BOOK REVIEWS

CONTENTS How Many Languages Do We Need? The Economics of Linguistic Diversity, by Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber. Review by Enrico Spolaore Why People Cooperate: The Role of Social Motivations, by Tom R. Tyler. Review by Timothy R. Wojan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Redistribution and Local Democracy: Interest Groups and the Courts, by Clayton P. Gillette. Review Timothy J. Goodspeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beyond Privatopia: Rethinking Residential Private Government, by Evan McKenzie. Review by Paula A. Franzese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investigating Quality of Urban Life: Theory, Methods, and Empirical Research, edited by Robert W. Marans and Robert J. Stimson. Review by Michael Pacione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reflections of a Pragmatic Economist: My Intellectual Journey, by Emery N. Castle. Review by Riley Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toward One Oregon: Rural-Urban Interdependence and the Evolution of a State, edited by Michael Hibbard, Ethan Seltzer, Bruce Weber, and Beth Emshoff. Review by Lizbeth Martin-Mahar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis: Software Tools, Methods and Applications, edited by Manfred M. Fischer and Arthur Getis. Review by Changshan Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The City Revisited: Urban Theory from Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York, edited by Dennis R. Judd and Dick Simpson. Review Eric Sandweiss . Envisioning Landscapes, Making Worlds: Geography and the Humanities, edited by Stephen Daniels, Dydia DeLyser, J. Nicholas Entrikin, and Douglas Richardson. Review by George F. Roberson and Richard W. Wilkie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Exposed City: Mapping the Urban Invisibles, by Nadia Amoroso. Review by Nikhil Kaza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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How Many Languages Do We Need? The Economics of Linguistic Diversity, by Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber. 2011. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 232 + x. ISBN 978-0-691-13689-9, $35. Economists Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber tell us that people in the world today speak close to 7,000 distinct languages (p. 9). Some are spoken by small groups, others are shared by large populations, and a fewsuch as Englishare used by many all over the world. Linguistic diversity has fascinated and worried humans for millenniaprobably since tribes of hunters-gathers realized that their neighbors spoke a different, strange idiom. As the authors point out, myths about linguistic diversity have emerged in several cultures (pp. 1617). God sent multiplicity of languages to the constructors of the Babel tower to stop their project (Genesis 11: 19). Hermes, the messenger of the Greek gods, confused the languages of humans, and the Hindu divinity Brahma punished a tree that reached heaven by cutting off its branches, which fell to earth and created different

The Book Review Section of the Journal of Regional Science benefits from a financial contribution by Williams College.
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ways, the contributors to this volume ought perhaps to be just as glad that they have not managed to leave behind a similarly big target. Eric Sandweiss Department of History Indiana University

