The American Flag Proven Ancient Egyptian

Flag of the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/List_of_flag_names"Name

The Stars and Stripes; Red, White and Blue; Old Glory; The Star Spangled Banner
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Flag_terminology"Use

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/National_flag"National HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Flag"flag and HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/National_ensign"ensign HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/File:FIAV_111111.svg" INCLUDEPICTURE "\\\\upload.wikimedia.org\\wikipedia\\co mmons\\thumb\\6\\68\\FIAV_111111.sv g\\23px-FIAV_111111.svg.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET Proportion Adopted 10:19 June 14, 1777 (original 13-star version) July 4, 1960 (current 50-star version) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white; in the canton, 50 white stars on a blue field

HYPERLINK "file:///\\\\upload.wikimedia.org\\wikipedia\\en\\a\\a4\\Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" Full resolution (SVG file, nominally 1,235 650 pixels, file size: 1 KB) File history

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The national flag of the United States of America, often simply referred to as the American flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Flag_terminology"canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Five-pointed_star"five-

pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the HYPERLINK "../Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/U.S._state"50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-0#cite_note-0" [1] Nicknames for the flag include the "Stars and Stripes", "HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Old_Glory"Old Glory", HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-1#cite_note-1" [2] and "The Star-Spangled Banner" (also the name of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"national anthem).

Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, One thirteenth of the flag width)

Fold 12 Folds in Total

Meaning

Fold Eleven The eleventh fold, in the eyes of a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/American_Jews"Jewish citizen, represents the lower portion of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon"seal of King David and King Solomon,

Fold 12 TwelveThe twelfth fold, in the eyes of a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States"Christian citizen, represents an emblem of eternity and glorifies, in their eyes, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Trinity"God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

When the flag is completely folded, the stars point upwards, which remind the American of his national motto, "HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"In God We Trust". HYPERLINK "" \l

"cite_note-US_Flag_-_Usage-51#cite_note-" [52] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_noteAmerican_Legion-53#cite_note-" [54] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-Carlos_Zamorano54#cite_note-" [55]

The name of Eric Robert Powell, when the word GOD is situated into the letters DGO reveals the following: 4 7

11 15 26 These series of numbers show first the number 4. Eric Robert Powell's birth date of 12.26.56 totals a '94' while his birth date of 12.26.1956 totals a 1994. His full name is a reduced 7. When we reduce the numbers as 11/2; 15/6; and lastly 26/8 we find his full name reduced to a 25/16 which occupy the last two vertical rows in our equation. We also find the number 526 (BC) when Amen Hotep left Egypt for North America in order to visit The Neters (Gods) of the West. Lastly without reducing the numbers above we find his birth date of 12.26.56. When we follow the phrase IN GOD WE TRUST using DGO once more, we find the following series of numbers in our vertical column: 297 which represents the alphanumeric total embedded in the name of AMEN HOTEP II; the number 777; the number 97 for AMEN HOTEP; the number 197 for AMEN HOTEP I, - both Pharaohs were actually the same. See dates of birth's and reigns for both Pharaohs, as they provide the same numbers of birth and reign; the number 911AD which involves George Bush; the number '78 which is embedded in the name middle name of Eric Robert Powell as well as the same number embedded in the phrase, (the) Architect; the birth number of Eric Robert Powell as 12.26.1956; the numbers 315 as well as 613 - Friday the 13th, the day Moses as the historical Ahmose II cursed the Jews in Able-Shittim through Ba'al Peor by the actual turning of there genetic make-up to white by the removal of the chemical 'melanin' as well as their solar light removing them permanently from 'The Lord Their God' permanently, destroying their spirit as well as their soul; the number 526 (BC), the year they murmured in the wilderness and were ready, according to Moses to stone me, which they did after the curse of the open sleeve, to which every magician since that time remarks, Nothing up my sleeve; the number 526 once more; as well as 666 which is actually the circumference of the Caucasus Mountains in which the Caucasus Wall was built in the third Dynasty of, as listed by, HYPERLINK "http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html" http://www.ancientegypt.org/index.html as follows:

The design of the flag has been modified 26 times officially, since 1777. The number '26' is also a proven 2 + 6 = 8 for the formula 8.6.2 while fold 11 represents the

formula 8.6.11. Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, One thirteenth of the flag width) The birth-date of one Eric Robert Powell, when reduced to 12.26.56 totals the number '94' which is further reduced to 9 + 4 = 13 while his full name is reduced to an alphanumeric 7.

These designations (769) form the number 12.26./ 7 96. The number 96 is reduced as 9 + 6 = 15 for the formula 12.26.1956. And the number '7' which in our treatise preceding it as we continue to explain why.

Note again that the American Flag has been modified since 1777 which constitutes Three Sevens - 777.

When the flag is completely folded, the stars point upwards, which remind the American of his national motto, "HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"In God We Trust". HYPERLINK "" \l

"cite_note-US_Flag_-_Usage-51#cite_note-" [52] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_noteAmerican_Legion-53#cite_note-" [54] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-Carlos_Zamorano54#cite_note-" [55]

The flag closely resembles the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/British_East_India_Company"British East

India Company flag of the era, as shown below

Flag of the British HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/East_India_Company"East India Company, 17071801

The years of the East India Company being 1701 1801 is also a reduced '196' which will

be discussed as we continue in further depth as to the number's precise meaning. At the time of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence"Declaration of Independence, the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Continental_Congress"Continental Congress would not

legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as "the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Continental_Colors"Continental Colors"

has historically been referred to as the first national flag. Below is American Flag using The Continental Colors Authors Note: The British East Indian Company was the infamous Black British Slave Trading Company. Below is the Grand Union Flag of Britain The HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Continental_Colors"Continental Colors (aka Grand Union Flag)

There were 27 Flags of varying states with 13 Stripes attached for a total of 351 Stripes (a reduced 315) as well as a series of 882 stars which is a reduced '72' the exact number of the Jewish Sahandrein as well as the exact same letters in the name of God worshiped in Judaism and other religions. The last three series of numbers in this equation, being '202', '358' and '88' total a '648'. The reader must realize that there are only 86,400 seconds in a day and that the European Jews were created on Friday the 13, 526 BC. Despite the 1777 resolution, a number of flags only loosely based on the prescribed design were used in the early years of American independence. One example may have been the
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Guilford_Courthouse_flag"Guilford Court House Flag, traditionally believed to have been carried by the American troops at the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House"Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781. Other evidence suggests it dates only to the nineteenth century. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note67#cite_note-67" [68] The original flag is at the North Carolina Historical Museum.

The origin of the stars and stripes design is inadequately documented. The HYPERLINK
"../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Apocryphal"apocryphal story credits HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Betsy_Ross"Betsy Ross

for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists; indeed, nearly a century had passed before Ross' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested it. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-68#cite_note-68" [69] Another woman, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet
Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Rebecca_Young"Rebecca Young, has also been credited as

having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Young's daughter was
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Mary_Young_Pickersgill"Mary Pickersgill, who made the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Star_Spangled_Banner_Flag"Star Spangled Banner Flag. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-

69#cite_note-69" [70] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-NMAH-making-70#cite_note-NMAH" [71] It is likely that HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson"Francis Hopkinson of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/New_Jersey"New Jersey, a signer of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"Declaration of Independence, designed the

1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the

flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. This contradicts the Betsy Ross legend, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-fcic-64#cite_note-fcic-64" [65] HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-71#cite_note-71" [72] Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. He asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment initially. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he was not the only person to have contributed to the design. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note72#cite_note-72" [73] The phrase American Flag is an alphanumeric '315'. There is also 13 Stripes as well as 50 Stars which denotes another '315'. When added together both 315's total the exact number of the Ancient Egyptian Lunar Calender which contained 30 days per month with 12 months for a perfect '360' lunar day calender. When the phrase The American Flag is used the alphanumeric total is 315 plus 6 which totals a reduced '196' plus the numbers 2 + 3 = 5 which brings us to the total of the year '1956'.

The name of Eric Robert Powell, and there is only one alive in the world with that name, the full name is reduced to an 8.6.11 and further reduced to an 8.6.2. The total alphanumeric number for this name is a '196'. At present there are exactly 196 Countries in the world which will remain until The New World takes precedence over the present world situation of blind control of the masses, economic depression, unjust laws which imprison a great majority of the population unfairly with illegal drugs being supplied mainly through the actions of the State of Israel and corporations such as Coke a Cola, whose patented logo script reads; No Muhammad, No Mecca and from right to left reads; No Mecca, No Muhammad - this corporation is also heavily involved in the illegal drug trade which consists mainly of opium and herion, just as their sister corporation Pepsi Cola does in Afghanistan after the Taliban wiped out poppy production and at the present time, former Prime Minister of Britain, - Tony Blair stated publicly that once the Americans, under George Bush invaded Afghanistan, 96 to 98 % of the heroin being produced and entering Britain came from the Americans after the Taliban wiped out its total production. Also there is much profits to be made in the Armament Industry as well as banking, Insurance, Private Military Contractors and the like.

One of the final numbers in our last equation concerning '196' plus 2 + 3 equaling 1956 is 12.26.1956, the exact date of birth of Eric Robert Powell as well as his exact time of birth

being 5 AM (GMT) as well as 9 AM (EST). When we carry over the extra number '1' when adding 315 to the reduced number of '6' we also find the number '403'. Slavery actually began in America in the exact year of 1609 which is another '196'. When this number is added to the year 2012 we find the number of years of Black Slavery being precisely 403 years. This is another Seven, the number of the name of God being a Seven. Eric Robert Powell's full name is also a reduced 7 and his birth-date of 12.26.1956 is reduced to a 3.8.3 which totals a '14' the square root of which is another 7 making his last birth-date number Double Sevens ('77) which is again the number of the date of the American Flag. When we discussed The American Flag above the number 13 was found within it's dimensions, written as, - Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, One thirteenth of the flag width).

Third dynasty of Egypt History of Egypt 3rd Dynasty Third Dynasty Name Sanakhte Djoser Sekhemkhet Khaba Huni Comments Commissioned the Step Pyramid designed by Imhotep Dates 2686-2668 2668-2649 2649-2643 2643-2637 2637-2613

http://www.fact-index.com/t/th/third_dynasty_of_egypt.html?vm=r
Notice that the year 2686 is also represented by Eric Robert Powells alphanumeric sum total, when reduced into single digits as 8.6.2 respectively. Also recall that the last two digits in this year of 2686 are an 86 the same alphanumeric total embedded within the name of IMHOTEP. And lastly that 8 - 6 = 2.

Corresponding Time Line listing is as follows:

The table below lists the kings that are placed in the 3rd Dynasty.

