Evaluate the success of the Obama Administrations public diplomacy

By Venita Subramanian University of Leeds, Department of International Communications

Abstract Public Diplomacy is seen by many as a governing factor of Obamas foreign policy1, the soft power president 2. In an attempt to improve the public image of the United States, Barrack Obama addresses his global audience through his various speeches and campaigns in support of his foreign policy agenda. Although the speeches seem to be over ambitious and targeted, the administration is often seen struggling to deliver. This essay has been premised around the argument that there exists a direct relationship between the impact of foreign policy of a country and its public diplomacy, and the existing imbalance between the two in view of the U.S foreign policy under the Obama administration. This essay has been structured into three main analyses, with the first one focusing on the incoherence of the U.S. foreign policy and its scrutiny by scholars in this field of research. The second focus is predicated based on the existing imbalance between policy and public diplomacy, and finally the view on Obamas message to the Arab world. The essay further concludes with some key recommendations. The argument in this essay is in isolation from the Wikileaks cable leakage to maintain strict focus on the role played by the Obama administration in maintaining their strategic relations. Although Wikileaks is currently playing a major role in tarnishing U.S. 3global standing, the leak, according to the author, has no direct implication to U.S. public engagement efforts. Wikileaks however, reiterates the existing say-do gap 4 between policy and diplomacy. In the CNAS Americas Extended handbook, Lynch examines the extent to which Obamas public engagement strategy has been successful. Public engagement is no silver bullet. If policies are unpopular, no amount of snazzy marketing will make them beloved. If national interests are fundamentally at odds, no amount of dialogue will align them. Practitioners of public engagement can aspire only to explain the motivation behind unpopular policies, put them in context, and highlight the many areas where interests and values do overlap. 6 Another challenge the Obama administration faces it to strike the right balance between the long term goals of establishing relations and the short term demands that needs to be addressed immediately. However it is worthwhile to assume that Obamas popularity has definitely been conducive for the re-presentation of America through the eyes of the world. According to Gallup surveys, the overall global views of American leadership have risen by 17 points in the year Obama has been president. 7
5

President Obama launches office of Public Engagement http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/PresidentObama-Launches-Office-of-Public-Engagement/ 2 Article in The Hiffington Post Barrack Obama and Soft Power by Joseph Nye http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-nye/barack-obama-and-soft-pow_b_106717.html 3 News article WikiLeaks cables: Barack Obama is a biger danger http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/dec/05/obama-us-security-danger-threats 4 Quoted by Lynch, K. M. (2010). CNAS Americas Extended Hand Assessing the Obama Administrations Global Engagement Strategy . 5 Lynch, K. M. (2010). CNAS Americas Extended Hand Assessing the Obama Administrations Global Engagement Strategy . 6 Extract from Lynch, K. M. (2010). CNAS Americas Extended Hand Assessing the Obama Administrations Global Engagement Strategy . 7 Extract from Lynch, K. M. (2010). CNAS Americas Extended Hand Assessing the Obama Administrations Global Engagement Strategy, read more about Gallup surveys on http://www.gallup.com/poll/125720/globalperceptions-leadership-improve-2009.aspx

