A LOW-ORDER WIND-TURBINE MODEL FOR POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDIES

Andrew Gentile and Daniel Trudnowski Department of Engineering Montana Tech of The University of Montana Butte, MT 59701 andrew gentile@hotmail.com dtrudnowski@mtech.edu

Abstract To accurately simulate the electromechanical response of a power system containing a signicant number of wind-turbines requires an accurate low-order dynamic turbine model. Although considerable information is available on detailed turbine-blade modeling and analysis, no low-order models have been developed that are adequate for power-system transient simulation. In this paper, a 4th -order dynamic model appropriate for transient stability is presented. The model is designed to be accurate in the electromechanical dynamic range and is formulated to be compatible with standard transient simulation modeling approaches. Simulation results are presented for an example 1.5MW wind-turbine connected to an innite bus through a radial transmission line. These results are compared with simulation results from the highly-detailed nite-element ADAMS/WT software package.

itable and competitive industry. The rise in the use of wind-turbines is justiably accompanied by a proportional need to evaluate their impact on power-system dynamics for transmission and power-system planning. The goal of this paper is to present an accurate low-order dynamic model of a wind-turbine which is compatible with modern electromechanical transient simulation computer programs. The model developed here can be used to represent a horizontal-axis, up-wind, or down-wind machine; this encompasses nearly all modern large-scale systems. The traditional practice in the electric utility industry has been to ignore wind-turbine eects when conducting transmission system planning studies. In the past, this practice has not resulted in any measurable error because the percentage of electric energy generation served by windturbines has been low. However, as the level of wind-turbine generation increases, so does the resulting dynamic eect. In order to maintain accurate system planning, the eects of windenergy must be included. When modeling a traditional generation system for transient simulation, the generator shaft is represented as a single equivalent inertia; this results in the traditional 2nd -order swing equation [1]. Because the natural mechanical frequencies of a typical generation system are much higher

I. Introduction
Over the past several years, wind-energy development has experienced a signicant surge, unparalleled since the early 1980s. In the United States, now in the wake of the recent energy deregulation, wind energy is perhaps more likely than ever before to become a commercially prof-

AWEA Conference Paper than the electromechanical oscillationsnormally in the 0 Hz to 10 Hz rangethis is a valid modeling approach. However, as will be shown in this paper, such an approach is not valid for a largescale wind-turbine. The rst-mode mechanical frequency of a typical wind machine is also in the 0 Hz to 10 Hz range. Consequently, the mechanical vibrations of the wind-turbine can interact with the electromechanical dynamics. Therefore, in order to create an accurate model of a windturbine to be used in transient stability studies, the rst-mode mechanical dynamics must be represented.

2 through the electrical network (such as a system fault), the model focuses on the dynamic response of the generator shaft. This is critical as the mechanical system couples to the electrical system through the generator shaft.

The nal model, and the focus of this paper, is a 4th -order reduced version of the 16th -order detailed model; it will be referred to in this paper as the reduced model. This model represents the dominant components and torques of the more detailed 16th -order model. This paper demonstrates that the 4th -order reduced model is an eective tool for studying the transient behavior The model developed in this paper has been de- of the generator shaft of a wind-turbine. signed to accurately represent the speed of and the torque on the generator shaft of a windturbine during transients in the bandwidth of 0 Hz to 10 Hz. By analyzing the generator shaft, in 1 The ADAMS/WT Model lieu of either the electrical system or the consequent power output, this model becomes applicaThe example system used in this paper was creble to all wind-turbines regardless of the specic ated using ADAMS nite-element modeling softtype of generating system. ware. Before the detailed and reduced models This paper discusses three independent mod- can be eectively discussed, it is rst necessary els, each based on the same 1.5 MW wind- to have a thorough understanding of the examturbine. The rst is an ADAMS/WT nite el- ple system. The physical system to be modeled ement model. The ADAMS/WT model repre- is a 1.5 MW wind-turbine with an induction gensents the mechanical and aerodynamic eects erator. The ADAMS/WT representation of this th with considerable detail, resulting in a system system is a very-detailed, approximately 700 of approximately 700th -order. ADAMS/WT is order model. This particular model was creused extensively in industry for modeling wind- ated between 1999 and 2000 at Montana Tech by turbines [2]. The ADAMS/WT model has been David L. Lemieux in a collaborative eort with accepted as accurate and is used as the example Dr. Craig Hansen of Windward Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT.1 system in this paper. The second model is a 16th -order simplied version of the ADAMS/WT model. The 16th -order model, which will be referred to in this paper as the detailed model, represents the rst-mode vibrations of each turbine blade along with all dominant forces and torques on the blades and the turbine shaft. The objective of the 16th -order detailed model was to accurately represent the behavior of the generator shaft of a wind-turbine during transients. Because power-system transient simulations focus on disturbances initiated The ADAMS/WT model includes the following wind turbine components: the tower, the nacelle, the high-speed shaft, the low-speed shaft, three rotor blades, and an induction machine. The external forces represented in the ADAMS/WT model are: gravity, centrifugal, Coriolis, and aerodynamic including three-dimensional wind shear. Although the mechanical and aerodynamic
1