Name Manetho Kinglists Dates (*)

INCLUDEPICTURE "../Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/kings/03/0301_n etjerikhet/thumbnail_30.gif" \ * MERGEFORMAT

Netjerikhet Tosorthros Djoser / Djoser-It 2650 - 2631

Sekhemkhet Tyreis Djoser-Ti / Djoser-Teti 2631 - 2623

Khaba Hudjefa (?) 2623 - 2619

INCLUDEPICTURE "../Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/Temporary %20Internet%20Files/Local %20Settings/kings/03/0304_s anakht/thumbnail_30.gif" \* MERGEFORMAT

Sanakht Necherphs (?) Nebka (?) 2619 - 2599

Djoser From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Djoser (Netjerikhet) HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Turin_King_List"Turin King List "Dsr-it" HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Manetho"Manetho "Tosarthros"

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Pharaoh"Pharaoh of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"Egypt
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Egyptian_chronology"Reign

29 years HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Manetho"Manetho or 28 years HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Palermo_Stone"Palermo Stone, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt"3rd DynastyPredecessor HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sanakhte"Sanakhte? or HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Khasekhemwy"KhasekhemwySuccessor

HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sekhemkhet"SekhemkhetHYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary"Royal titulary HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" [show]
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary%23Horus_name"Horus name: Netjerikhet

Consort(s) HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Hetephernebti"Hetephernebti HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-dodson450#cite_note-dodson45" [1]Father
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Khasekhemwy"KhasekhemwyMother HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Nimaethap"NimaethapMonuments HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"Pyramid of Djoser

Netjerikhet[HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation"pronunciation?] or

Djoser[HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet

Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation"pronunciation?] (HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/wiki/Turin_King_List"Turin King List "Dsr-it"; HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Manetho"Manetho "Tosarthros") is the best-known HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Pharaoh"pharaoh of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt"Third dynasty of Egypt. He commissioned his official, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Imhotep"Imhotep, to build the first of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Pyramid"pyramids, a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"step pyramid for him at HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Saqqara"Saqqara. Variants of his name include Zoser, Dzoser, Zozer, Dsr, Djeser,

Djsr, Horus-Netjerikhet, and Horus-Netjerichet. - Authors note: one can easily asceertain the name eric in Djoser's Horus name. There has been significant controversy about dating the reigns of the Old Kingdom; radiocarbon dating published in 2010 has indicated that Djoser's reign began sometime between 2691 to 2625 BC. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-1#cite_note-1" [2] The painted HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Limestone"limestone statue of Djoser, now in the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"Egyptian Museum in HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Cairo"Cairo, is the oldest known life-sized Egyptian statue. Today at the site in Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original. The statue was found during the Antiquities Service Excavations of 1924-1925. In contemporary inscriptions, he is called Netjerikhet, meaning "body of the gods." Later sources, which include a HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/New_Kingdom"New Kingdom reference

to his construction, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person. While Manetho names Necherophes and the Turin King List names HYPERLINK "../Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Nebka"Nebka as the first ruler of the Third dynasty, many HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Egyptologist"Egyptologists now believe Djoser was first king of this HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Dynasty"dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some predecessors of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Khufu_(pharaoh)"Khufu are mentioned in the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Papyrus_Westcar"Papyrus Westcar suggests Nebka should be placed between Djoser and HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Huni"Huni, not before Djoser. More significantly, the English Egyptologist HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson"Toby Wilkinson has demonstrated that burial seals found at the entrance to HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Khasekhemwy"Khasekhemwy's tomb in Abydos name only Djoser, rather than Nebka.

This supports the view that it was Djoser who buried, and hence directly succeeded, Khasekhemwy, rather than Nebka. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-2#cite_note-2" [3]

Reign length Manetho states Djoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it was only nineteen years. Because of his many substantial building projects, particularly at Saqqara, some scholars argue Djoser must have enjoyed a reign of nearly three decades. Manetho's figure appears to be more accurate, according to Wilkinson's analysis and reconstruction of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local

Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Palermo_Stone"Royal Annals. Wilkinson

reconstructs the Annals as giving Djoser "28 complete or partial years", noting that the cattle counts recorded on Palermo Stone HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Register_(sculpture)"register V, and Cairo

Fragment 1 register V, for the beginning and ending of Djoser's reign, would most likely indicate his regnal Years 1-5 and 19-28. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-3#cite_note-3" [4]

Reign Djoser dispatched several military expeditions to the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"Sinai

Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions there to mine for valuable minerals such as HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Turquoise"turquoise and HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Copper"copper. This is known from inscriptions found in the desert there, sometimes displaying the banner of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Set_(mythology)"Seth alongside the symbols of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Horus"Horus, as had been more common under Khasekhemwy. The Sinai was also strategically important as a buffer between the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Nile"Nile valley and Asia.

His most famous monument was his HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Step_pyramid"step pyramid, which entailed the construction of several HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Mastaba"mastaba tombs one over another. These forms would eventually lead to the standard pyramid tomb in the later HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/wiki/Old_Kingdom"Old Kingdom. Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to

architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that "Tosorthros" discovered how to build with hewn stone, in addition to being remembered as the physician HYPERLINK "../Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Aesculapius"Aesculapius, and for introducing some reforms in the writing system.

Modern scholars think that Manetho originally ascribed (or meant to ascribe) these feats to Imuthes, who was later deified as Aesculapius by the Greeks and Romans, and who corresponds to HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Imhotep"Imhotep, the famous minister of Djoser who

engineered the Step Pyramid's construction. Some fragmentary reliefs found at HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient)"Heliopolis and HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Gebelein"Gebelein mention Djoser's name and suggest he commissioned

construction projects in those cities. Also, he may have fixed the southern boundary of his kingdom at the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary
Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/First_Cataract"First Cataract. An inscription known as the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Famine_Stela"Famine Stela and claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but probably created during the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Ptolemaic_Dynasty"Ptolemaic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Khnum"Khnum on the island of HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Elephantine"Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a

seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription as a legend at the time it was inscribed. Nonetheless, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Egyptians still remembered Djoser. Although he seems to have started an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy, a

pharaoh from the 2nd dynasty, was the last pharaoh to be buried at Abydos, some Egyptologists infer that the shift to a more northerly capital was completed during Djoser's time.

Family Because Queen HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary

Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Nimaethap"Nimaethap, the wife of Khasekhemwy, the last king of the HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Second_dynasty_of_Egypt"Second dynasty of Egypt, is

mentioned on a jar sealing of Khasekhemwy with the title "Mother of the King's children", some writers argue she was Djoser's mother and Khasekhemwy was his father. This is also suggested by another jar sealing, dating to Djoser's reign, calling her "Mother of the King of the Two Lands". Her cult seems to have still been active in the later reign of HYPERLINK
"../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sneferu"Sneferu. HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Hetephernebti"Hetephernebti is identified as one of Djoser's queens "on a series

of boundary stela from the Step Pyramid enclosure (now in various museums) and a fragment of relief from a building at Hermopolis" currently in the Egyptian museum of Turin. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-4#cite_note-4" [5]
HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Inetkawes"Inetkawes was their only daughter known by name. There was also

a third royal female attested during Djoser's reign, but her name is destroyed. The relationship between Djoser and his successor, HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local
Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Sekhemkhet"Sekhemkhet, is not known,

and the date of his death is uncertain.

References
HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-dodson45_0-0#cite_ref-dodson45" ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton:

The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, HYPERLINK
"../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500051283"ISBN 0-500-05128-3 p.45 HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-1#cite_ref-1" ^ HYPERLINK "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395"

Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, HYPERLINK "http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395" Science HYPERLINK
"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395" , Vol. 328. no. 5985 (18 June 2010), pp. 1554 - 1557 HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-2#cite_ref-2" ^ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge,

1999, pp.83 & 95 HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-3#cite_ref-3" ^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_ref-4#cite_ref-4" ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal

Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004), p.48

Bibliography Rosanna Pirelli, "Statue of Djoser" in Francesca Tiradriti (editor), The Treasures of the Egyptian Museum, American University in Cairo Press, 1999, p. 47. Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, (Routledge:1999), pp. 83 & 95 Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and Its Associated Fragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000.
HYPERLINK "http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0301_netjerikhet/history.html" A Detailed profile

of Djoser

Djoser's Pyramid (aka 'Step' Pyramid)

Ruler: Djoser (Horus name: Netjerikhet) Location: Saqqara Date: ca 2584 2565 BC Dimensions: Stage I (4-step pyramid) base 71 meters X 71.5 meters; height 8.4 meters Stage II (6-step pyramid) base 109 meters X 121 meters; height 62.5 meters Materials used: limestone Notice that the height in stage one and two plus the base in meters correspond to an 8.6.2, an 8.6.11 as well as 12.26.1956 with a corresponding 5/9 ratio. Djoser's Step pyramid in Saqqara

Djoser's Step pyramid in Saqqara Djoser Horus name Netjerikhet was likely the first king of the 3rd dynasty. HYPERLINK "" \l "cite_note-Dodson-3#cite_note-Dodson-3" [4] This famous complex in Saqqara was investigated by Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign, the Prussian General von Minutoli and John Perring. The first thorough excavation was conducted by Firth in the 1920s. Much of our present knowledge about Djoser's complex is due to Lauer however. See also HYPERLINK "../Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet
Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/wiki/Djoser%2527s_Step_Pyramid_in_Saqqara"Djoser's Step

Pyramid in Saqqara for a more detailed description of the pyramid complex. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Timeline_for_development_of_pyramids_and_pyramid_like_str uctures" http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Timeline_for_development_of_pyramids_and_pyramid_like_stru ctures

Egypt as The Land of Kemet - The Black Land

The phrase, 'The Land of Kemet' is an alphanumeric '315'.

The phrase 'The American Flag' is an alphanumeric '138'. Subtracting the three letters in the word 'The' gives us the number '3' which when subtracted from '138' is also a '315'.

The name 'Menes' provides us with a '315' for the name 'Me'. We must also remember that the universe is 41 billion years old, which is represented by the letter 'N' as the letter 'N' is an alphanumeric '14' which when reversed represents 41 billion years. Together with the letter 'N' as Men' who is also known as Menes, we are now at the alphanumeric '18' which represents the '18' Dynasty of Amen Hotep, - which is Menes heir to the Throne. With the letters 'Es' added to the name 'Men' we now have an alphanumeric '315' once more as well as the number '97' which represents Amen Hotep as well as the number '197' which represents Amen Hotep I. We also find the number '196', - which also represents the exact amount of countries in the year 2012 at present, - save the new Dynasty of Amen which is an alphanumeric '33' which is also present in our tabulation.Lastly we find the year of birth of Eric Robert Powell as 1956. We must again recall that Amen Hotep I and the Second are and were one and the same, which brings us to the number 'Three', another '56' AD (1956 AD, - the same date of birth as Amen Hotep I only 1956 BC. Lastly we find the number '613' which is the amount of Commandments in the Torah of the Jews and recorded in the King James version of the Bible. This date also represents Friday the 13th as Friday represents the 6th Day of Creation when 'God' created Man, who according to the scriptures would become a 'lover' of himself.

