Malignant squamos cell carcinomaadenocacinoma multiple myeloma lioblastoma fibrosarcoma Osteosarcoma

Benign glioma lipoma fibroma neuroma Meningioma

TERMINOLOGIES Tumor lumps, mass, swelling Neoplasm- abnormal growth of mass tissue that has no purpose; benign or malignant Benign neoplasm does not invade other tissues Malignant neoplasm metastasizes to other tissues and organs Neoplasia Any new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dea and damaged tissue Cancer malignant neoplasm Extravasation leakage of medication from the vein into the subcutaneous tissue Dysplasia bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape or arrangement form other cells of the same type of tissue. Alteration in size, shape and organization of cells Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular tissues Anaplasia cells that lack normal cell characteristic and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin Carcinoma composed of epithelial cells Carcinogenesis process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells Carcinoma in situ confined to the local areas; 1st stage of cancer Sarcoma cancer that arises from the connective tissues Differentiation the process of maturation of a cell line of cancer cell Tumor markers chemicals found in the blood that are produced by certain cancer Apoptosis program cell death Staging process of determining the size and spread or metastasis of a tumor Tumor-specific antigen(TSA) - protein on the membrane of cancer cells that distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER >>CAUTION US! o C- change in bladder and bowel habits o A - sore that does not heal o U- unusual bleeding or discharges o T- thickening or lump in the breast o I-ndigestion and difficulty in swallowing o O- overt changes in wart or mole o N- nagging cough and hoarseness of voice o U -nexplained anemia o S - udden unexplained weight loss CELLULAR ABERRATION A group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell growth and the ability to metastasize with potential in killing the host.

What Is Cancer? CANCER is a complex of diseases which occurs when normal cells mutate into abnormal cells that take over normal tissue, eventually harming and destroying the host A large group of diseases characterized by: o Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Apoptosis, or cell suicide, is the mechanism by which old or damaged cells normally self-destruct. o Proliferation (rapid reproduction by cell division) Oncogenes are genes whose PRESENCE in certain forms and/or over activity can stimulate the development of cancer. When oncogenes arise in normal cells, they can contribute to the development of cancer by instructing cells to make proteins that stimulate excessive cell growth and division. o Invasion and metastasis. (spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ or part to another not directly connected) Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Derived from the Latin crab which means cancer o The crab first came to describe the disease of malignant tumours when Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine, saw the cut surface of a breast cancer, and described it as "carcinos" - it looked like a crab with legs stretching outwards. He later coined the word "carcinoma" - "crab swelling". Later, the Roman physician Celsus translated this into Latin directly into cancer, and this name became the name we unfortunately know well WHAT ARE THE WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER CAUTION US! o C- change in bladder and bowel habits o A - sore that does not heal o U- unusual bleeding or discharges o T- thickening or lump in the breast o I-ndigestion and difficulty in swallowing o O- overt changes in wart or mole o N- nagging cough and hoarseness of voice o U -nexplained anemia o S - udden unexplained weight loss

ETIOLOGY/CAUSATIVE FACTORS Viruses / bacteria Chemical carcinogens (e.g. cigarette smoke) Radiation Physical stressors Hormonal factors Genetic factors