A detailed discussion of this model can be found in

[7].

AWEA Conference Paper eects can be very accurately modeled in ADAMS/WT, the electrical system modeling capabilities are limited. Because the majority of wind-turbines use an induction generator, the ADAMS/WT model represents the electrical system using an induction generator; the generator is connected directly to an innite bus. In ADAMS/WT the induction generator is represented using a spline-curve t to the linear portion of a typical torque-speed curve of a 1.5 MW induction generator.

3 ally always have a rst-mode natural frequency in the 0 to 10 Hz range. Because this range is also typical for electromechanical oscillations, it is critical to represent the mechanical oscillations of the wind-turbine as they will tend to interact with the electromechanical oscillations.

The mode shape of the rst-mode oscillation that dominates the response in gure 1 dictates that the model can be represented by a two-mass, single spring-damper system. As will be shown later in this thesis, this is the conguration of the 4th The ADAMS/WT system was studied exten- order reduced model. sively with respect to the systems transient response to a shaft disturbance. The response of the ADAMS/WT generator shaft to the distur2 The 16th -Order Detailed bance is shown in gure 1.

Model

ADAMS Generator Shaft 19.2 19.1 19 18.9

18.8 18.7 18.6 18.5 18.4 18.3 59.5

Figure 2 shows a visual representation of the detailed model. The turbine blades are represented as exible beams. Each of the three blades is divided into two independent sections, a root section and a tip section. The root section of each blade is rigidly attached to the rotor hub; the tip section is attached to the root section by a pair of springs and a pair of viscous frictional dampers (dampers not shown). The rotor hub is rigidly
Tip section of blade
60 60.5 Time in seconds 61 61.5

Shaft Speed (rpm)

Inertia of rotor hub

Figure 1: Generator Shaft ADAMS/WT During Transient

Speed

of
Root section of blade Shaft friction low speed side gearing

As seen in gure 1, the response is a damped oscillation. Detailed modal analysis of the system shows that the oscillation is the result of the outer portions of the blades vibrating against both the inner portions of the blades and all other inertias on the shaft. Such a result is typical, especially for large-scale turbines. Modern windturbine blades are very large and exible, and tend to vibrate at their rst mode when excited from the hub. Note that the frequency of oscillation in gure 1 is approximately 4 Hz. This is also typical of a large-scale turbines, which usu-

high speed side gearing Blade spring and friction (friction not shown)

Shaft spring

Inertia of generator

Figure 2: The 16th -order Detailed Model

AWEA Conference Paper connected to the blade roots, and represents the motion of the low-speed shaft. The generator inertia represents the motion of the high-speed shaft. The gearing as shown in gure 2 is represented in the detailed model as a velocity ratio of the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft; the mass of the gearing is not included in the model; as will be shown later, the detailed model represents the generator inertia as reected through the gearing onto the low-speed shaft. The rotor hub and the generator are connected to each other by a spring and a viscous frictional damper.

4 angle of . The ap plane is perpendicular to the lead-lag plane. The edge plane and the at planes are used to dene the physical properties of the blade. The edge plane refers to the stiness and the dampening properties of the blade as it is deected in an edgewise direction; the at plane refers to these same properties corresponding to the at part of the blade. Blade stiness and dampening properties in each of these planes is represented by a spring and a frictional damper.