The State of Israel has been documented as 86% male homosexual and is also a Secular State which means that these beings utilize their own laws rather then God's Laws which are recorded in the Torah of the Jews. They are therefore NOT God's Chosen People.

The name of the Architect being Imhotep is and alphanumeric 86 which is reduced to the number 2. The cursing of the Jews into a melanin extinguished population was not leprosy proper as lepers but rather the erase of the chemical Melanin as well as their inner light spectrum, the light of God, as the Seven Colors of Light produced by the Sun, the Moon, etc., therefore they have lost their own spirit, soul, reason capabilities and are regarded as uncivilized barbarians which only know destruction as the harmonic balance has also been removed. This can be confirmed by any good bible commentary from the book shelves.

When the phrase The American Flag is used regarding the alphanumeric number '33' for the word The is subtracted from the original phrase, we are left with the number '105' which represents the number '51' as well as '105'.

The 51st Constellation ranked by size area is called Lepus, - The Hare'. One of the main stars in this constellation is Leporis from which we derive the word Leper as well as Leprosy.

The name Betsy Ross is an alphanumeric 142, which is also embedded in the name of Eric Robert Powell as a reduced 7, as well as the 142 Abominations of God mentioned earlier. Using the original totals when not reduced and then also reducing them, we find encoded in the name of Betsy Ross the following hidden codes: 526 BC; 97 (Amen Hotep); 197 (Amen Hotep I); 297 (Amen Hotep II); 8.6.11 as well as 8.6.2; 196 (Eric Robert Powell in alphanumeric. This number also represents the 196 current world total of Nations; 1956BC and AD as representing the initial reigning date of Amen Hotep I; 12.26.1956; 315; 613; 25/16; 88, which represents the 88 known constellations; the number 51 which represents the 51st Constellation of Lepus, also known as The Hare (Jack Rabbit, as our solar system is in a black hole also known as a Rabbit Hole and a worm hole; the number 41 as the universe is 41 billion years old; the number 314 which represents 314, The Quest, written by Alexter Crowley; March 3, 1933 as 3333 including the number 19 which represents the reincarnation birth- date of Osiris as Robert Oris Powell, Father of Eric Robert Powell. Let it be noted that the name ORIS also signifies Signa Oris Magnum, whose son is known as Ejus, - the biblical Jesus and written as Signa Ejus Magnum. The Son of Oris, as Osiris, - Lord of the Dead, is the Egyptian Horus, also spelled Horis which is the Ancient Egyptian source of Jesus as represented in the phrase Jesus H. Christ. Remember also that the original first name of Amen Hotep, who is also the biblical Amen The Faithful and True Witness, - as recorded in the Book of Revelation, is Iris, named as such after the flower of the same name. This is the original name embedded in the word Christ which is also recognized as an abbreviation for Horis. When used with the name Jesus we also discover the word Risen as in The Risen Christ. The name Betsy Ross ends with the number 403. This number represents the amount of years in which Americas Blacks, (- named after The Land of Kemet, and translated The Black

Land) have been biblically In a Land in which is not theirs, - in Captivity and mistreated for over 400 years. They come out in year 403 due to the fact that slavery began in America, in Yonkers, New York in year 1609 which proves that Eric Robert Powell, as Ishmael, also known as Ishme Dagon, ( The Dog Fish) known as Dagon, came to America as the First Slave.

The True Meaning of The Slave Trade There is a Native American Tribe named Slave.

The Meaning of the Phrase You Slay Me You Slay Me

Thesaurus slay verb The hill where he slew the dragon

HYPERLINK "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/misc/HarperCollinsProducts.aspx?EnglishThesaurus" Collins Thesaurus of the English Language Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002

HYPERLINK "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slay" http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slay

Translations slay v slay [slei] to kill Cain slew his brother Abel. Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary 2006-2010 HYPERLINK "http://kdictionaries.com" K Dictionaries Ltd.

John McCain does not know how to spell his name correctly. That is one of t he reasons he missed me. The Meaning of YOU The God Yo, which represents the male divinity of the universe, - coupled with the Egyptian U hieroglyph. The U Hieroglyph INCLUDEPICTURE "http://www.artyfactory.com/egyptian_art/egyptian_hieroglyphs/images/hieroglyph_u.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET There are two hieroglyphs for the letter "u". They represent the different sounds of the letter. The quail chick is used for the long "u" sound in words like rule, pull and duel, and names like Una. The reed and quail chick are combined for the short "u" sound in words like jump and up, and names like Ursula. For a detailed study of the above see Eric Robert Powells, The U hieroglyph. Eric Robert Powells birth place is in Yonkers, New York. The biblical etymology of the name Yonkers is Yonah, and Jonas. Also we have the alternate spelling of Yonkers as Yonkirs, - Yo, On, Iris, Amen Hotep II, with the letter K representing the number II. SLAY The letter S as in the logo on Supermans chest which actually is also rendered as The Serpent; The Pharaoh Ay and the letter L representing the alphanumeric 12 for the 12th sign of the Zodiac which is Capricorn, The Goat. All Pharaohs wore a Goatee.

ME Explained

This is the Pharaoh Men, also known as Menes. The two letter Me representing the number 315 while the hidden letter N represents the Age of the Universe as being 41 billion years old, and hence the letter N representing the alphanumeric 14, which also represents the year 1,400 BC and therefore that of Amen Hotep II. The word You represents an alphanumeric 142. The word Slay represents an alphanumeric 129 which is reduced to the number 39 which is 39.21.60, or 12.26.1956 as well as our 5/9 time of birth ratio.

The Phrase The Flag of the United States of America This phrase is an alphanumeric 315 with a total of 33 letters which represents the 33rd Dynasty of Amen Hotep. The complete phrase also contains the embedded numerals: 196; 97; 197; 297; 526; a 613 as well as other pertinent numbers also representing the 3rd Dynasty of Ancient Egypt which

AMERICA UNCODED By Eric Robert Powell

ANCIENT EGYPT AND THE AMERICAS A Case Study

Specific subjects

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - and THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA From which we also derive The City of On, Heliopolis, Egypt and MESOAMERICA

Embedded within the name The United States of America we find the return of the biblical and historical Amen, as well as the Goddess Meri Amen also known as The Triple Goddess of Love and War, The Ancient Egyptian Goddess Qedesh aka, - Kim Kardashian, and with her therefore the God Ash, also known as Asher and the Goddess Astarte, also known as Aset and Ashet, - (pronounced with alternate spelling - Ahshit) the Queen Goddess of Asher . This author was born on Ash Wednesday, 12.26.1956 at 5 AM (GMT) and 9 AM (EST). The name Eric Robert Powell is an alphanumeric 8.6.11 reduced to an 8.6.2., known as a 25/16, while the full name, which is reduced to a Seven, is a full 196 as well as a 142. Let the reader remember these all important numbers as we progress.

NEXT Explanation of the phrase

The United States of America

(The United): The Nuit Tribe (States) The Serpent Diadem, The Egyptian Ta, - meaning the Earth, The Goddess Aset, - aka Ashet

- The Goddess of Asher, - the original name for Syria (Of America) I AM a biblical phrase referring to the God Amen as the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph AMN stands for the God Amen. Since there is no word in English which copies AMN the letter N is dropped to the simple two letter word AM. Full translation therefore being AMIN as Amen and Amin are alternate spellings of the same name with the slight distinction of Amen being described as The Hidden One while Amin, derivative The God Min- God of fertility of male semen as properly understood to mean The Pharaoh Men(es) and therefore semen along with the Nemes Headdress. 2. The name Eric, as in America, interpreted as I AM ERIC also as in the last days, God comes in his own name see bible reference. 3. The Egyptian word for the Ka as in Canada but properly spelled Kanada which incorporates the Egyptian source for the soul or spirit being ones own star. 4. Meri Amen; Kim Kardashian, as wife of Ahmose- Ankh, aka Ahmose II.

The Metis Tribe of Canada being re-housed in her rightful place here in America. It is from the Metis Tribe where the New York Mets originates their name, it does not come from the word Metropolitan. Here we find its derivative source as The Land of Kemet with the letters Is designating Isis, Ishmael, Kadish as Godsa and Ashet. 5. The original name for Egypt being The Land of Kemet, translated as The Black Land because of her dark rich soil and of course the derivative source of the phrase The Black Man the word Man being further analyzed as an abbreviation for the Goddess Maat as Man was always engineered and persevered to uphold Maat. Since the universe is approximately 41 billion years old, the letter N represents the number 14 and the letters Ma as those of The Goddess Maat Supreme Goddess of the Seven Virtues and her 42 Principles of Law.

We must also remember that in the phrase The United States of America, the word Of is an

alphanumerica 56 and the word The, as its introduction, is an alphanumeric 33.

SUMERIA C (K)ANADA/NORTH AMERICA/ SOUTH AMERICA MESOPOTAMIA MESOAMERICA MESO as MIDDLE

Sumer SUMER and HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php? title=Sumerian&action=edit" \o "Sumerian" Sumerian. The Babylonian name Shumer was used in the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cuneiform" \o "Cuneiform" cuneiform inscriptions together with HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Akkad" \o "Akkad" Akkad, viz. HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Mat" \o "Mat" mat Shumeri u Akkadi, " land of S. and A.," to denote HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Babylonia_and_Assyria" \o "Babylonia and Assyria" Babylonia in general (see HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Akkad" \o "Akkad" Akkad). In the 'non-Semitic ideographic documents the equivalent for Shumer is Kengi, which seems to be a combination of ken, " land " -}- gi, " HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Reed_ %28disambiguation%29" \o "Reed (disambiguation)" reed," i.e. " land of reeds," and appropriate designation for Babylonia, which is essentially a district of reedy marshes formed by the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Tigris" \o "Tigris" Tigris and HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Euphrates" \o "Euphrates" Euphrates. It was formerly thought that Shumer was employed especially to denote the south of Babylonia, while Akkad was used only of the north, but this view is no longer regarded as tenable. It is more probable that the expression Shumer designated the whole of Babylonia in much the same manner as did Akkad, and that the two words "Shumer and Akkad " were used together as a comprehensive term. That Shumer actually did mean all Babylonia appears evident from the biblical use of Shinar=Shumer to describe the district which contained the four chief Babylonian cities, viz. HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Babel" \o "Babel" Babel, HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Erech" \o "Erech" Erech, Accad and Calneh (Gen. x. Io), which, according to the Old Testament account, constituted the beginnings of Nimrod's kingdom. The identity of Shinar and Shumer is also demon= strated by

HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/The_Septuagint" \o "The Septuagint" the Septuagint renderindof Shinar in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Isaiah" \o "Isaiah" Isaiah xi. 11 by " Babylonia." In short, there can be no doubt that the biblical name Shinar was practically equivalent to the mat Shumeri u Akkadi= non-Semitic KengiHYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Uri" \o "Uri" Uri of the Babylonian inscriptions. Furthermore, the fact that the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Syriac" \o "Syriac" Syriac Sen'ar = Shinar was later used to denote the region about HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bagdad" \o "Bagdad" Bagdad (northern Babylonia) does not necessarily prove that Shinar-Shumer meant only northern Babylonia, because, when the term Sen'ar was applied to the Bagdad district the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Great_Southern_Ocean" \o "Great Southern Ocean" great southern Babylonian civilization had long been forgotten and " Babylonia " really meant only what we now know as northern Babylonia. The actual meaning of the word Shumer is uncertain. Dr T. G. Pinches has pointed out' that Shumer may be a HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dialectic" \o "Dialectic" dialectic form of an as yet unestablished non-Semitic form, Shenger, just as the non-Semitic word dimmer, " god," is equivalent to another form, dingir. Others have seen in the ancient Babylonian place-name Gir-su an HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Inversion" \o "Inversion" inversion of Su-gir = Su-ngir, which has also been identified with Shumer. In this connexion Hommel's theory 2 should be mentioned, that the word Shumer was a later palatalization of Ki-imgir, " land of Imgir "=Shiimgir, subsequently Shingi with palatalized k = sh and elision of the final r. The form imgir (imgur), however, as a place-name for Babylonia is uncertain. All that can be said at present about this difficult HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Etymology" \o "Etymology" etymology is that in the non-Semitic Babylonian the medial m represented quite evidently an indeterminate nasal which could also be indicated by the combination rig. Hence we find Shumer, probably pronounced Shuwer, with a HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sound_%28disambiguation%29" \o "Sound (disambiguation)" sound similar to that heard to-day in the Scottish Gaelic word lamh, " hand "; viz. a sort of nasalized w. This gave rise to the later inaccurate forms: Greek, Senaar; Syriac, Sen'ar; and biblical Hebrew, Shinar = Skingar. The so-called " Sumerian problem," which has perplexed Assyriologists for many years, may be briefly stated as follows. In a great number of Babylonian inscriptions an HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Idiom" \o "Idiom" idiom has long been recognized which is clearly not ordinary Semitic in character. This non-Semitic system, which is found, in many instances, on alternate lines with a regular Semitic translation, in other cases in opposite columns to a Semitic rendering, and again without any Semitic equivalent at all, has been held by one school, founded and still vigorously

defended by the distinguished French Assyriologist, Joseph Halevy, to be nothing more than a priestly system of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cryptography" \o "Cryptography" cryptography based, of course, on the then current Semitic speech. This cryptography, according to some of the Halevyans, was read aloud in Semitic, but, according to other expositors, the system was read as an " ideophonic," secret, and purely artificial language. The opposing school (the Sumerists) insists that these Hastings's Diet. HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bible" \o "Bible" Bible, iv. 503.2 Ibid. i. 224b. non-Semitic documents were evidently in an agglutinative language, naturally not uninfluenced by Semitic elements, but none the less essentially non-Semitic in origin and fundamental character. Scholars of this opinion believe that this language, which has been arbitrarily called " Akkadian " in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/England" \o "England" England and " Sumerian " on the European continent and in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/America" \o "America" America, was primitively the speech of the pre-Semitic inhabitants of the Euphratean region who were conquered by the invading Semites. These invaders, according to this latter view, adopted the religion and culture of the conquered Sumerians; and, consequently, the Sumerian idiom at a comparatively early date began to be used exclusively in the Semitic temples as the written vehicles of religious thought in much the same way as was the medieval HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Latin" \o "Latin" Latin of the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Roman_Catholic_Church" \o "Roman Catholic Church" Roman Church. The solution of this problem is of vital importance in connexion with the early history of man's development in the Babylonian region. The study of the Sumerian vocabulary falls logically into three divisions. These are (1) the origin of the cuneiform signs, (2) the etymology of the phonetic values, and (3) the elucidation of the many and varied primitive sign-meanings. Previous to Professor Friedrich Delitzsch's masterly work on the origin of the most ancient Babylonian system of writing,' no one had correctly understood the facts regarding the beginnings of the cuneiform system, which is now generally recognized as having been originally a pure picture writing which later developed into a conventionalized ideographic and syllabic sign-list. In order to comprehend the mysteries of the Sumerian problem a thorough examination of the beginning of every one of these signs is, of course, imperative, but it is equally necessary that every phonetic Sumerian value and word-combination be also studied, both in connexion with the equivalent signs and with other allied phonetic values. This etymological study of Sumerian is attended with incalculable difficulties, because nearly all the Sumerian texts which we possess are written in an idiom which is quite evidently under the

influence of Semitic. With the exception of some very ancient texts, the Sumerian literature, consisting largely of religious material such as HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hymns" \o "Hymns" hymns and incantations, shows a number of Semitic loanwords and grammatical Semitisms, and in many cases, although not always, is quite patently a translation of Semitic ideas by Semitic priests into the formal religious Sumerian language. Professor Paul Haupt may be termed the father of Sumerian etymology, as he was really the first to place this study on a scientific basis in his Sumerian Family Laws and Akkadian and Sumerian Cuneiform Texts. 2 It is significant that all phonetic and grammatical work in Sumerian tends to confirm nearly every one of Haupt's views. Professors HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Peter_%28disambiguation %29" \o "Peter (disambiguation)" Peter Jensen and Zimmern have also done excellent work in the same field and, together with Haupt, have established the correct method of investigating the Sumerian vocables, which should be studied only in relation to the Sumerian literature. Sumerian words should by no means be compared with words in the idioms of more recent peoples, such as Turkish, in spite of many tempting resemblances.' Until further light has been thrown on the nature of Sumerian, this language should be regarded as standing quite alone, a prehistoric philological remnant, and its etymology should be studied only with reference to the Sumerian inscriptions themselves. On the other hand, grammatical and constructional examples may be cited from other more modern agglutinative idioms, in order to establish the truly linguistic character of the Sumerian peculiarities and to disprove the Halevyan contentions that Sumerian is really not a language at a11.4 It is not surprising that Halevy's view as to the cryptographic nature of Sumerian should have arisen. In fact, the first impression given by the bewildering HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Labyrinth" \o "Labyrinth" labyrinth of the Sumerian 1 Die Entstehung des ltesten Schriftsystems HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Oder" \o "Oder" oder der Ursprung der Keilschriftzeichen (Leipzig, 1897). z Die sumerischen Familiengesetze (1879). Die akkadische Sprache (Berlin, 1883). Akkadische and sumerische Keilschrifttexte (Leipzig, 1881). See especially his Sumerian grammar in this latter work, pp. 133-147. Cf. A. H. Sayce's interesting article in Philological Society (1877-1878), pp. I-20. 4 Prince, Materials for a Sumerian HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Lexicon" \o "Lexicon" Lexicon, pp. 18, 21. word-list is the conclusion that such a vocabulary could never have arisen in a regularly developed language. For example, anyone studying Briinnow's List s will find the same sign denoting pages of meanings, many of which have apparently no connexion with any other meaning belonging to the sign in question. A great multiplicity of meanings is also attributed,

apparently quite arbitrarily, to the same sign, sound-value or word. In these instances, however, we can explain the difficulty away by applying that great fundamental principle followed by the Semitic priests and HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Scribes" \o "Scribes" scribes who played with and on the Sumerian idiom, and in the course of many centuries turned what was originally an agglutinative language into what has almost justified Halevy and his followers in calling Sumerian a cryptography. This principle is that of popular etymology, i.e. of sound-association and idea-association which has brought together in the word-lists many apparently quite distinct meanings, probably primarily for purposes of mnemonic aid. The present writer in his Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon has mentioned this ruling HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phenomenon" \o "Phenomenon" phenomenon again and again. A very few examples, however, will suffice here. Thus the word ag = the sign HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ram" \o "Ram" RAM = rdmu, " love " (proper meaning) is associated with ramdmu, " to roar," for phonetic reasons only. The word a= the sign A = " water " (original meaning) can indicate anything whatever connected with the idea moisture. Thus, water, moisture, weep, tears, inundate, irrigate," &c. The word a can also mean " shining, glistening," an idea evidently developed from the shining rippling of water. Note that in Turkish su means both " water " and " the lustre of a jewel," while in English we speak of " gems of the first water." The combination a-and-tu, literally " water enter ship," means abetbu, " HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/The_Deluge" \o "The Deluge" deluge," ordinarily, but in one passage a-md-tu is made the equivalent of shabilbu, " HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Flame" \o "Flame" flame," a pure HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pun" \o "Pun" pun on abilbu, " deluge." Examples of this, the leading principle which was followed by the framers of the Sumerian system, might be cited almost ad infinitum. Facts of this character taken by themselves would perhaps be sufficient to convince most philologists that in Sumerian we have an arbitrarily compounded cryptography just as Halevy believes, but these facts cannot be taken by themselves, as the evidences of the purely linguistic basis of Sumerian are stronger than these apparent proofs of its artificial character. Briefly considered there are six most striking proofs that the Sumerian was based on a primitive agglutinative language. These may be tabulated concisely as follows: I. Sumerian presents a significant list of internal phonetic variations which would not have been possible in an arbitrarily invented language. Thus, taking the vowels alone; e = a by the principle .of umlaut. Hence, we find the words ga and ge, a and e for the same idea respectively. The vowel i could become e as de = di, &c. Consonantal variation is most common. Thus, b = m, as barun = marun. Compare the modern Arabic HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pronunciation" \o "Pronunciation" pronunciation Maalbek

for HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Baalbek" \o "Baalbek" Baalbek. Perhaps the most interesting of these consonantal interchanges is that occurring between n and the sibilants sh and z; ner = slier; na=za, which by some scholars has been declared to be phonetically impossible, but its existence is well established between the modern Chinese colloquial idioms. For example, Pekingese then, Hakka nyin, HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Fuchow" \o "Fuchow" Fuchow niing, Ningpo zhing and nying, WOnchow zang and Hang all =" man." This demonstrates beyond a doubt the possibility of a strongly palatalized n becoming a palatal sibilant or vice versa, between which utterances there is but a very slight tongue movement. The discussion of these phenomena brings us to another point which precludes the possibility of Sumerian having been merely an artificial system, and that is the undoubted existence in this language of at least two dialects, which have been named, following the inscriptions, the Emeku, " the noble or male speech," and the Eme-sal, " the woman's language." The existence and general phonetic character of the " woman's language " were first pointed out by Professor Paul Haupt, 5 R. E. Briinnow, A Classified List of all Simple and Compound Ideographs (1889). who cited, for example, the following very common interdialectic variations: Eme-ku gir=Eme-sal meri, " foot "; Eme-ku ner =Eme-sal sher, " ruler "; Eme-ku duga=Eme-sal zeba, " HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Knee" \o "Knee" knee," &c. Such phonetic and dialectic changes, so different from any of the Semitic linguistic phenomena, are all the more valuable because they are set before us only by means of Semitic equivalents. Certainly no cryptography based exclusively on Semitic could exhibit this sort of interchange. It should be added here in passing that the geographical or tribal significance of these two Sumerian dialects has never been established. There can be no doubt that Eme-sal means " woman's language," and it was perhaps thus designated because it was a softer idiom phonetically than the other HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dialect" \o "Dialect" dialect. In it were written most of the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Penitential" \o "Penitential" penitential hymns, which were possibly thought to require a more euphonious idiom than, for example, hymns of praise. It is doubtful whether the Eme-sal was ever really a woman's language similar in character to that of the Carib women of the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Antilles" \o "Antilles" Antilles, or that of the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Eskimo" \o "Eskimo" Eskimo women of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Greenland" \o "Greenland" Greenland. It is much more likely that the two dialects were thus designated because of their respectively harsh and soft HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Phonetics" \o "Phonetics" phonetics.' 2. Sumerian has a system of vowel harmony strikingly like that seen in all modern agglutinative languages, and it

