CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Methodology of the Research Kothari (2004) states that, Research methodology is as a science a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically (p. 8). McMillan and schumacher (2001), In an Experimental mode inquiry the researcher manipulates what the subjects will experience. The researcher makes comparisons between subjects who have had and others who have not had the imposed conditions or between subjects who have experienced different conditions (p. 32). In this research, the writer uses a true experimental method.

B. Design of the Research In this research, the writer uses true experimental design. According to Cohen et al, (2005, p. 213), the design is represented below : Experimental Control

O1 O3

O2 O4

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Explanation : O1 X O2 O3 O4 : Pre-test : Treatment : Post-test : Pre-test : Post-test

In this research, the writer takes two classes, experimental class and control class. In the first meeting, the experimental class is given the pre-test and then the writer teaches the students by using Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) . In the second meeting, the teacher gives post-test to the students to know the ability after treatment. In the control class, the writer does not give the treatment or does not use Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC). In the firs meeting, the writer gives the pre-test and then she does not use CIRC to teach the students. In the second meeting, the teacher gives post-test to the students to know the ability after treatment.

C. Subject of the Research 1. Population According to McMillan and Schumacher (2001), A population is a group of elements or cases, whether individuals, objects, or events, that conform to

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specific criteria and to which we intend to generalize the results of the research (p. 169). From the statement, the writer takes the population of this research to the first grade students of SMAN 01 Losari Brebes in academic year 2012 2013. 2. Sample According to McMillan and Schumacher (2001), As a group, subjects are usually referred to as a sample. The sample can be selected from a larger group of persons, identified as the popilation, or it can simply refer to the group of subjects from whom data are collected (even though the subjects are not selected from the population). Sample is a part of the population. The number of sample is smaller than the number of population (p.169). McMillan and Schumacher ( 2001) stated that in simple random sampling, subjects are selected from the population so that all members of the population have the same probability of being chosen (p. 170). In this case, the writer uses random sampling to take the sample. The writer takes two classes as a sample.

D. Technique of Collecting the Data

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According to McMillan and Schumacher (2001), Research involves gathering information about the variables in the study. The reearch chooses from a wide range of techniques and approaches for collecting data from the subjects. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, and the specific approach adopted should be the best method for answering the research question. Questionnaries, structured interviews, and test, there are some methods of gathering quantitative information (p. 180). One of the method of gathering quantitative information which has been chosen by the writer is tests. In writing this paper, the writer uses test items as an instrument of the research. In this research, the writer gave two tests, there are : a. Pre-test, the test that is given before the writer gives the treatment to the students. b. Post-test, the test that is given after the writer gives the treatment to the students.

E. Formulation of the Data Analysis In this research, the writer analyzes the data based on the result of the test given. The writer uses t-test formula to analyze the result of the experiment using pre-test and post-test scores that have been collected. The t-test formula according to Ropella (2007, p. 44) as follows :

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t=

x y

( n1 1) S x 2 + ( n1 1) S y 2 1
n1 + n2 2

1 + n n 2 1

Explanation: t : the analysis of the test from experimental group and control group : the sample average for x1 : the sample average for y1 : the number of x1 observations : the number of y1 observations : the sample of variance of x1 : the sample of variance of y1

x y n1 n2
Sx2 Sy2

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