2.1

Blade Modeling

Because a turbine blade is a multi-degree-offreedom structure, it can vibrate in the at plane, the edge plane, and in feathering (see gure 3). ADAMS/WT and experimental analysis in dicates that standard blades primarily vibrate at Direction of Wind Flat their rst mode for all degrees-of-freedom [1]. A well-established and tested method of modeling Flap the rst-mode dynamics in each of the degrees-offreedom is to simplify the blade as a cantilevered beam connected to a rigid hub by a torsional spring. The blade model derivation presented here parallels the model represented by Eggleston [3]. The blade model is extended by incorporating constant spring stinesses in the ap and lead-lag vibration planes, and also by moving the blade spring to near the center of the Figure 3: Cross-Sectional View of Blade blade. The detailed model uses the pitch angle of the blades, , and the hub-height speed of the wind, 2.2 Coordinate Systems V , as inputs. The outputs focused on in this paper will be the speed and the torque of the Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a blade as generator shaft. viewed from the blade tip towards the hub. Both blade motion and the properties of the blades are dened using 2 coordinate systems as shown in 2.3 Internal and External Forces gure 3. The motion of the blade is dened in the lead-lag and the ap planes. The lead-lag plane The internal and external forces which will be is dened as the area encircled by the undeected represented in this model are as follows: sweep of the blades. The blade rotates about the Gravity shaft in the lead-lag plane and is pitched by an

Lead-Lag

Edge

AWEA Conference Paper Centrifugal Coriolis Aerodynamic Electric torque The internal forces due to springs and frictional dampers

5 Xg = the location of the center of gravity of the tip section of the blade, measured as the distance from the hinge spring of the blade to the center of gravity of the tip section lR = the length of the root section of the blade = the angle describing deection of the blade in the edge plane. = the angle describing deection of the blade in the at plane. = the angle of blade deection in the ap plane. The angle is measured such that a positive angle of deection occurs when the blade bends in the direction of the free wind; = the rate of blade deection with respect to . = the angle of blade deection in the lead-lag plane. The angle is measured such that a positive angle of deection occurs when the blade bends in the direction of the hub rotation; = the rate of blade deection with respect to . K = the spring constant with respect to the plane; K = the spring constant with respect to the plane; Ks = the spring constant of the shaft; K = the equivalent blade spring of the reduced model, equal to three times K ; D = the viscous frictional coecient with respect to the plane; D = the viscous frictional coecient with respect to the plane; Ds = the viscous frictional coecient of the shaft; D = the equivalent blade frictional coecient of the reduced model, equal to three times D ; n = the ratio of the high speed shaft to the low speed shaft; e = the torque produced by the electrical load; r = the torque produced by the roots of the

The equations representing the gravitational, centrifugal, and Coriolis forces, as well as the springs and dampers are all derived using Newtonian physics. The aerodynamic eects are derived using Glauert vortex momentum theory [3]. The electric torque is represented as a linear function of shaft speed, as is the case in the ADAMS/WT model. The following notation is used to describe both the detailed and the reduced model: = the azimuth angle of the hub, measured counter-clockwise, such that = 0 when the blade is oriented straight down; = the rotational speed of hub; g = the azimuth angle of the generator shaft; g = the rotational speed of the generator shaft; = the pitch angle of the blade, measured at the hinge spring; = the angle describing the direction of the centrifugal force relative to the blade tip; M = the mass of the tip section of the blade; Jg = the mass moment of inertia of the generator; Jh = the combined mass moment of inertia of the three blade roots combined and the rotor shaft; J = the mass moment of inertia of the blade tip with respect to the edge plane; J = the mass moment of inertia of the blade tip with respect to the at plane; Jb = the mass moment of inertia of the equivalent blade in the reduced model, equal to three times J ;

AWEA Conference Paper

spectively: blades; t = the torque produced by the tips of the J = M gXg sin( + ) blades; + 4( + )M Xg 2 cos( ) sin( ) rn = the nth section of the blade; M (lR + Xg )Xg 2 sin() r = the length of a given aerodynamic sec+ [K cos2 () K sin2 () tion of the blade; + K sin() cos() K sin() cos()] = the angle of the lift force acting on the blade; + [D cos2 () D sin2 () = the density of air; + D sin() cos() D sin() cos()] n CL = the slope of the coecient of lift for 1 2 rn CL cVR rB sin() (1) + the blade; 2 n=1 = the angle of attack of the blade; c = the chord length of the blade; and, J = M gXg cos( + ) sin( ) VR = the relative wind velocity as seen by M Xg (lR + Xg )[(lR + Xg ) + Xg ]2 sin( ) the rotating blade; + 2( + )M Xg 2 cos( ) sin( ) + [K cos2 () K sin2 () K sin() cos() + K sin() cos()] + [D cos2 () D sin2 () D sin() cos() + D sin() cos()]
n

+
n=1

1 2 rn CL cVR r cos() 2

(2)