REFERENCE
Park, Robert E., Ernest Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie (eds.). 1925. The City: Suggestions for the Study of Human Nature in the Urban Environment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Envisioning Landscapes, Making Worlds: Geography and the Humanities, edited by Stephen Daniels, Dydia DeLyser, J. Nicholas Entrikin, and Douglas Richardson. 2011. New York: Routledge. 320 + xxxii. ISBN 978-0-415-58977-2, cloth, $140; ISBN 978-0-415-58978-9, paper, $47.95. Envisioning Landscapes, Making Worlds: Geography and the Humanities is a remarkable and timely edited volume. Produced by the Association of American Geographers (AAG), which has over 10,000 members in 60 countries, its the brainchild of Douglas Richardson, AAGs Executive Director, and Denis Cosgrove, a noted cultural geographer who died in 2008. The book grew out of AAGs 2007 Geography and the Humanities Symposium that featured over seventy participants, was three years in the making, and was supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (Richardson, 2006, 2007a, b). (The symposium also resulted in a second more experimental and experiential (Richardson in this volume, p. xxi) book about the humanities engagements with space and place, GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place (Dear et al., 2011; a review in this journal is forthcoming)). From the outset, Richardson sets a high bar for the present book, hoping it will form a foundational contribution, become influential and heavily cited, and generate heated debate (p. xx). After Richardsons foreword, Cosgroves precise prologue (Geography within the Humanities), and the editors introductory essay, there are 29 papers, divided into four sections: Mapping, Reflecting, Representing, and Performing. Several of geographys most well-known figures are among the authors, including Yi-Fu Tuan, David Lowenthal, David Livingstone, and Derek Gregory in addition to the editors and Cosgrove. Richardsons foreword provides a general introduction to the book and the broader genesis of the project and symposium, and each of the other editors contributes a chapter. With one exception, all chapters after the editors introduction are sole-authored. Eleven are by women, all but one of them clustered in the Representing and Performing sections. As with so many things nowadays, many contributors are transnational, but a survey of current affiliations shows that fourteen are based in the United Kingdom, eight in the United States, two each in Canada and Sweden, and one each in Italy, Australia, and Japan. While all are academics, most consider themselves first and foremost as geographers (there are five exceptions, three of them clustered in the final Performing section), but many are working in cross- or interdisciplinary ways in a wide range of departments/fields, including communications, landscape architecture, planning, history, philosophy, sociology, political science, literature, film, media, drama, performance studies, architecture, and urban design. The first sectionMappingis meant to go beyond cartography, and the word is to be used in a metaphorical sense of interpreting and creating images and texts and of making sense of a fast modernizing or post-modernizing of the world (editors introduction, p. xxx). Do the six chapters succeed along those lines? Five of the six go into either deep historical underpinnings of landscape ideas, maps and the ideas behind them, or how twentieth-century thematic mapping relates to history (Susan Schulten). There is much to reflect upon in these chapters, but making sense of our postmodernizing world is not what the authors achieved, except perhaps as a way of thinking about the past. The sixth chapter (Derek Gregory) explores the natural history of destruction, in this case the brutal Allied bombing of cities in Nazi Germany during World War II, and how best to depict that destruction (from above or below?) and how that in turn relates to memory and meaning of the acts. Most of the chapters in Mapping are well worth reading, but on the whole they are not as strong as those in the other three sections.
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Reflecting is for us the strongest overall section in the book. Here the idea is to adopt a more reflective, but no less engaged, perspective on the past as well as the present to probe the moral and cultural complexity of places and landscapes, and to reveal the dense web of meanings and social relations, which lie behind that which seems in plain view (editors introduction, p. xxx). The majority of the authors give us extremely solid works: Timothy Cresswell, who makes the case for mobility . . . alongside such notions as landscape, space, place or territory . . . . (p. 77); Entrikin, who tackles the relationship between geography and philosophy; Livingstone, who looks at Darwinian landscapes); and Anthony Pagden, who discusses how the desire to move, to travel . . . together with the ability to transform nature to meet human needs, constituted not merely dominion over the world, but a form of knowledge of it (p. 120). Tuans The Good Inherit the Earth is not his strongest essay, although such a book without Yi-Fu Tuans wisdom would not have been complete. The one weak piece in this section is Edward Caseys Do Places Have Edges? It is a valid question, but statements like, If the edges of ready-to-hand things are prized for their pliable practicability, those of present-at-hand particulars are esteemed for their measurable constancy (p. 67), are convoluted and not too revealing. The editors stated aim of the third sectionRepresentingis to address the crisis of representation (p. xxxi), and how depictions of the world are more than mimetic correspondences with material reality, accurate or inaccurate, but projections of human values, hopes and fears, sometimes coercive ones (ibid.). As such, this section participates in a longstanding concern in the humanities and one with significant past and present currency in geography. In a strong and varied sectionfeaturing diverse and mixed media including poetry, photography, film, statuary, travel writing, drawing, and paintingseveral articles stand out. Indeed, after studying Joan Schwartzs approaches to reading photographs, it is hard to imagine anyones photographic gaze not being forever changed and enriched. DeLysers case study, on the politics of public commemoration, equally serves as a poignant reminder on the possibilities and responsibilities of academically grounded community-based advocacy. And Diana Daviss Reading Landscapes and Telling Stories (on the power of art in shaping perceptions of/in the Maghreb) sheds important light on placemaking in an understudied world region and one that has been prominent in recent headlines in the still unfolding (so-called) Arab