U.S. Foreign Policy Prior to evaluating the impact of the administrations engagement strategy and public diplomacy success, it is vital to examine the foreign policy of the U.S in the current Obama era and the difference between rhetoric and implementation. Noam Chomsky8, a world renowned political activist and the professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, criticized Obamas foreign policy as nothing but an extension of Bushs second term as president where the policy shifted from aggressive enforcement of hard power to negotiations 9. Chomsky also made an interesting comparison of Obama and Bush to the Cuban missile crisis. During the Kennedy administration, the planners were crafting decisions that would consequentially result in the elimination of Britain. In response to this, the advisor delineated this special relationship with Britain as our lieutenant, the fashionable word is partner. Chomsky further states that the Bush administration deemed the world as lieutenants, as seen in Bushs actions in the war in Iraq and 10his indifference to what the world thought of about the invasion. His arrogance not only resulted in a blaring antagonism towards the U.S but also resulted in a major decline of brand U.S and its popularity. Various countries, largely in the Muslim world had a negative image of the U.S and resulted in the Anti-Americanism Movement 11. According to Noam Chomsky, the difference in Obamas approach is that He politely greets the leaders and people of the world as "partners," and only in private does he continue to treat them as "lieutenants." He further adds on to say that it is wise to attend to deeds, not rhetoric and pleasant demeanor. 12 But in terms of maintaining equilibrium between the rhetoric of what is said and done, we see a fairly obvious mismatch with one being sidelined over the other. Take for example Israel-Palestine state conflict 13. Over the last 35 years there has been a large international outcry of how this conflict should have been resolved which was having a two state settlement on the international border. 14 But this was never really the real agenda of the United States. In 1976, the Security Council passed a resolution for a two state settlement which was vetoed by the United States. When Obama came to power, he was seen to have a positive scheme in carrying out the two state settlements. Obamas primary focus was on the expansion of the Israeli forces rather than its existence and related infrastructure development. 15Even in his presidential speech after he took office, he spoke about the Middle Eastern Peace Settlement 16as a peace proposal the Arabs must live up to and to start normalizing relations with Israel. Chomsky in an interview with Amy Goodman from Democracy Now quoted that Well, Obama picked out the corollary, but omitted the substance, which is a way of saying were going to maintain our rejectionist stance. Couldnt have been clearer, and thats whats happened. 17 Chomsky also suggested that due to the existing Israel-States relations and the closely integrated nature of their civilian industries, it is injudicious to think that the United States has a neutral stand to the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Works of Noam Chomsky can biography was obtained from his website http://www.chomsky.info/ Retrieved from an interview on Democracy One with Amy Goodman http://www.democracynow.org/2010/3/15/noam_chomsky_on_obamas_foreign_policy 10 Article on AntiWar Why I oppose Bushs Iraq War Resolution by Sen Russ Fiengold http://www.antiwar.com/orig/feingold1.html 11 More on Anti-Americanism on the Contemporary Conflicts; Anti-Americanism Re-visits by Rob Kroes http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/USA/kroes/ 12 Barrack Obama and the Unipolar Movement by Noam Chomskyhttp://www.chomsky.info/articles/20091006.htm 13 Where does Barrack Obama stand on Israel/Palestine by Ed Kent http://www.bloggernews.net/113330 14 The Charade of Israel Palestine Talks by Noam Chomsky http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20101206.htm 15 Israel Economic Development in Encyclopedia of Nations http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-andOceania/Israel-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html 16 Middle East: Israeli-Palestinian peace settlement the key by Stanley Crossick http://crossick.blogactiv.eu/2010/10/06/middle-east-israeli-palestinian-peace-settlement-the-key/ 17 Retrieved from an interview on Democracy One with Amy Goodman http://www.democracynow.org/2010/3/15/noam_chomsky_on_obamas_foreign_policy
9

He added, It is small wonder that the most fervent support for Israeli actions comes from the business press and the Republican Party, the more extreme of the two business-oriented political parties. In view of the continuing war that is taking place in Afghanistan 18, Obama is said to only be escalating the war that started during the Bush administration. According to the nonpartisan budget and security monitors budget report that was stated in Government Executive 19, said that the Obama administration has requested $538 billion for the Defense Department in fiscal 2010 which makes Obama the only president who has spent more on defense in one year term time since World War II. 20 In an article published by Chomsky, he singled out the main reason the Nobel committees decision to award Obama the Nobel Peace Prize. It was with the consideration of Obamas rhetoric on reducing nuclear power. Several argued that Obama did not deliver on a lot of what was promised especially with regard to the Middle East peace agreements. The hopes and prospects for peace arent well alignednot even close. The task is to bring them nearer. Presumably that was the intent of the Nobel Peace Prize committee in choosing President Barack Obama.21 Hence, it can be seen more as an encouragement for the President to make reform rather than any true measure of his policy success. Similar views of criticism are also shared by author and journalist Webster Griffin Tarpley, who suggests that Obama operates through duplicity, deceit and deception. 22Although most of his claims expressed through his articles are fairly exaggerated and overly critical of the administration, his focus lies primarily in say-do gap 23 and summarizes Obamas position as a Wall Street puppet 24 who he claims is a tool for bankers and financiers to protect the Wall Street against mass protests. 25 Another challenge the administration is faced with is the ongoing debate of the high budget 26allocation in Iraq and Afghanistan despite of an escalating unemployment rate and ongoing economic recession. 27The latest figures in unemployment rates show an increase from two tenths of a percent to 9.8 percent as the employers added only