The combined inertia of the rotor hub and the three blade roots have a single degree of freedom. The equation used in the model to describe the motion of the hub/blade roots is: 1 The detailed model consists of ve independent r + t Ks ( g ) Ds ( g ) h = Jh inertias: the 3 blade tips; the combined inertia (3) of the blade roots and the rotor hub; and the generator inertia as reected through the gearThe generator shaft also has a single degree of ing onto the low-speed shaft. Each inertia is represented in the detailed model by an equation, freedom. The corresponding equation used in the or equations, describing its motion. These equa- model to describe the motion of the generator shaft is: tions constitute the detailed model. 1 Ks (g ) Ds (g ) (4) g = Jg n2 The blade tips each have two degrees of freedom; their motion is measured in the lead-lag and in the ap planes. Therefore, the motions of the blade tips are each represented by a pair of sec- 2.5 Detailed Model Simulation Results ond order dierential equations, one representing the motion of the blade tip in the lead-lag plane, and the other representing motion in the The accuracy of the detailed model was tested by ap plane (see gure 3). These equations are re- comparing its transient response to that of the

2.4

Equations of Motion

AWEA Conference Paper ADAMS/WT model. In order to incite a transient, a braking torque of 600 kNm was applied to the generator shaft for a period of 0.1 second. This was immediately followed by a disconnection of the electrical torque, also for a duration of 0.1 second.
Detailed Model: Generator Torques
1400

7
Adams and Detailed Model Simulation Results: Shaft speeds in Rpm
19.2 19.1 19 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.6 Adams Detailed Model

1200

Shaft Speeds (Rpm)

18.5
Generator Torque (kNm)
1000

18.4 18.3 29

800

29.5

30

30.5 Time in Seconds

31

31.5

32

600 Adams Detailed Model

Figure 5: Generator Shaft Transient Comparison the free response does not exceed 1%.

400

200

0 29

29.5

30

30.5 Time in Seconds

31

31.5

32

Figure 4: Generator Torques During Transient Figure 4 shows the simulation results with respect to torque on the generator shaft. The response of the detailed model is very similar to that of the ADAMS/WT model. There is a small steady-state error which is not apparent in gure 4 because the results of the detailed model have been vertically shifted in order to facilitate comparison of the two plots. Figure 5 shows the speeds of the generator shafts of the two models during the transient. As can be seen, the detailed models response closely matches the response of the ADAMS/WT model. During the forced response of the transient, from 30 to 30.2 seconds, the results of the two models are nearly identical. The detailed model closely matches the ADAMS/WT model in both phase and amplitude. The greatest error occurs at approximately 30.15 seconds, where the dierence between the two shaft speeds is 0.17 RPM. This represents a dierence of approximately 1%. During the free response of the transient, beyond 30.2 seconds, the detailed model has a slightly narrower damping envelope. The error during

The simulation results shown in gures 4 and 5 demonstrate that the detailed model accurately represents the transient response of the generator shaft.

2.6

Analysis of Results

In order to reduce the detailed model, the simulation results were analyzed with respect to individual components and forces. The torques corresponding to the internal and external forces acting on the blade tips were analyzed with respect to their the individual contributions to the overall shaft torque. The steady-state torque on the rotor shaft was used as the baseline to evaluate the signicance of each contribution. Those forces that contributed little or no torque to the shaft were removed from the model. The contribution of each force is expressed as a percentage of the steady-state shaft torque. Gravitational Eects: less than 1% Coriolis Eects: less than 1% Centrifugal Eects: less than 1% Hinge Spring Eects (Lead-lag plane): 17% Friction Eects (Lead-lag plane): 3%

AWEA Conference Paper Aerodynamic 106% Eects (Lead-lag plane):

The 4th -Order Model

Reduced

It was determined that the only signicant external force acting on the blade tips was the aerodynamics. Internally, the springs and the friction in the lead-lag plane transferred most of the aerodynamic torque to the shaft. Because the blade pitch is small, the edge spring and friction dominate the eects in the lead-lag plane. Therefore, the blade springs and the friction in the at plane were removed from the model. It was also noted that during the transient, the three blade tips oscillated perfectly in phase. Therefore, it was possible to replace the three blade tips with an equivalent single blade, whose mass moment of inertia is equal to the combined inertias of the three individual blade tips. In addition, the spring constants and frictional coefcients of the blades were combined to form an equivalent spring and an equivalent friction.