has also vocalic dissimilation similar to that found in modern Finnish and Esthonian. Vocalic harmony is the internal bringing together of vowels of the same class for the sake of greater euphony, while vocalic dissimilation is the deliberate insertion of another class of vowels, in order to prevent the disagreeable monotony arising from too prolonged a vowel harmony. Thus, in Sumerian we find such forms as numunnib-bi, " he speaks not to him," where the negative prefix nu and the verbal prefix mun are in harmony, but in dissimilation to the infix nib, " to him," and to the root bi, " speak," which are also in harmony. Compare also an-sudHYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Dam" \o "Dam" dam, " like the heavens," where the ending dam stands for a usual dim, being changed to a hard dam under the influence of the hard vowels in an-sud. 3. Sumerian has only postpositions instead of prepositions, which occur exclusively in Semitic. In this point also Sumerian is in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Accord" \o "Accord" accord with all other agglutinative idioms. Note Sumerian e-da, " in the house " (e, " house," +da, " in," by dissimilation), and compare Turkish ev, " house," de, " in," and evde, " in the house." 4. The method of word formation in Sumerian is entirely nonSemitic in character. For example, an indeterminative vowel, a, e, i or u, may be prefixed to any root to form an abstract; thus, from me, " speak," we get e-me, " speech"; from ra, " to go," we get a-ra, " the act of going," &c. In connexion with the very complicated Sumerian verbal system 2 it will be sufficient to note here the practice of infixing the verbal object which is, of course, absolutely HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alien" \o "Alien" alien to Semitic. This phenomenon appears also in Basque and in many North American languages. 5. Sumerian is quite devoid of grammatical gender. Semitic, on the other hand, has grammatical gender as one of its basic principles. 6. Furthermore, in a real cryptography or secret language, of which English has several, we find only phenomena based on the language from which the artificial idiom is derived. Thus, in the English " Backslang," which is nothing more than ordinary English deliberately inverted, in the similar Arabic HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jargon" \o "Jargon" jargon used among school children in HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Syria" \o "Syria" Syria and in the Spanish thieves' dialect, the principles of inversion and substitution play the chief part. Also in the curious tinker's " Thary " spoken still on the English roads and lanes, we find merely an often inaccurately inverted Irish Gaelic. But in none of these nor in any other artificial jargons can any grammatical development be found other than that of the language on which they are based. 7. All this is to the point with regard to Sumerian, because these very principles of inversion and substitution have been ' Prince, Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon, p. 14. 2 Ibid. pp. 20-34.

cited as being the basis of many of the Sumerian combinations. Deliberate inversion certainly occurs in the Sumerian documents, and it is highly probable that this was a priestly mode of writing, but never of speaking; at any rate, not when the language was in common use. It is not necessary to imagine, however, that these devices originated with the Semitic priesthood. It is quite conceivable that the still earlier Sumerian priesthood invented the method of orthographic inversion, which after all is the very first HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Device" \o "Device" device which suggests itself to the primitive mind when endeavouring to express itself in a manner out of the ordinary. For example, evident Sumerian inversions are Gibil, " the fire god," for Bil-gi; ushar for Sem. sharru, " king," &c. It is, moreover, highly probable that Sumerian had primitively a system of voice-tones similar to that now extant in Chinese. Thus, we find Sumerian ab, " dwelling," " sea "; ab, " road," and -ab, a grammatical suffix, which words, with many others of a similar character, were perhaps originally uttered with different voice-tones. In Sumerian, the number of conjectural voicetones never exceeds the possible number eight. It is also clear that Sumerian was actually read aloud, probably as a HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ritual" \o "Ritual" ritual language, until a very late period, because we have a number of pure Sumerian words reproduced in Greek transliteration; for example, Delephat = Dilbat, " the HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Venus" \o "Venus" Venus- HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Star" \o "Star" star"; Illinos = the god Illil = HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bel" \o "Bel" Bel; aido = itu, " month," &c. In view of the many evidences of the linguistic character of Sumerian as opposed to the one fact that the language had engrafted upon it a great number of evident Semitisms, the opinion of the present writer is that the Sumerian, as we have it, is fundamentally an agglutinative, almost polysynthetic, language, upon which a more or less deliberately constructed pot-pourri of Semitic inventions was superimposed in the course of many centuries of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Accretion" \o "Accretion" accretion under Semitic influences. This view stands as a connecting HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Link" \o "Link" link between the extreme idea of the Halevyan school and the extreme idea of the opposing Sumerist school. [ HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/index.php? title=Sumer&action=edit&section=1" \o "Sumer" edit] LITERATURE Radau, Early Babylonian History; Lenormant, Etudes accadiennes, ii. 3, p. 70; Eberhardt

Schrader, Keilinschriften u. das Alte Testament, ii. 118 sqq., Keilinschriften u. Geschichtsforschung, pp. 290, 533; Weissbach, Zur Losung der sumerischen Frage; T. G. Pinches, " Language of the Early Inhabitants of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Mesopotamia" \o "Mesopotamia" Mesopotamia," in Journ. Roy. Asiatic Soc. (1884), pp. 301 sqq.; " Sumerian or Cryptography," ibid. (1900), pp. 75 sqq., 343, 344, 55 1, 55 2; article " Shinar " in Hastin g s's Diet. Bible, iv. 503-505; Halevy, Journal asiatique (1874), 3rd series, vol. iv. pp. 461 sqq.; Comptes rend us, 3rd series, vol. iv. p. 477; 3 r d series, vol. iv. pp. 128, 130; Journal asiatique, 7th series, vol. viii. pp. 201 sqq.; Recherches critiques sur l'origine de la civilisation babylonienne (Paris, 1876); J. D. Prince, Journal of the American Oriental Society, xxv. 49 - 67; American Journal of HYPERLINK "http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Semitic_Languages" \o "Semitic Languages" Semitic Languages, xix. 203 sqq.; Materials for a Sumerian Lexicon, with grammatic introduction (Leipzig, 1905-1907). Compare also the material cited in the footnotes above, and note the correspondence between Briinnow and Halevy in the Revue semitique (1906). (J. D. PR.)

MESOAMERICA

America is an umbrella name for three continents on HYPERLINK "http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Earth" \o "Earth" Earth, namely North America and Central America and South America. The adjective "American", however, is commonly used in a narrower meaning: pertaining to the United States of America. HYPERLINK "http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Mesoamerica" http://stargate.wikia.com/wiki/Mesoamerica

America and the American Flag Designed by Ancient Egypt By Eric Robert Powell

The American Flag was originally named, The Stars and Stripes.

The alphanumeric equivalence of this phrase displays a 197 twice for the return of Amen Hotep I, a 78 for the name Robert in Eric Robert Powell which is also the alphanumeric of the Architect , a 142 for the amount of abominations of God as recorded in the King James Version of the Bible, a 129 which stands for the Daniel prophecy of 1,290 days, which is also represented in my FBI file being 129 Blue Falcon, we also have my date of birth as 12.26.1956 as well as my 25/16 name number being 8.6.11 and a reduced 8.6.2, therefore 25/16; two 315s as well as the number 18 for the 18th Dynasty; a 196 which is my full alphanumeric name followed by an 8.6.2; a 39/21/60 which is my birth-date code and time of birth as well as finally a double 129 followed by a catch 22 at the end of the equation. The Pharaoh MEN(ES) Here we find the alphanumeric equivalent 315/18/9.5 as my time of birth sequence being 9 AM EST and 5 AM GMT followed by a 315; 196; and 197 ending with my return birth-day number of 1956 the same as Amen Hotep I. There is an additional number of a 23/14 which is represented by the Sun God Re` in my name and codes. When both the 202 ending for Stars and Stripes added to the number 56 for Menes we find a 22, a 55/10 for the biblical EJUS followed by an 8.6.2. Menes consolidation date of Egypt being 3,150 BC. There is at current 315 trillion dollars in total earth money supply as well as 13,500,000 Jews and 315 million Americans.

Menes (Mens or Aha) (fl. c. B.C. 3100-3038 B.C.) The first pharaoh of the united kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt was Menes or Aha Mena. According to the Palarmo Stone ( an important source of historical information for the first four Egyptian Dynasties), the Mrican King Menes decisively defeated the Asian invaders and went on to unite Egypt in approximately 3100 B.C. The boundaries of the kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt were never clearly defined, although Lower Egypt appears to have consisted primarily of the Delta and the area immediately south, while Upper Egypt comprised the remainder of the country to the first cataract (waterfall) of the Nile River. After defeating the northern kingdom, Menes referred to himself as "King of Upper and

Lower Egypt," a title that was retained by succeeding pharaohs for thousands of years. Menes' rule began Dynasty I which consisted of five kings and is one of the three dynasties that make up the Early Dynastic Period which flourished from about 3100 B.C. to 2613 B.C. The basis for the pharaohs' chronology is the Lost History of Egypt, by Manetho, a learned Egyptian priest. Manetho's list divides the Egyptian rulers into thirty dynasties, and modern historians have grouped the dynasties into the following sub-divisions: the Early Dynastic Period; the Old Kingdom; the First Intermediate Period; the Middle King- dom; the Second Intermediate Period; and the New Kingdom Period. According to the Mrican concept of kingship the pharaoh was not a mortal, but a god made in man's image. He was the bridge between the divine forces and his subjects. The efficacy of the pharaoh's powers maintained his people while he ruled, and also helped to sustain them from his tomb. These attributes were adopted by Egypt's kings following the reign of Menes. Although modern historians find Manetho's list inadequate, they do not have sufficient documentation to rearrange the list. In many cases, the relationships between the various rulers and dynasties are either uncertain or unknown.l'1Irthermore, many of the dates of accession are subject to questioning. In addition to uniting Egypt, Menes is also credited with founding the ancient city of Memphis which was located between the two kingdoms. Because of its central location, Memphis was one of Egypt's leading cities, and it served as the capital for a considerable period of time. The city was named after Menes, and its ruins lie not far from presentday Cairo. Despite our limited knowledge of Menes, his contributions to world civilization have been of considerable importance. The political unification of Egypt played a significant role in the social and cultural development of Egypt. Governmental and social institutions were also developed during Menes' reign, which endured with comparatively little change for almost two millennia. FUrthermore, hieroglyphic writing developed immensely during this period, as well as technical skills and other arts. Egypt went on to become one of the most advanced nations in the ancient world and set records of achievement that few civilizations can rival. Menes' dates of birth and death are uncertain, but it is documented that he came from Thinis, a small town in southern Egypt. According to Manetho, Menes reigned for sixty-two years, and he was killed by a hippopotamus. Despite the scarcity of our knowledge of Menes, history has recorded and time has

demonstrated that great civilizations rarely achieve under an inept leader, nor are countries able to retain and consolidate their power without able leadership. Since Egypt was one of the greatest civilizations of all time, it is quite possible that both time and history will render Menes the most influential ruler in the history of humankind. HYPERLINK "http://alfredoftexas.tripod.com/blackhistoryfacts/id9.html" http://alfredoftexas.tripod.com/blackhistoryfacts/id9.html

