load perturbation from 60 W to 200 W to 60 W

Implementation of Zeta Converter

DCM Operation

The THD of source current for 200 W Load

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. R. W. Erickson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997. A. I. Pressman, Switching Power Supply Design. Second Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. P. T. Krein, Elements of Power Electronics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions. New York: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering, 2000. D. Boroyevich and S. Hiti, Three-phase PWM converter: Modeling and Control Design. Seminar 9, IEEE APEC96, 1996. M. F. Schlecht and B.A Miwa, Active power factor correction for switching power supplies, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,vol.2, pp.273281, October 1987. M. Kravitz,Power factor correction circuit for power supplies, U.S. Patent 4,961,044, Oct. 1990. J. Sebastian, M. Jaureguizar, and J. Uceda, An overview of power factor correction in single-phase off-line power supply systems, in Proc. IEEE IECON94, 1994, pp. 1688 -1693.

References
9. 10.

contd

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

R. Redl, I. Balogh, and N.O. Sokal, A new family of single-stage isolated power-factor correctors with fast regulation of the output voltage, in Proc. IEEE PESC94, 1994, pp. 1137 1144. J. Sebastian, J. A. Cobos, J.M. Lopera and J. Uceda, The determination of the boundaries between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes in PWM DC-to-DC converters used as power factor preregulators, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 10, pp. 574 -582, Sept. 1995. A. Zak, Multi-channel single stage high power factor AC to DC converter, U.S. Patent 5,619,404, April 1997. H. Mao, F. C. Y. Lee, D. Boroyevich, Review of high-performance threephase power-factor correction circuits, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, pp. 437-446, August 1997. G. A. Karvelis, S. N. Manias and G. Kostakis, A comparative evaluation of power converters used for current harmonics elimination, in IEEE HQP98, 1998, pp. 227-232. H. Wei and I. Batarseh, Comparison of basic converter topologies for power correction, in IEEE SOUTHEASTCON98, 1998, pp. 348-353. C. Qiao and K.M. Smedley, A topology survey of single-stage power factor corrector with a boost type input-current-shaper, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, pp. 360-368, May 2001.

References

contd

16. L.Huber, J. Zhang, M.M. Jovanovic and F.C. Lee, Generalized topologies of single-stage input-current-shaping circuits, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, pp. 508-513, July 2001. 17. F.L. Williamson, Universal input/output power supply with inherent near unity power factor, U.S. Patent 6,343,021, Jan. 2002. 18. M. Keller, Design of a 250 Amp telecom rectifier with true three-phase unity power factor input rectification stage, in Proc. IEEE INTELEC02, 2002, pp. 94- 100. 19. O. Garca, J. A. Cobos, R. Prieto, P. Alou and J. Uceda, Single Phase Power factor correction: A survey, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, pp. 749755, May 2003.

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