The reduced model is represented by two masses connected by a torsional spring and damper (see gure 6). The reduced model is comprised of the dominant components and forces of the detailed model, applied in their simplied forms. The equivalent inertia of the blades, Jb is connected to the equivalent inertia of the generator, Jg , by a spring, K, and a viscous frictional damper, D. The inertia of Jb is equal to the sum of the inertias of the three blade tips. The inertia of Jg is equal to the inertias of the three blade roots, combined with the inertias of the rotor hub and the inertia of the generator. The spring K is equal to the sum of the three blade springs in the edge plane; the damper D is equal to the sum of the three blade dampers also in the edge plane. The two torques of the system, a and e , rep-

e a Analysis of the simulation results facilitated some further simplications of the dominant compoJb Jg g nents of the detailed model. The speeds of the K rotor shaft and the generator shaft were nearly identical throughout the transient. These two shafts are connected in the detailed model by a spring and a viscous frictional damper. The shaft D spring is sti enough that the two shafts essentially act as one. Based on this observation, the Figure 6: The Reduced Model shaft spring and corresponding viscous frictional damper were removed from the model. This resulted in the generator inertia being rigidly con- resent the aerodynamic torque and the electrical nected to the hub inertia. torque respectively. The aerodynamic torque in the reduced model is represented by an equation The results also demonstrated that the aerody- which is a function of wind speed and rotor speed. namics during the transient were relatively con- The aerodynamics of the reduced model assumes stant. At the onset of the transient, 30 < t < an ideal rotor. The torque produced by an ideal 30.25, the total aerodynamic lift changes by less rotor can be described by the following equation than 7%. This observation justies replacing [3]: the aerodynamic torque as represented in the detailed model with a simpler equation, one which 1 represents aerodynamic torque as a function of ACP Vo3 (5) a = 2 rotor speed and wind speed.

AWEA Conference Paper

9
Reduced Model: Generator Torques
1500 Adams Reduced Model

3.1

Equations of Motion of the Reduced Model

Generator Torque (kNm)

The dynamics of the reduced model can be represented by two equations, one representing motion of Jb and the other representing motion of Jg . The motion of the combined blade inertia, Jb , can be described as 1 a K( g ) D( g ) b = Jb (6)

1000

500

And the movement of the generator shaft, Jg , can be described as 1 e K(g ) D(g ) g = Jg

0 29.8 30 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31 31.2 Time in Seconds 31.4 31.6 31.8

Figure 7: Generator Torques of the ADAMS/WT (7) Model and of the Reduced Model and the at planes. In the reduced model, the

3.2

Simulation Results of the Reduced component corresponding to the at plane has been omitted, thereby causing a slight decrease Model

in the equivalent spring stiness. The decrease The goal of this paper is to prove that the re- in spring stiness is proportional to the decrease duced model can function as an accurate sub- in frequency. stitute for the ADAMS/WT model for powerIt is clear from the results shown in gure 8 that system transient simulation. The detailed model the reduced model is an adequate substitution was created in order to determine which are the for the ADAMS/WT model with respect to the dominant forces and components contributing to behavior of the generator shaft during transients. shaft torque in the wind-turbine. The reduced model is an application of those dominant components.

Simulation parameters for the reduced model were identical to those of the detailed model. The simulation results of the reduced model were compared to those of ADAMS/WT model. The speeds of the generator shafts of the two systems during the transient can be seen in gure 8. The maximum dierence between the two responses is 0.28 RPM, occurring at 30.1 seconds. This dierence represents an error of approximately 2%. There is a slight phase dierence between the two systems. The reduced model is reacting at slightly less than 4 Hz. This is due to the fact that, in the detailed model, the equivalent spring stiness acting in the lead-lag plane is a function of the spring stinesses in both the edge

One Machine Innite-Bus Example

The purpose of the reduced model is that it may be used as a supplement to power system analysis programs. The reduced model has been proven eective when the induction motor is represented as a linear approximation of the machines torque-speed curve. However, it cannot be realistically assumed that induction machines operate exclusively in the linear range. In order to demonstrate how the model would behave given a more accurate representation of the electrical system, a new model was created wherein the electrical system has been represented by

AWEA Conference Paper

Reduced Model Simulation Results: Shaft speeds in Rpm
19.1 19 18.9
4000 3500 3000 2500 Induction Machine Power Output

10

Shafts Speeds (Rpm)

18.8
Kilowatts

18.7 18.6 18.5 18.4 Adams Matlab 18.3 29.8 30 30.2 30.4 30.6 30.8 31 31.2 Time in Seconds 31.4 31.6 31.8