Menes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the Pharaoh. For the H. P. Lovecraft character, see HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cats_of_Ulthar" \o "The Cats of Ulthar" The Cats of Ulthar. For the Macedonian general, see HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes_of_Pella" \o "Menes of Pella" Menes of Pella. For the Romanian village of Mini, called Mnes in Hungarian, see HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghioroc" \o "Ghioroc" Ghioroc. Menes HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho" \o "Manetho" Africanus: Mns HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho" \o "Manetho" Eusebius: Mns Predecessor Successor HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" \o "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary" Royal titulary HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);" [show] INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET -

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2a.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET

INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET

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Menes ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language" \o "Egyptian language" Egyptian: Meni; HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" \o "Ancient Greek" Ancient Greek: ; HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_noteEdwards-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" \o "Arabic language" Arabic: )was an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" \o "Ancient Egypt" ancient Egyptian HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" \o "Pharaoh" pharaoh of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" \o "Early Dynastic Period of Egypt" early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" \o "Upper and Lower Egypt" Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "First dynasty of Egypt" first dynasty (Dynasty I). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-4#cite_note-4" [5] The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus identifies Menes with the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" \o "Protodynastic Period of Egypt" protodynastic pharaoh HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer" Narmer HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards2-0#cite_note-Edwards2-0" [1] HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Cerv-

(most likely) or HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "First dynasty of Egypt" first dynasty HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Seidlayer-5#cite_note-Seidlayer-5" [6] Both pharaohs are credited with the unification of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" \o "Ancient Egypt" Egypt, to different degrees by various authorities.

2#cite_note-Cerv-2" [3]

Contents HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Name_and_identity#Name_and_identity" 1 Name and identity HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Menes_and_Narmer#Menes_and_Narmer" 1.1 Menes and Narmer HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Dating#Dating" 2 Dating HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "History#History" 3 History HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Capital#Capital" 3.1 Capital HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Cultural_influence#Cultural_influence" 3.2 Cultural influence HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Crocodile_episode#Crocodile_episode" 3.3 Crocodile episode HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Death#Death" 3.4 Death HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Other_uses#Other_uses" 3.5 Other uses HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "In_popular_culture#In_popular_culture" 4 In popular culture HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "See_also#See_also" 5 See also HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "References#References" 6 References HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "Bibliography#Bibliography" 7 Bibliography HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "External_links#External_links" 8 External links Name and identity INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET

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INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bits.wikimedia.org/static1.20wmf6/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET

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Menes in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" \o "Egyptian hieroglyphs" hieroglyphs The commonly used Menes derives from HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho" \o "Manetho" Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic" \o "Ptolemaic" Ptolemaic period. Manetho used the name in the form ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization" \o "Romanization" transliterated: Mns). HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Menes6#cite_note-Menes-6" [7]

An alternative HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" \o "Ancient Greek" Greek form, (transliterated: Min), was cited by the 5th-century BCE historian HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" \o "Herodotus" Herodotus, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-7#cite_note-7" [8] a variant no longer considered the result of

contamination from the name of the god HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(god)" \o "Min (god)" Min. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l
"cite_note-8#cite_note-8" [9]

The Egyptian form, Meni, is taken from the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_King_List" \o "Turin King List" Turin and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_King_List" \o "Abydos King List" Abydos king lists (dated HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty XIX). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Menes6#cite_note-Menes-6" [7]

The name, Menes, means "He who endures", which, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" \o "I. E. S. Edwards" Edwards (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet" \o "Epithet" epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protodynastic_Period_of_Egypt" \o "Protodynastic Period of Egypt" protodynastic pharaohs HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" \o "Ka (pharaoh)" Ka, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Scorpion" \o "King Scorpion" Scorpion and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer" Narmer. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] Menes and Narmer The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] and the comparative wealth of evidence of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer" Narmer, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer. The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory" \o "Ivory" ivory label from HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada" \o "Naqada" Naqada which shows the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" \l "Horus_name" \o "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary" royal Horus-name Aha (the pharaoh HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha) next to a building, within which is the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" \l "Nebty_.28.22two_ladies.22.29_name" \o "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary" royal nebty-name mn, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-9#cite_note-9" [10] generally taken to be Menes. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards-3#cite_note-Edwards-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-

From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word mn (a name or the verb endures) and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen. HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards2-0#cite_note-Edwards2-0" [1]

10#cite_note-10" [11]

The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards2-0#cite_note-Edwards2-0" [1] list the nebty-names of the pharaohs, not HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] their Horus-names, and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the nebty-names of the king lists, the Horusnames of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" \o "Flinders Petrie" Petrie first attempted this task, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] associating Iti with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djer" \o "Djer" Djer as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, Teti (Turin) (or another Iti (Abydos)) with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a nebty-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I. HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards2-0#cite_note-Edwards2-0" [1] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-

Lloyd (1994) finds this succession "extremely probable", HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Lloyd-1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2] and Cervell-Autuori (2003) categorically states that "Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Cerv-2#cite_note-Cerv-2" [3] However, Seidlmayer (2004) states that it is "a fairly safe inference" that Menes was HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Seidlayer-5#cite_note-Seidlayer-5" [6] Dating Egyptologists, archaeologists and scholars from the 19th century have proposed different dates for the era of Menes, or the date of the first dynasty: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note11#cite_note-11" [12] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-12#cite_note-12" [13]

1#cite_note-Lloyd-1" [2]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" \o "JeanFranois Champollion" Jean-Franois Champollion (1840) - 5867 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ckh" \o "Bckh" August Bckh (1845) - 5702 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" \o "Auguste Mariette" Auguste Mariette (1871) - 5004 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" \o "Flinders Petrie" Flinders

Petrie (1887) - 4777 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Karl_Brugsch" \o "Heinrich Karl Brugsch" Brugsch (1859) - 4455 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Lauth" \o "Franz Joseph Lauth" Franz Joseph Lauth (1869) - 4157 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" \o "Karl Richard Lepsius" Lepsius (1856) - 3892 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Charles_Josias_Bunsen" \o "Christian Charles Josias Bunsen" Bunsen (1848) - 3623 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Stuart_Poole" \o "Reginald Stuart Poole" Reginald Stuart Poole (1851) - 2717 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" \o "James Strong (theologian)" James Strong (1878) - 2515 BC HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_Wilkinson" \o "John Gardner Wilkinson" Wilkinson (1835) - 2320 BC Modern consensus by Egyptologists dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3100 - 3050 BC. However some academic literature uses the date c. 3000 BC.
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-13#cite_note-13" [14]

History Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honour of having united HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" \o "Upper and Lower Egypt" Upper and Lower Egypt into in a single kingdom HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Menes-6#cite_noteMenes-6" [7] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-14#cite_note-14" [15] and becoming the first pharaoh of Dynasty I. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16] However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_Stone" \o "Palermo Stone" Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Fifth dynasty of Egypt" Fifth dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus" \o "Horus" Horus. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note16#cite_note-16" [17] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Graeco-Roman Period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as important figure. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-17#cite_note-17" [18]

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, similar to HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus" \o "Romulus" Romulus in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" \o "Ancient Rome" Ancient Rome. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-18#cite_note-18" [19] Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory". HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16]

Capital Manetho associates the city of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinis" \o "Thinis" Thinis with the first dynasties (Dynasty I and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Second dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty II) and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16] Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" \o "Memphis, Egypt" Memphis as his capital HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-19#cite_note-19" [20] after diverting the course of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile" \o "Nile" River Nile through the construction of a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyke_(construction)" \o "Dyke (construction)" dyke. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-20#cite_note-20" [21] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16] and calls no pharaohs earlier than HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Third dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty III "Memphite". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note21#cite_note-21" [22]

Cultural influence HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" \o "Diodorus Siculus" Diodorus Siculus stated that Menes had introduced the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" \o "Ancient Egyptian religion" worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Elder22#cite_note-Elder-22" [23] as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Elder-22#cite_note-Elder-22" [23] For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentyfourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty XXIV pharaoh HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnakht" \o "Tefnakht" Tefnakht, and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch" \o "Plutarch" Plutarch mentions a pillar at HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" \o "Thebes, Egypt" Thebes on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury. HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Elder-22#cite_note-Elder-22" [23]

In Pliny's account, Menes was credited with being the inventor of writing in Egypt. Crocodile episode Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-23#cite_note-23" [24] related by the priests of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile" \o "Crocodile" crocodile-god HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobek" \o "Sobek" Sobek at HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilopolis" \o "Crocodilopolis" Crocodilopolis, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Joseph-24#cite_note-Joseph-24" [25] in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Dawn-25#cite_note-Dawn-25" [26] fled across HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Moeris" \o "Lake Moeris" Lake Moeris on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l
"cite_note-Joseph-24#cite_note-Joseph-24" [25] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Dawn-25#cite_note-Dawn-25" [26] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards3-26#cite_note-Edwards3-26" [27]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stanley_Faber" \o "George Stanley Faber" Faber (1816), taking the word campsa to mean either crocodile or ark and preferring the latter, identifies Menes with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah" \o "Noah" Noah and the entire story as a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_myth" \o "Deluge myth" deluge myth. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-27#cite_note-27" [28] Edwards (1974) states that "the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value", HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Edwards3-26#cite_note-Edwards3-26" [27] but HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" \o "Gaston Maspero" Maspero (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-28#cite_note-28" [29] that the story should be transferred to the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt" \o "Twelfth dynasty of Egypt" Dynasty XII pharaoh HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_III" \o "Amenemhat III" Amenemhat III and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes. HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Dawn-25#cite_note-Dawn-25" [26]

Joseph (2004) interprets the story as an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory" \o "Allegory" allegory for the victory of Menes and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinite_Confederacy" \o "Thinite Confederacy" his allies in his war of unification, and in which Menes' enemies are symbolised insultingly as dogs. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Joseph-24#cite_note-Joseph-24" [25]

