Genetics: Study of Inheritance Recessive vs.

Dominant: Dominant trait refers to a genetic feature that hides the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual. Alleles & Genes: Genes are genetic material on a chromosome that code for a trait. For example, you have a gene for eye color. While Alleles are variations of the said genes A and a Phenotype vs. Genotype: If a person has blue eyes. Phenotype:Physical attribute showing- Blue. Genotype: Group of alleles- bb Autosomal vs. sex linked:Autosomal traits are inherited via genes that do NOT determine an individual's sex. Sex-linked traits, however, are inherited via genes that DO determine and individual's sex. Color blindness is recessive. X(N)X(N):normal girl. X(N)X(n):normal girl. X(n)X(n):colorblind girl. X(N)Y:normal boy. X(n)Y:colorblind boy. Single vs. Co-dominance:Single Dominance-traits that you either have the allele or you don't=tongue rolling. Incomplete Dominance- would be blend of the other two phenotypes W+B=Gray. Codominace-mixing of the other phenotypes with both appearing at the same time. Multiple Alleles & Blood Types: he different alternative forms of a gene that has more than two alleles. An example of multiple alleles would be with blood traits Genotypes and resulting phenotypes: IAIA =A, Iai=A IBIB=B, Ibi=B, IAIB=AB, ii=O Homozygous & Heterozygous: Homozygous- 2 of the same alleles, dominant=AA recessive=aa. Heterozygous- 2 differ alleles=Aa P1, F1 & F2 Generations: P1=Adam and Eve, the parental generation. F1=Offspring of P1 Cross. F2=Offspring of F1 Cross. Pedigrees: A list of ancestors; a family tree. Square=Male, O=Female.

Evolution: Change over time Theory of Natural Selection: A. There is a Struggle for Existance- The goal in life is to live long and have as many offspring as possible, if you cant do this, you struggle. B. Survival of the fittest- Animals with better traits and skills will have a better chance at surviving. C. Descent with Modification- Descendents of the fittest will have increased traits. Homologous Structures: have the same structure but different functions- the wind of a bat and the arm of a human are homologues Analogous Structures: have the same function, but different structures- the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect are analogues. Vestigial Structures: function less structures that were functioning in an ancestral sprecies. Over time the organism would stop using the structure and then the structure would go away on the outside but it would remain there on the inside. Like a whale, it has a leg bone but no use for it. Variations: Inherited Variation-a difference you have that you can pass on. Artificial Selection-choosing what you want to be passed on, like with dogs. Adaptions: A change that allows an individual to survive better. Speciation: Formation of new and distinct species in the couse of evolution, can't breed with eachother. How Do New Species Arise? 1. Cladogenesis: The splitting off of one species into two clades, usually because of geographical isolation, but also because of reproductive isolation. Two kinds of species develop by cladogenesis: a. Sympatric Species: Those whose speciation is the product of geographical isolation b. Allopatric Species: Those whose speciation is the product of reproductive isolation of population in the same region. 2. Anagenesis: The replacement of an ancestral species by a daughter species over time; the ancestral species become extinct. Evidense for Evolution: 1. Fossil Record 2. Geographic Distribution of Living Species 3. Homologous Body Structures 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Similarities in Embryos