2000 1500 1000 500 0 19.5

20

20.5

21 Time in seconds

21.5

22

22.5

Figure 9: Power Output of the Reduced Model: Figure 8: Generator Shaft Speeds of the One Machine Innite-Bus Example ADAMS/WT Model and of the Reduced Model the equivalent circuit of an induction machine[6]. The electrical system was connected to a syn- 5 Conclusions chronous power system where the transmission line is represented by its DC resistance and its reactance. The induction machine will be represented using a classical induction machine model; Based on the data presented in this study, the the power system is represented as an innite reduced model is an eective means of representing a wind-turbine in a power system with bus. respect to transient stability analysis. Given a In this case, an example 1.67 MW (2250 HP), 4- relatively small set of wind-turbine parameters, pole induction machine was used [6]. The repre- a model can be derived for any horizontal-axis sentative equivalent circuit of the induction ma- wind-turbine. chine was incorporated into the existing reduced model. The transmission line was modeled as 100 The main diculty in deriving a wind-turbine model lies in the division of the blade, and the demiles of Drake line [4]. termination of the spring constant. It was shown In this example, the transient was incited by a that dividing the blade at or near its center yields simulated open circuit. This was done by mo- accurate results. For this model, there is nearly mentarily increasing the line reactance to a value a one to one correlation between the length of high enough to eectively stop current ow. This the tip versus the length of the root. In addi3 was done for a period of 60 seconds, or three cy- tion, this same point of division results in the cles on a 60 Hz line. Figure 9 shows the power inertia of the tip being nearly twice that of the output of the generator during the transient. The root. It must be noted that these relationships circuit is opened at 20 seconds, thereby reducing have not been tested on other models and may the power output to zero. Eectively, the load be unique to this model. It is more dicult to has been removed, thus allowing the mechanical nd a pattern in the determination of the blade system to accelerate. At 20.05 seconds, the line spring constant. If the natural frequencies of the reactance is returned to its original value and the physical system are known, then the blade spring system is then allowed to return to steady state. constants can be found.

AWEA Conference Paper

11 ical Simulation of Three Dimensional HAWT WINDMEL III The American Wind Energy Association 2000 Conference [6] Paul C. Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk, and Scott D. Sudho, Analysis of Electric Machinery, The Institute of Electronics Engineers, Inc. New York, pp. 190-196. [7] David L. Lemieux Preventing Edgewise Vibration in Wind Turbine Blades, Masters Thesis, Montana Tech of The University of Montana, 2001. pp. 15-25. [8] P Musgrove, Looking Back and Looking Forward: 1978-1998-2018, Proceedings of the 20th British Wind Energy Association Conference, Sept. 1998, pp.19-24. [9] P Novak, T. Ekelund, I. Jovik, and B. Schmidtbauer, Modeling and Control of Variable-Speed WindTurbine Drive-System Dynamics, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Aug. 1995, pp. 28-38. [10] Julio Usaola and Pablo Ledesma Dynamic Incidence Of Wind Turbines In Networks With High Wind Penetration, IEEE Power Engineering Society 2001 Summer Meeting, pp. 2-4. [11] Robert E. Wilson, Aerodynamic Behavior or Wind Turbines, Wind Turbine Technology, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1998, pp. 215-231

5.1

Recommended Future Work

The reduced-order model presented in this paper applies to a single wind-turbine. A more useful model for power system planning would be an equivalent model representing an entire wind farm. Future research will focus on developing an equivalencing method for several turbines connected to a single bus.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Ed Weber of the Western Area Power Administration for providing the funding for this project.

References
[1] C.G. Anderson, H. Heerkes, and R. Yemm, Prevention of Edgewise Vibration on Large Stall Regulated Blades, Proceedings of the 20th British Wind Energy Association Conference, Sept. 1998, pp. 95102. [2] Marshall L. Buhl, Alan D. Wright, and Kirk G. Pierce, FASTAD CODE VERIFICATION: A COMPARISON TO ADAMS The American Wind Energy Association 2000 Conference, pp. 1-3 [3] D. M. Eggleston and F. S. Stoddard, Wind Turbine Engineering Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987. pp. 40-43, 29-30. [4] J. Duncan Glover and Mulukutla Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design PWS Publishing, Boston, MA, 1994, pp. 571-572 [5] Makoto Iida, Chuichi Arakawa, and, Matsumiya Hikaru, Numer-