Spring. Section fourPerformingis an attempt to go beyond written and visual forms of representation, or rather beyond the limits of too screen-like or desk-bound an interpretation of images and texts, to an appreciation of their relations with various embodied, multi-sensory practices, of sound, smell and touch, and the expressly physical engagement with the material worlds of their making and meaning (ibid.). This idea previously has been incorporated into well-known geographical analytical concepts including sense of place, experiential geography, and spirit of place (genius loci). In foregrounding the performative, the sense that where and when something happens is crucial is well illustrated by Sheila Hones in The Novel as a Spatial Eventwhere she puts reading a novel into the readers context rather than being wholly abstractionwhile Mike Pearson uses it to create (not only analyze) worlds. In perhaps the most evocative piece of the volume, Deserted Places, Remote Voices: Performing Landscape, Pearson traces his 20-year engagement with the notion of a deep map (p. 280) and his desire to record and represent the substance, grain and patina of a particular place through juxtapositions and interpenetrations of the historical and the contemporary, the political and the cultural, the factual and the fictional, the academic and the discursive: depth not as profundity but as density of both topics and modes of address, in full cognizance of local and personal knowledge about places (ibid.). He discusses his 10 years of creating site-specific performances that develop the idea, invite participation, and suggest horizons that others might explore. In a world filled with things we dont like, Pearson presents a method of living and creating our own worlds wed like to inhabit. While the idea of mapping as a metaphor is in current vogue for charting routes through concepts and approachesespecially in linguistic studiesor as a group of graphic metacognitive tools, it is quite misleading in many ways, and it tends to muddy the intellectual waters when interpreting, creating, and making sense of places. Probably that is why a number of the chapters in the Performing section are so caught up with the ideas behind traditional maps and a more distant past, and not so much with trying to understand a fast modernizing or post-modernizing world. Another term needs to be developed for this idea, perhaps more along the lines of envisioning (as in the books title), cognitive visioning, or just place cognition. Our issue with this section is not
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with the individual chapters, but with their disconnection with the description of what the editors set out to do. Clearly, the theme of visualizing complexity of thought and interpretation within the context of place is exciting, and it is wide open for future work. So while the stated charge to the authors of the section is a good one, and the chapters in it are well done, they dont seem to work individually or collectively in furthering the editors aims. Many of the books strengths are in reflectionsomething the academy needs to spend far more time doingand in these troubled times we need far more academics out interpreting and trying to make a world we actually want to live in. By relating to caring about our everyday places, and to the desire to maintain a balance between love of place and the sheer economic gain that can be drawn from it, these ideas will have a much greater resonance in academia. Making worldswhile reflecting on them, representing them, and performing themis a compelling theme for this book, along with envisioning what makes places what they are. It is clear an important door has been opened to future scholarship along these lines. A final thought: these chapters are all solid pieces and the book would make a wonderful reader for a graduate seminar on the topic. The themes that are stressed are important to get into a broader discussion, especially in a rapidly evolving discipline like geography. Douglas Richardson has to be congratulated heartily for getting the grants to have a symposium, bringing together geographers and humanities scholars, and publishing two books from the efforts. Indeed, were delighted to see that the discussions will continue in earnest at the 2012 AAG Annual Meeting in New York: it will feature 40 paper and panel sessions on new interdisciplinary research and practice at the intersections of geography and the humanities. These interdisciplinary sessions will engage a variety of topics, including ones in literature, history, cinema, popular culture, performance art, comedy, curatorial practice, geographic imagination, painting, and photography and their relation to place, space, landscape, scale, cartography, and other aspects of geography (http://www.aag.org/cs/ humanities). So from all these efforts, its important to ask where the ideas will go next. We hope they will progress toward addressing a major crisis in the academy, which seems to be moving away from supporting humanistic understanding, and toward creating (and preserving) the kinds of places that help define our lives. Mike Pearsons chapter points a way to help people build knowledge through experiences in a place over a lifetime (or whatever length of time) that is a way of living ones life and making meaningful connections to places. George F. Roberson Richard W. Wilkie Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts, Amherst

REFERENCES
Dear, Michael, Jim Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Douglas Richardson (eds.). 2011. GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. New York: Routledge. Richardson, Douglas. 2006. Geography and the Humanities, AAG Newsletter, 41(3), 2 and 4. . 2007a. Symposium to Explore Interactions Between Geography and the Humanities, AAG Newsletter, 42(6), 79. . 2007b. Geography and the Humanities Symposium, AAG Newsletter, 42(7), 7.

The Exposed City: Mapping the Urban Invisibles, by Nadia Amoroso. 2010. New York: Routledge. 176 + xvi. ISBN 978-0-415-55179-3, cloth, $155; ISBN 978-0-415-55180-3, paper, $53.95. To a social scientist, the subtitle of the book is irresistible. Without shining light on the invisibles, we have no hope of grasping the scale, scope, and character of the issues facing cities. What is invisible? How best to unveil the shroud? These questions may perplex many of us, but each of us approaches them with a different conceptual frame. Nadia Amoroso is an architect who teaches at the University of Toronto and is interested in visualization of information (preferably in mixed media) that traditionally has been represented in invisible text, ideas, and numbers. I am trained as an urban planner who considers them perfectly visible. On the other hand, poorly

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