18

Obama Outlines Afghan Strategy by Karen DeYoung http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/03/27/AR2009032700836.html 19 War, Peace and Obamas Nobel by Noam Chomsky http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20091105.htm 20 Hopes and Prospects (Amnesty International Lecture) by Noam Chomsky http://www.chomsky.info/talks/20091030.htm 21 War, Peace and Obamas Nobel by Noam Chomsky http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20091105.htm 22 Webster Griffin Tarpley-Address to Anti-Obama Rally, US Capitol http://antioligarch.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/webster-griffin-tarpley-address-to-anti-obama-rally-us-capitoloctober-23-2010/ 23 PDs most formidable adversary: the say-do gap by Daryl Copeland http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/newswire/cpdblog_detail/pds_most_formidable_adversary_the_say_do_ga p/ 24 Address to Anti-Obama Rally, US Capitol, October 23, 2010 by Webster Griffin Tarpley http://tarpley.net/2010/10/22/address-to-anti-obama-rally/ and views also expressed in the documentary The Obama Deception http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAaQNACwaLw 25 Post-Election Advice For Desperate Dems: Dump Pelosi, Dump Obama, Stop Foreclosures, Tax Wall Street by Webster Griffin Tarpley http://tarpley.net/2010/11/09/post-election-advice-for-desperate-dems/ 26 World military expenditure in 2009 is estimated to have reached $1.531 trillion in current dollars which shows a 6 percent increase in real terms since 2008 http://www.globalissues.org/article/75/world-military-spending 27 US Midterm Elections: A New Opportunity for Dialogue by Dr. Kayhan Barzegar http://www.iranreview.org/content/view/6254/36/

39,000 jobs in November from 172,000 jobs created in October. 28 The report was also released at the same time Barrack Obama decided to fly to Afghanistan 29 on an unannounced trip and personally thank the U.S troops for their service in Afghanistan during the holiday season 30. One would wonder if this was just an attempt to shift media focus on his unannounced trip and pay less heed to the alarming unemployment figures. Bridging the gap between Policy and Public Diplomacy? So does public diplomacy really matter with the incessant expansion of the gap between rhetoric and deeds? Does U.S Foreign Policy and Public Diplomacy work in isolation? The main imbalance comes from the fundamental difference of how international policies are executed and the defining factors that govern the implementation of public diplomacy. International policies at the most elemental level of resource allocation and decision-making, remains heavily militarized, whereas public diplomacy and its practitioners have yet to adapt to the exigencies of globalization. On the other hand, Obama is certainly seen taking significant measures overpass the divide between his incoherent foreign policies and public diplomacy. New media has also played a pervasive role in the significance of public diplomacy. The need for greater attention to public diplomacy is partly a function of globalized communication, which has sharpened the points at which policy and public meet. 31 In the example of Iran, in an effort to improve the Iran-U.S relations, Obama had released an online video 33after Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei dismissed Obamas invitation to engage in dialogue. 34 The video was posted on the White House official website and a channel on YouTube in which Obama congratulated the Iranian citizens on the event of the Nowruz (New Day) holiday. Although the three minute 20 seconds video failed to appeal to the Iranian leaders, the video equally addressed the Iranian citizens and was being watched by the entire world. Although this cannot be seen as a huge success in terms of mending relationships with Iran, it certainly helps to shift the entire blame of strained bilateral relations35 from the hands of the U.S. In view of a lasting impact of U.S public diplomacy especially in the world of interactive media, it is archaic to allow public diplomacy to function in monologue. U.S. policy makers need a far better sense of not just what the world thinks of America we have a good idea of that from a large volume of polling but also what the world expects of America. 36 But although Obamas style of addressing his global audience through his various popular speeches can moderately changed the view of the U.S image, it is also necessary that the American officials in the United States and around
28 32