Death According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was HYPERLINK "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Maul" \o "wiktionary:Maul" mauled to death by a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus" \o "Hippopotamus" hippopotamus. HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-Verb-15#cite_note-Verb-15" [16] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-29#cite_note29" [30]

Other uses Some scholars assert that the name of the king HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos" \o "Minos" Minos who ruled in ancient HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creta" \o "Creta" Creta, ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization" \o "Minoan civilization" Minoan civilization) is derived from Menes just as the names HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" \o "Tsar" Tsar and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser" \o "Kaiser" Kaiser are derived from HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)" \o "Caesar (title)" Caesar. HYPERLINK
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-30#cite_note-30" [31]

In popular culture HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dow" \o "Alexander Dow" Alexander Dow (1735/6 - 1779), a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people" \o "Scottish people" Scottish HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies" \o "Oriental studies" orientalist and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright" \o "Playwright" playwright, wrote the tragedy Sethona, set in ancient Egypt. The HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_actor" \o "Lead actor" lead part of Menes is described in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatis_person%C3%A6" \o "Dramatis person" dramatis person as "next male-heir to the crown" now worn by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis" \o "Serapis" Seraphis, and was played by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reddish" \o "Samuel Reddish" Samuel Reddish in a 1774 production by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick" \o "David Garrick" David Garrick at the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" \o "Theatre Royal, Drury Lane" Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_note-31#cite_note-31" [32] See also HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(god)" \o "Min (god)" Min (god) HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" \o "Narmer" Narmer HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha" \o "Hor-Aha" Hor-Aha

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinis" \o "Thinis" Thinis References ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_00#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_0-1#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_0-2#cite_ref-Edwards2_02" c HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_03#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-3" d HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards2_0-4#cite_ref-Edwards2_0-4" e Edwards 1971: 13 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-0#cite_refLloyd_1-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_11#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-2#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-2" c HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-3#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-3" d HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-4#cite_refLloyd_1-4" e HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_15#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-5" f HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-6#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-6" g HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Lloyd_1-7#cite_ref-Lloyd_1-7" h Lloyd 1994: 7 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Cerv_2-0#cite_refCerv_2-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Cerv_21#cite_ref-Cerv_2-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_refCerv_2-2#cite_ref-Cerv_2-2" c Cervell-Autuori 2003: 174 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_30#cite_ref-Edwards_3-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-1#cite_ref-Edwards_3-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-2#cite_ref-Edwards_3-2" c HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-3#cite_refEdwards_3-3" d HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_refEdwards_3-4#cite_ref-Edwards_3-4" e HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-5#cite_ref-Edwards_3-5" f HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards_3-6#cite_refEdwards_3-6" g Edwards 1971: 11

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-4#cite_ref-4" ^ Beck et al. 1999 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Seidlayer_50#cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-1#cite_ref-Seidlayer_5-1" b Stephan Seidlmayer, The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty, quoted in Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs, 2004 (translated from German, 2010), HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833160004" ISBN 978-3-83316000-4 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Menes_6-0#cite_refMenes_6-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_refMenes_6-1#cite_ref-Menes_6-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Menes_6-2#cite_ref-Menes_6-2" c Etheredge 2008 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-7#cite_ref-7" ^ Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-8#cite_ref-8" ^ Lloyd 1994: 6 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-9#cite_ref-9" ^ Gardiner 1961: 405 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-10#cite_ref-10" ^ Originally, the full royal title of a pharaoh was Horus-name x nebty-name y. For brevity's sake, only one element might be used, but the choice varied between circumstances and period. In Dynasty I, the Horus-name was used for a living pharaoh, the nebty-name for the dead. (Lloyd 1994: 7) HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-11#cite_ref-11" ^ "Many dates have been fixed by scholars for the reign of this king: Champollion-Figeac thought about BC 5867, Bunsen 3623, Lepsius 3892, Brugsch 4455, and Wilkinson 2320." - The Dwellers on the Nile: Chapters on the Life, Literature, History and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" \o "E. A. Wallis Budge" E. A. Wallis Budge, 1885, p. 54. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-12#cite_ref-12" ^ Other dates typical of the era are found cited in HYPERLINK

"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Capart" \o "Jean Capart" Jean Capart's work Primitive Art in Egypt, pp. 17-18. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-13#cite_ref-13" ^ Kitchen, K. A. (1991). "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt". World Archaeology 23 (2): 201208. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" \o "Digital object identifier" DOI: HYPERLINK "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1991.9980172" 10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-14#cite_ref-14" ^ Maspero 1903: 331 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-0#cite_refVerb_15-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_151#cite_ref-Verb_15-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-2#cite_ref-Verb_15-2" c HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-3#cite_ref-Verb_15-3" d HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Verb_15-4#cite_refVerb_15-4" e Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 131 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-16#cite_ref-16" ^ Shaw and Nicholson 1995: 218 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-17#cite_ref-17" ^ Ryholt 2009 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-18#cite_ref-18" ^ Manley 1997: 22 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-19#cite_ref-19" ^ Herodotus: 2.99.4. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-20#cite_ref-20" ^ Herodotus: 2.109 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-21#cite_ref-21" ^ Verbrugghe and Wickersham 2001: 133 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Elder_22-0#cite_refElder_22-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_refElder_22-1#cite_ref-Elder_22-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Elder_22-2#cite_ref-Elder_22-2" c

Elder 1849: 1040 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-23#cite_ref-23" ^ Diodorus (n.d.): 45 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Joseph_240#cite_ref-Joseph_24-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Joseph_24-1#cite_ref-Joseph_24-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Joseph_24-2#cite_ref-Joseph_24-2" c Joseph 2004: 99 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Dawn_25-0#cite_refDawn_25-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_refDawn_25-1#cite_ref-Dawn_25-1" b HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Dawn_25-2#cite_ref-Dawn_25-2" c Maspero 1910: 235 ^ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards3_260#cite_ref-Edwards3_26-0" a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-Edwards3_26-1#cite_ref-Edwards3_26-1" b Edwards 1974: 22 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-27#cite_ref-27" ^ Faber 1816: 195 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-28#cite_ref-28" ^ e.g. Elder 1849: 1040: in defiance of chronology HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-29#cite_ref-29" ^ Sayce and Gibbon 1906: 15 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-30#cite_ref-30" ^ R.Wunderlich.The secret of Creta".Efstathiadis group.Athens 1987.p171 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes" \l "cite_ref-31#cite_ref-31" ^ Dow 1774 Bibliography Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). World history: Patterns of interaction. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" \o "Evanston, Illinois" Evanston: McDougal Littell. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" \o

"Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" 0-395-87274-X. Cervell-Autuori, Josep (2003). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/? id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover" \l "v=onepage&q&f=false" "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos". Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000. 2. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-714-9" \o "Special:BookSources/978-977-424-714-9" 978-977-424-714-9. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover" \l "v=onepage&q&f=false" http://books.google.com/? id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" \o "Herodotus" Diodorus Siculus (n.d.). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" \o "Bibliotheca historica" Bibliotheca historica. 1. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dow" \o "Alexander Dow" Dow, Alexander (1774). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ" Sethona: a tragedy, as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. London: T. Becket. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ" http://books.google.com/? id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" \o "I. E. S. Edwards" Edwards, I. E. S. (1971). "The early dynastic period in Egypt". The Cambridge Ancient History. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Elder, Edward (1844). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/? id=HP4rAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&q" "Menes". In Smith, William. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" \ o "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology" Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. 2. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" \o "Boston" Boston: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" \o "Little, Brown and Company" Charles C. Little and James Brown. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/? id=HP4rAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&q" http://books.google.com/? id=HP4rAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&q. Etheredge, Laura (2008). HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052008"

"Menes". Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052008" http://www.britannica.com/eb/article9052008. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stanley_Faber" \o "George Stanley Faber" Faber, George Stanley (1816). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/? id=YcNBAAAAcAAJ" The origin of pagan idolatry: ascertained from historical testimony and circumstantial evidence. 2. London: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rivington" \o "Charles Rivington" F. and C. Rivingtons. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=YcNBAAAAcAAJ" http://books.google.com/? id=YcNBAAAAcAAJ. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" \o "Alan Gardiner" Gardiner, Alan (1961). Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" \o "Herodotus" Herodotus (n.d.). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" \o "Histories (Herodotus)" The Histories. Joseph, Frank ([2002] 2004). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=FvHm49oiVIEC" The destruction of Atlantis: compelling evidence of the sudden fall of the legendary civilization. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Vermont" \o "Rochester, Vermont" Rochester, Vermont: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_%26_Company" \o "Bear & Company" Bear & Company. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59143-019-4" \o "Special:BookSources/1-59143-019-4" 1-59143-019-4. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=FvHm49oiVIEC" http://books.google.com/?id=FvHm49oiVIEC. Lloyd, Alan B. ([1975] 1994). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=GQ7e1nuD9tcC" Herodotus: Book II. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" \o "Leiden" Leiden: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers" \o "Brill Publishers" E. J. Brill. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04179-6" \o "Special:BookSources/90-04-04179-6" 90-04-04179-6. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=GQ7e1nuD9tcC" http://books.google.com/?id=GQ7e1nuD9tcC. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" \o "Gaston Maspero" Maspero, Gaston (1903). "[ HYPERLINK "http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC"

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC". In Sayce, Archibald Henry. History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria. 9. N.p.: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" \o "Kessinger Publishing" Kessinger Publishing HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" \o "Gaston Maspero" Maspero, Gaston; Sayce, Archibald Henry (ed.); McClure, M. L. (trans.) ([1894] 1910). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=D3G46cJAW00C" The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chalda. London: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge" \o "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge" Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7774-1" \o "Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7774-1" 978-0-7661-7774-1. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=D3G46cJAW00C" http://books.google.com/? id=D3G46cJAW00C. Manley, Bill (1997). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051331-0" \o "Special:BookSources/0-14-051331-0" 0-14-051331-0. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_de_Rachewiltz" \o "Boris de Rachewiltz" Rachewiltz, Boris de (1969). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=yXYlK8Uh3dUC" "Pagan and magic elements in Ezra Pound's works". In Hesse, Eva. New approaches to Ezra Pound. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" \o "Berkeley, California" Berkeley, California: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press" \o "University of California Press" University of California Press. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/? id=yXYlK8Uh3dUC" http://books.google.com/?id=yXYlK8Uh3dUC. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" \o "Kim Ryholt" Ryholt, Kim (2009). "Egyptian historical literature from the Greco-Roman period". In Fitzenreiter, Martin. Das Ereignis, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund. London: Golden House Publications. Sayce, Archibald Henry; Gibbon, Edward (1906). Ancient Empires of the East. 1. Philadelphia: J. D. Morris. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International

Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2" \o "Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2" 0-8109-9096-2. Schulz, Regine; Seidel, Matthias (2004). Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. H.F.Ullmann. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6000-4" \o "Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6000-4" 978-3-8331-6000-4. Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995). The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. N.p.: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2" \o "Special:BookSources/0-8109-9096-2" 0-8109-9096-2. Verbrugghe, Gerald P.; Wickersham, John M. ([1996] 2001). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=2kAED-kQCJkC" Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor" \o "Ann Arbor" Ann Arbor: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan_Press" \o "The University of Michigan Press" The University of Michigan Press. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/047208687" \o "Special:BookSources/047208687" 047208687. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/? id=2kAED-kQCJkC" http://books.google.com/?id=2kAED-kQCJkC. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" \o "Laurence Waddell" Waddell, L. A. (1930). HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=4UkunFgdis0C" Egyptian civilization: Its Sumerian origin. London: n.p.. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4273-2" \o "Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4273-2" 978-0-7661-4273-2. HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=4UkunFgdis0C" http://books.google.com/?id=4UkunFgdis0C. External links HYPERLINK "http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0101_narmer/titulary.html" Narmer: Titulary HYPERLINK "http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/horus_and_seth.htm" The

Contendings of Horus and Seth HYPERLINK "http://www.aldokkan.com/egypt/menes.htm" Image of Menes on Aldokkan Ancient Egyptian Civilization

HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/image/1155518/index.html" \o "The Nile River- the life-giver of Egypt" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://l.yimg.com/ck/image/A1155/1155518/300_1155518.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET Pre-dynastic Egypt: 5500 B.C.- 3100 B.C Events, Daily Life, Technology and the Language of Early Egypt HYPERLINK "http://contributor.yahoo.com/user/821904/jennifer_becker_landsberger.html" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://l.yimg.com/ck/user/A8219/821904/40_821904-0.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET HYPERLINK "http://contributor.yahoo.com/user/821904/jennifer_becker_landsberger.html" Jennifer Becker Landsberger, HYPERLINK "https://contributor.yahoo.com/" Yahoo! Contributor Network Jun 25, 2010 "Share your voice on Yahoo! websites. HYPERLINK "https://contributor.yahoo.com/join/voicesarticlebyline" Start Here." HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/search_advanced.html" MORE: HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/topic/13805/egypt.html" Egypt

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Pre-dynastic Egypt, the period from 5500 b.c.- 3100 b.c., covers the long period of time from the formation of basic agricultural communities around the Nile until the first pharaoh of Egypt. Later Egyptian history, divided by pharaohs and their houses - with some exceptions deals with much smaller periods of time. The pre-dynastic era, in contrast, covers almost 2,500 years. The major events, daily life, technology, and language of early Egypt, however, were vital in the development of the basic culture that went on to define Egypt. The beginning of the pre-dynastic era is defined as when the normal hunter-gatherer parties that occupied both Lower (northern) and Upper (southern) Egypt started to coalesce into agricultural communities. There was, of course, no formal government during the beginning of the pre-dynastic era, simply small groups of people banded together for mutual survival. Over the next two thousand years, communities banded together, and populations shifted. By 3400 b.c., two major areas of settlement had formed, one in Lower Egypt, one in Upper Egypt. Each area had its own monarchy- consisting of a king and government- by this time. The end of the pre-dynastic era occurred when one king from Upper Egypt united the two regions into the one country. The king who is credited with united Egypt varies from source to source due to the conflicting reports provided by early writers and by archeological evidence. King Narmer of Upper Egypt is often credited both as being the king who united Egypt and as being the father of Menes. King Menes the Fighter is most often cited as being the first pharaoh of Egypt. The "Scorpion king", who supposedly reigned from 3150 b.c.- 3050 b.c. and Hor-Aha are also two other names that are cited. Some archeologists claim that the scorpion king and/or Hor-Aha are simply different names for either Narmer of Menes. Historical arguments aside, the predynastic era drew to a close when Egypt became one country. The daily life, technology, and language of the pre-dynastic era served as the base for the rest of the Egyptian civilization to build upon. Food was provided by hunting, gathering, fishing, and agriculture. Agricultural practices of the time included plowing, raking, and the use of manure. The domestication of livestock had also begun, among them sheep, pigs, cattle, and goats. Housing of the time, in the majority, consisted of simple straw and mud constructions. White-painted pottery has been found, which often includes symbols. By this era in Egyptian history, these symbols had developed into writing- hieroglyphics- which followed the format of a pictographic language. Later religion in Egypt would become some of the most enduring and timeless interests of later

people. However, at this point in Egyptian history, it is believed that most religion was based on the cycles of the moon and the Nile river. People were, however, leaving funerary goods with their dead, and the nobility were being interred on mastaba- platform- tombs. The observation of the sun, moon, and other natural cycles not only formed a basis for religion, but led to the development of the Egyptian calendar, which consisted of 12 months with 30 days each, for a total year of 360 days. Though primitive compared to later Egypt, especially in the area of building, the pre-dynastic era provides a wealth of information and insight into the daily life around the Nile River. Unlike earlier humans, language, a calendar, and a more formal type of government were already developed. This "jump" in civilization undoubtedly provided the proper circumstances for one king to be able to unite such a large area. Pre-dynastic Egypt, in its very details and attributes, helps one to understand later Egypt. Sources: Agnese, Giorgio; Re, Maurizio. (2004). Ancient Egypt: Art and Archaeology of the Land of the Pharoahs. Barnes & Noble, Inc. New York, NY. Dodson, Aidan. (2006). Ancient Egypt: Pyramids and Hieroglyphs: Enduring Symbols of a Great Civilization. New Holland Publishers. London, United Kingdom. Grun, Bernard. (2005). The Timetables of History, 4th Editition. Simon & Schuster, Inc. New York, NY. Hamilton, R. (2007). Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of Pharaohs. Parragon Books Ltd. Bath, United Kingdom. Hattstein, Markus. (2009). Lost Civilizations. Parragon Books Ltd. Bath, United Kingdom. Haywood Ph.D., John; Catchpole M.A., Brian; Hall M.A., Simon; Barratt M.A., Edward. (2009). Atlas of World History. The Brown Reference Group, Ltd. New York, NY.

HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/image/1155518/index.html" \o "The Nile River- the life-giver of Egypt" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://l.yimg.com/ck/image/A1155/1155518/300_1155518.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET Pre-dynastic Egypt: 5500 B.C.- 3100 B.C Events, Daily Life, Technology and the Language of Early Egypt

HYPERLINK "http://contributor.yahoo.com/user/821904/jennifer_becker_landsberger.html" INCLUDEPICTURE "http://l.yimg.com/ck/user/A8219/821904/40_821904-0.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET HYPERLINK "http://contributor.yahoo.com/user/821904/jennifer_becker_landsberger.html" Jennifer Becker Landsberger, HYPERLINK "https://contributor.yahoo.com/" Yahoo! Contributor Network Jun 25, 2010 "Share your voice on Yahoo! websites. HYPERLINK "https://contributor.yahoo.com/join/voicesarticlebyline" Start Here." HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/search_advanced.html" MORE: HYPERLINK "http://voices.yahoo.com/topic/13805/egypt.html" Egypt

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Pre-dynastic Egypt, the period from 5500 b.c.- 3100 b.c., covers the long period of time from the formation of basic agricultural communities around the Nile until the first pharaoh of Egypt. Later Egyptian history, divided by pharaohs and their houses - with some exceptions deals with much smaller periods of time. The pre-dynastic era, in contrast, covers almost 2,500 years. The major events, daily life, technology, and language of early Egypt, however, were vital in the development of the basic culture that went on to define Egypt. The beginning of the pre-dynastic era is defined as when the normal hunter-gatherer parties that occupied both Lower (northern) and Upper (southern) Egypt started to coalesce into agricultural communities. There was, of course, no formal government during the beginning of

the pre-dynastic era, simply small groups of people banded together for mutual survival. Over the next two thousand years, communities banded together, and populations shifted. By 3400 b.c., two major areas of settlement had formed, one in Lower Egypt, one in Upper Egypt. Each area had its own monarchy- consisting of a king and government- by this time. The end of the pre-dynastic era occurred when one king from Upper Egypt united the two regions into the one country. The king who is credited with united Egypt varies from source to source due to the conflicting reports provided by early writers and by archeological evidence. King Narmer of Upper Egypt is often credited both as being the king who united Egypt and as being the father of Menes. King Menes the Fighter is most often cited as being the first pharaoh of Egypt. The "Scorpion king", who supposedly reigned from 3150 b.c.- 3050 b.c. and Hor-Aha are also two other names that are cited. Some archeologists claim that the scorpion king and/or Hor-Aha are simply different names for either Narmer of Menes. Historical arguments aside, the predynastic era drew to a close when Egypt became one country. The daily life, technology, and language of the pre-dynastic era served as the base for the rest of the Egyptian civilization to build upon. Food was provided by hunting, gathering, fishing, and agriculture. Agricultural practices of the time included plowing, raking, and the use of manure. The domestication of livestock had also begun, among them sheep, pigs, cattle, and goats. Housing of the time, in the majority, consisted of simple straw and mud constructions. White-painted pottery has been found, which often includes symbols. By this era in Egyptian history, these symbols had developed into writing- hieroglyphics- which followed the format of a pictographic language. Later religion in Egypt would become some of the most enduring and timeless interests of later people. However, at this point in Egyptian history, it is believed that most religion was based on the cycles of the moon and the Nile river. People were, however, leaving funerary goods with their dead, and the nobility were being interred on mastaba- platform- tombs. The observation of the sun, moon, and other natural cycles not only formed a basis for religion, but led to the development of the Egyptian calendar, which consisted of 12 months with 30 days each, for a total year of 360 days. Though primitive compared to later Egypt, especially in the area of building, the pre-dynastic era provides a wealth of information and insight into the daily life around the Nile River. Unlike earlier humans, language, a calendar, and a more formal type of government were

already developed. This "jump" in civilization undoubtedly provided the proper circumstances for one king to be able to unite such a large area. Pre-dynastic Egypt, in its very details and attributes, helps one to understand later Egypt. Sources: Agnese, Giorgio; Re, Maurizio. (2004). Ancient Egypt: Art and Archaeology of the Land of the Pharoahs. Barnes & Noble, Inc. New York, NY. Dodson, Aidan. (2006). Ancient Egypt: Pyramids and Hieroglyphs: Enduring Symbols of a Great Civilization. New Holland Publishers. London, United Kingdom. Grun, Bernard. (2005). The Timetables of History, 4th Editition. Simon & Schuster, Inc. New York, NY. Hamilton, R. (2007). Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of Pharaohs. Parragon Books Ltd. Bath, United Kingdom. Hattstein, Markus. (2009). Lost Civilizations. Parragon Books Ltd. Bath, United Kingdom. Haywood Ph.D., John; Catchpole M.A., Brian; Hall M.A., Simon; Barratt M.A., Edward. (2009). Atlas of World History. The Brown Reference Group, Ltd. New York, NY.