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Module objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to
DESCRIBE FREQUENCY PLANNING CRITERIA CALCULATE THE FREQUENCY REUSE FACTOR DESCRIBE FREQUENCY ALLOCATION METHODS
Frequency Planning
GUIDELINES
Frequency Plan
Basics Tighter re-use of own frequencies
more capacity more interference
Target
to minimise interferences at an acceptable capacity level
R
First when a complete area has been finalised Automatic frequency planning tools
Frequency Plan
Basics
Trade-off between interference level and capacity Allocate frequency combination that creates least overall interference conditions in the network Interference is unavoidable minimise total interferences in network
Soc Classification level 6 Nokia Siemens Networks
Frequency Plan
Frequency Planning Criteria
Criteria The frequency planning criteria include the configuration and frequency allocation aspects. The configuration aspects consider the:
Frequency band splitting between the macro and micro base
stations, Frequency band splitting between the BCCH and TCH layers, Frequency band grouping and Different frequency reuse factors for different TRX layers.
Frequency Plan
Frequency Band Splitting
Macro - Micro
needed because of inaccurate coverage predictions between macro and micro layers not needed if accurate coverage predictions available in the future
BCCH - TCH
needed to ensure a good quality on BCCH frequency (in order to ensure signalling)
Frequency Plan
Frequency Band Grouping
Frequency grouping
+ Frequency hopping (coherence bandwidth) + Intermodulation + Frequencies assigned to all TRX layers at one time + Frequencies evenly used - Limitations for automatic frequency planning algorithms - Fixed frequency reuse factor
BCCH 2. TRX 3. TRX f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Frequency Plan
Different Frequency Reuse Factors for Different TRX Layers
Frequency Plan
Frequency Allocation Thresholds
C/I requirements
- C/Ic = 15 dB, C/Ia = -6 dB (Note Overlay-Underlay concepts)
Interference probability
- 2% co-channel and 5% adjacent channel interference
Frequency separations
- cell/site separations - combiner limitations
Frequency Plan
Best Method
Do not use
Hexagon cell patterns Regular grids Systematic frequency allocation
f2 f6 f3 f5 f2 f3 f4 f2 f3 f5 f4 f6 f3 f5 f4 D f4 f6 f3 f5 f2 f4 f7 f2
Use
Interference matrix calculation Calibrated propagation models Minimise total interference in
network
f7
f3 f5 f2 f3 f5 f4 f6 f7 f4 f6 R f5 f7
Frequency Plan
Re-Use-Factor
RuF
Average number of cells that have different frequencies Measure for effectiveness of frequency plan Trade-off: effectiveness vs. interferences
tight re-use planning (IUO layer) normal planning (TCH macro layer)
/
Frequency Plan
Multiple Re-Use-Factor
Multiple RuF
BCCH layer: re-use =14, (14 frq.) Normal TCH: re-use =10, (20 frq.) Tight TCH layer: re-use = 6, (6 frq.) NW cap. = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX
Frequency Plan
Constraints
Co-cell separation
e.g. 3 (4 for GSM1800) 600 (800 ) kHz spacing between frequencies in the same cell
Co-site separation
e.g. 2 400 kHz spacing between frequencies on the same site
Co-channel interferences from neighbouring sites Adjacent channel interferences from neighbouring sites
Frequency Plan
Manual Allocation
G2 H2 I2 L2 A3 B3 17 18 19 20 21 22 O3 P3 Q3 R3 M4 N4 33 34 35 36 37 38
Soc Classification level 16 Nokia Siemens Networks /
Frequency Plan
Manual Allocation
Allocation Criteria
Take into account both:
theoretical dominance area and planner's knowledge of the site Starting point: critical site or critical area "cluster approach"? "dynamic" BCCH allocation No more than 60-70 sites!!!
Conclusion
Method 1 is simpler than method 2 Method 2 is more accurate
(RuFBCCH > RuFTCH, intracell HO)
Frequency Plan
Automatic Allocation
Frequency Plan
Automatic Allocation
Algohorithm:
Interference parameters setting Separation parameters setting Interference matrix calculation Separation matrix calculation Frequency allocation
Soc Classification level 19 Nokia Siemens Networks /
Analyze results
Frequency Plan
Automatic Allocation
Interference matrix
Element (i,j) = amount of interference caused on cell i by cell j Comparison parameter = co-channel (adj channel) C/I
Separation matrix
Element (i,j) = minimum channel separation between cell i and cell j Comparison parameter = maximum C/I (C/A) probability Co-site, co-cell and adj-cell separations manually set
Frequency Plan
Automatic Allocation
Evaluation criteria
Check the avg co-channel
interference parameter Check the channel distribution Check the contraints violation list Use the Interference Analisys tool Automatic frequency plan Manual analysis and error correction
Final result
Frequency Plan
Frequency Coordination
Set of preferential and reserved frequencies must be mutually agreed between operators
A
international borderline
15km
C B
Frequency Plan
Intermodulation Intermodulation interference can be avoided by Ensuring that the base station site equipment quality is such high that the
intermodulation does not exist, Grouping the frequencies such that the intermodulation products do not cause interference or Allocating the frequencies such that the intermodulation products do not cause interference or
its complex influence on the frequency planning can be made easier by Preventing the power control (only for the downlink intermodulation products) or
Directing the intermodulation products to the BCCH frequencies (there is no downlink power control on the BCCH).
Exercises / Questions
Is the frequency grouping of the reuse factor 15 enough to maximise the performance of the frequency hopping? Does the 1800 MHz GSM network cause interference to the 900 MHz networks? Why does the frequency band have to be split?
References
1. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planning for GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.