White House: Jobless Figures Underscore Need to Extend Tax Cuts by Dan Robinson http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/White-House-Jobless-Figures-Underscore-Need-to-Extend-Tax-Cuts111287584.html 29 Obama Visits Afghanistan the Same Day Dismal Jobs Report Released http://www.floppingaces.net/2010/12/03/obama-visits-afghanistan-the-same-day-dismal-jobs-report-released/ 30 Speech to the U.S troops in Afghanistan http://www.c-spanarchives.org/program/SpeechtoUS 31 Extract from Connecting Public Diplomacy and Policy by Philip Seib http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/PhilipSeibMarch10.html 32 How Obamas Nobel Can Resurrect Diplomacy, article in the Opinion by Daryl Copeland http://www.guerrilladiplomacy.com/wp-content/uploads/How-Obamas-Nobel-can-resurrectdiplomacy111109_em.pdf 33 Obamas Message to Iran http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MDklneATBI 34 Iran: Obama's Foreign Policy Failure, Public Diplomacy Success http://publicdiplomacyjournal.blogspot.com/2009/03/iran-obamas-foreign-policy-failure.html 35 Spat over Iran may further strain relations between allies U.S., Turkey by Janine Zacharia http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303882.html 36 Connecting Public Diplomacy and Policy by Philip Seib http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/PhilipSeibMarch10.html

the world are capable of living up to the expectations that the president has set to deliver in his speeches. It is also noted that there is a stark difference between public diplomacy in Washington and public diplomacy of what field posts do who have different issues to address concerning local issues. While officials in Washington decide on global policies and expect Foreign Service Officials (FSOs) to deliver these policies to local audiences, it is not just enough to duplicate these policies as it is done at the State Department of Washington. They must equally be efficient and elaborate on these policies to suit the interests of a local audience. Hence this dual perspective should be considered in carrying out the public diplomacy both at the state level and a filed level. Of course, this does not mean that the FSOs ignore the main agenda of the policies but must bear in mind the sensitivity of local audiences. In an article by William Rugh, Professor at Tufts University he commented that Even the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, whose job it is to supervise the U.S. government's communication with foreign publics, tends to see the world from a Washington perspective rather than a field perspective. 3738 Rugh further comments that in order for the U.S to have success in public diplomacy, PD practitioners must spend a significant amount of time engaging with the local organizations and people of the country. This will give the officials a better understanding of local issues and views of America. Some also argue that the Obama administration should be less focused on the Middle East issues and focus on strengthening lost relations with Russia, Latin America and Africa. 39 The U.S Public Diplomacy was largely criticized after its failure to positively reflect on the terrorist attacks in Ingushetia, Russia. Neither did Obama make a phone call to President Medvedev to address the issue immediately nor was there a written statement regarding this. This created a sense of hostility in the minds of the Russian leaders and citizens especially after the U.S plea for support from Russia regarding Irans nuclear ambitions. 40 Obamas Message to the Muslim World The much anticipated Cairo speech that was delivered in June 2009 was watched with much anticipation by the world with the hope to bring change to several tensions that still exists between United States and the Islamic world. The President added "I've come here to Cairo to seek a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world,"41 The speech focused on key concerns such as the war in Ira, Israel-Palestine conflict, Iran, Human Rights, Gender and Democracy, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The speech was well received by the audience and was broadcast live, attracting attention worldwide. 42 Muslims from most parts of the world received his speech with admiration and the hope for change. Meanwhile, in Iraq the speech failed to generate a lot of interest and wasnt featured in the newspapers. 43 When primarily focusing
37

Overseas Posts: Central to Success in Public Diplomacy by William A Rugh

http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/WilliamRugh.html
38

For example, when Under Secretary Judith McHale testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on March 10, 2010, she remarked that the Department of State must do a better job of "understanding the opinions and attitudes of foreign publics." 39 View of Philip Seib http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/PhilipSeibMarch10.html US Public Diplomacy Failure to Reach Out to the Russians After Terrorist Attack in Ingushetia by free media online http://freemediaonline.org/freemediaonlineblog/2009/08/18/us-public-diplomacy-failure-to-reach-out-to-therussians-after-terrorist-attack-in-ingushetia/ 41 Remarks by the President on a new beginning, Cairo University http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-Cairo-University-6-04-09/ 42 The Obama Cairo Speech - Context and Implications Oxford Research grouphttp://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/monthly_briefings/obama_cairo_speech_context_and_i mplications
43 40

Obama Speech Gets Solid Reaction World-Wide by Wall Street Journal

on the context of the speech, many Muslims saw disappointment in his neutral take on most issues especially when it came to the Israel-Palestine issue. According to Noam Chomsky, there was nothing significant about the IsraelPalestine issue as Obama called on Arabs and Israelis not to point fingers and to see conflict this conflict only on one side or another. Obama gave no indication that the role of the United States should be considered in solving this issue. Chomsky adds saying Obama has called on the Arab states to proceed with normalization, studiously ignoring, however, the crucial political settlement that is its precondition. Obamas message to the Muslim world also highlights his personal story as someone who has Muslim members in his family 44 Another significant focus on Obamas messages is empathizes on commonalities with U.S and the Arab world. "To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect." 45 But even his repetitive lingo of the Muslim World has created an unintentional outcome of re-emphasizing the American adversaries in the eyes of Muslim extremists. Radical Muslims perceive humanity to be a divide between Muslims and Non-Muslims and such a use in lingo could result in a sense of enforcement of Americas ideologies in the minds of extremists. 46 Another example of Obamas failure to effectively communicate with the Arab world is the launching of the Arab television news channel by the U.S, Al-Hurra. The main role of Al-Hurra is to present the American views to the Arab world. The U.S. government invested more than $ 620 million and was intended to compete against Al-Jazeera. 47Due to the poor production of news and coverage, Al-Hurra barely had any viewership compared to one of the most popular news channels in the Middle East. 48 The U.S should instead terminate the channel and work towards finding a channel of communication with an audience. Conclusion Public Diplomacy, as it is recognized today is indivisible from both foreign policies and the diplomatic relationships with its allies. American narratives in public engagement strategies are with the basic assumption that Americans are misunderstood by the world and hence there exists a need for re-presentation. Obama is fully seen to follow this narrative and has also to a fair extent reinvigorated the image of the U.S. to fulfill implicit political strategies. Yet, there still exists a parallel debate regarding the efficiency of the Obama administration. The CNAS Americas Extended Handbook made some relevant recommendations, few of which are highlighted here. Firstly, to develop public engagement strategy in support of all major policies especially those identified in the forthcoming 2010 National Security Strategy49. Secondly, leverage renewed U.S standing in countries such as Turkey, Indonesia and Brazil where the popularity of the U.S was not translated into greater co-operation. The handbook also suggested that a major follow through of presidential speeches and to conduct a major review of U.S broadcasting and the broadcasting board of governors. This essay has shown the major drawbacks in President Obamas public diplomacy and a standpoint that views Obamas public diplomacy as a failure in terms of delivering what he said he would through his communication with the world.

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124412266343885095.html Obama's Personal 'Public Diplomacy': A Very Preliminary Assessment by Robert Satloff http://lebanonwire.com/0901MLN/09013113WI.asp 45 Obama: "To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect" in Jihad Watch http://www.jihadwatch.org/2009/01/obama-to-the-muslim-world-we-seek-a-new-way-forward-based-onmutual-interest-and-mutual-respect.html 46 Obama's Personal 'Public Diplomacy': A Very Preliminary Assessment by Robert Satloff http://lebanonwire.com/0901MLN/09013113WI.asp 47 Connecting Public Diplomacy and Policy by Philip Seib http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/PhilipSeibMarch10.html 48 Allied Media Corp; Al Jazeera http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/ 49 The National Security Strategy is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the government of the United States for Congress which outlines the major national security concerns of the United States and how the administration plans to deal with them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(United_States) To read more about the National Security Strategy 2010 http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf
44

Bibliography AL JAZEERA TELEVISION. (n.d.). Retrieved from Allied Media Corp.: http://www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/ Arsenault, G. C. (2008). Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy. ASWANY, A. A. (2009, 02 07). Why the Muslim World Cant Hear Obama. Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/opinion/08aswany.html?_r=1&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Barzegar, D. K. (2010, 11 05). US Midterm Elections: A New Opportunity for Dialogue. Retrieved from Iran Review: http://www.iranreview.org/content/view/6254/36/ Black, J. (2001). Semantics and Ethics of Propaganda. Bolton, J. (2010, 12 05). WikiLeaks cables: Barack Obama is a bigger danger. Retrieved from The Gaurdian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/dec/05/obama-us-security-danger-threats Chomsky, N. (2009, 10 06). Barack Obama and the 'Unipolar Moment'. Retrieved from Noam Chomsky Website: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20091006.htm Chomsky, N. (2009, 10 30). Hopes And Prospects (Amnesty International Lecture). Retrieved from Noam Chosmky Website: http://www.chomsky.info/talks/20091030.htm Chomsky, N. (2010, 05 03). Noam Chomsky on Obamas Foreign Policy, His Own History of Activism, and the Importance of Speaking Out. (A. Goodman, Interviewer) Chomsky, N. (n.d.). Noam Chomsky Website. Retrieved from Chomsky.info: http://www.chomsky.info/ Chomsky, N. (2010, 12 06). The Charade of Israeli-Palestinian Talks. Retrieved from Noam Chomsky Website: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20101206.htm Chomsky, N. (2009, 11 05). War, Peace, and Obama's Nobel. Retrieved from Noam Chomsky Website: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20091105.htm Conway, P. (n.d.). U.S. Public Diplomacy & Barack Obama: Change or Continuity? Copeland, D. (2009, 11 11). How Obamas Nobel can resurrect diplomacy, The Opinion. Retrieved from guerrilla diplomacy: http://www.guerrilladiplomacy.com/wp-content/uploads/How-Obamas-Nobel-can-resurrectdiplomacy111109_em.pdf Copeland, D. (2009, 06 16). PDS MOST FORMIDABLE ADVERSARY: THE SAY-DO GAP. Retrieved from The CPD Blog, USC Center of PD: http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/newswire/cpdblog_detail/pds_most_formidable_adversary_the_say_do_ga p/ Crossick, S. (2010, 10 06). Middle East: Israeli-Palestinian peace settlement the key. Retrieved from crossick.blogactiv: http://crossick.blogactiv.eu/2010/10/06/middle-east-israeli-palestinian-peace-settlement-the-key/ English, C. (2010, 02 02). Global Perceptions of U.S. Leadership Improve in 2009. Retrieved from Gallup: http://www.gallup.com/poll/125720/global-perceptions-leadership-improve-2009.aspx Feingold, S. R. (2002, 10 11). Why I Oppose Bush's Iraq War Resolution. Retrieved from Anti War: http://www.antiwar.com/orig/feingold1.html Hegghammer, T. (n.d.). Jihadi reactions to Obama. Retrieved from Jihadica: http://www.jihadica.com/jihadireactions-to-obama/

House, W. (2010, 05). National Secuity Strategy. Retrieved from White House: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf House, W. (n.d.). President's Message to the Iranian People. Retrieved from You Tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MDklneATBI House, W. (2010, 12 03). Speech to U.S troops in Afghanistan. Retrieved from C-Span Video Library: http://www.cspanarchives.org/program/SpeechtoUS Iran: Obama's Foreign Policy Failure, Public Diplomacy Success. (2009, 03 21). Retrieved from public diplomacy journal blogspot: http://publicdiplomacyjournal.blogspot.com/2009/03/iran-obamas-foreign-policy-failure.html Israel - Economic development. (n.d.). Retrieved from Nations Encyclopedia: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Israel-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html Jones, A. (Director). (2008). The Obama Deception [Motion Picture]. Kent, E. (2008, 01 24). Where Does Barack Obama Stand on Israel/Palestine? Retrieved from Blogger News: http://www.bloggernews.net/113330 Kroes, R. (2004, 03 26). Anti-Americanism: A Revisit. Retrieved from Conconflicts.ssrc.org: http://conconflicts.ssrc.org/USA/kroes/ Lynch, K. M. (2010). CNAS Americas Extended Hand Assessing the Obama Administrations Global Engagement Strategy. National Security Strategy (United States). (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(United_States) Nye, J. (2008, 06 12). Barack Obama and Soft Power. Retrieved from Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-nye/barack-obama-and-soft-pow_b_106717.html Obama Speech Gets Solid Reaction World-Wide. (2009, 06 04). Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124412266343885095.html Obama Visits Afghanistan The Same Day Dismal Jobs Report Released. (2010, 12 03). Retrieved from Flopping Aces: http://www.floppingaces.net/2010/12/03/obama-visits-afghanistan-the-same-day-dismal-jobs-report-released/ Obama: "To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect". (2009, 01 20). Retrieved from Jihad Watch: http://www.jihadwatch.org/2009/01/obama-to-the-muslim-world-we-seek-anew-way-forward-based-on-mutual-interest-and-mutual-respect.html Online, F. M. (2009, 06 18). US Public Diplomacy Failure to Reach Out to the Russians After Terrorist Attack in Ingushetia. Retrieved from Free Media Online: http://freemediaonline.org/freemediaonlineblog/2009/08/18/uspublic-diplomacy-failure-to-reach-out-to-the-russians-after-terrorist-attack-in-ingushetia/ Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye, J. (n.d.). CSIS Commission on Smart Power. Robinson, D. (2010, 12 03). White House: Jobless Figures Underscore Need to Extend Tax Cuts. Retrieved from Voa News: http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/White-House-Jobless-Figures-Underscore-Need-to-ExtendTax-Cuts-111287584.html Rogers, P. (2009, 05). The Obama Cairo Speech - Context and Implications. Retrieved from Oxford Research Group: http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/monthly_briefings/obama_cairo_speech_context_and_implicat ions

Rugh, W. A. (2010, 05). Retrieved from Layalina Productions, Perspectives: http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/WilliamRugh.html Satloff, R. (2009, 01 31). Obama's Personal 'Public Diplomacy': A Very Preliminary Assessment . Retrieved from Lebanon Wire: http://lebanonwire.com/0901MLN/09013113WI.asp Secretary, O. o. (2009, 05 2010). President Obama Launches Office of Public Engagement:A New Name, Mission for White House Liaison Office. Retrieved from Whitehouse: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Launches-Office-of-Public-Engagement/ Secretary, O. o. (2009, 06 04). Remarks by the President on a new beginning. Retrieved from The White House: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-Cairo-University-6-04-09/ Security, C. F. (Composer). CAN OBAMA'S STRATEGY GET THE JOB DONE? [T. Ricks, Performer, & W. Radio, Conductor] Seib, P. (2010, 03). Connecting Public Diplomacy and Policy. Retrieved from Layalina Productions, Prespectives: http://www.layalina.tv/Publications/Perspectives/PhilipSeibMarch10.html Tarpley, W. G. (2010, 11 09). Post-Election Advice For Desperate Dems: Dump Pelosi, Dump Obama, Stop Foreclosures, Tax Wall Street. Retrieved from tarpley.net: http://tarpley.net/2010/11/09/post-election-advice-fordesperate-dems/ Webster G. Tarpley, P. (2010, 10 23). Address To Anti-Obama Rally, US Capitol. Retrieved from Tarpley.net: http://tarpley.net/2010/10/22/address-to-anti-obama-rally/ Webster G. Tarpley, P. (2010, 10 23). Webster Griffin Tarpley Address To Anti-Obama Rally, US Capitol. Retrieved from Anti Oligarch : http://antioligarch.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/webster-griffin-tarpley-address-toanti-obama-rally-us-capitol-october-23-2010/ World Military Spending. (2010, 06 08). Retrieved from Global Issues: http://www.globalissues.org/article/75/world-military-spending Zacharia, J. (2010, 05 24). Spat over Iran may further strain relations between allies U.S., Turkey. Retrieved from Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303882.html Zubrow, M. J. (2009, 06 13). Obama Engages the World. Retrieved from CNAS: http://cnas.org/node/2968