Talk for ANSYS USERS GROUP June 1999 Stress Categories for Design by Analysis of Pressure Vessels

BACKGROUND Developed in the early 1960s under Bernie Langer at the Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory Basis for SDB-63, Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, and Section VIII, Division 2 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Appendix 4) FAILURE THEORY ASME "Design by Analysis" approach is based on Tresca (shear stress) failure theory with an elasticperfectly plastic stress-strain curve Tresca failure theory states that "yielding will occur when the maximum shear stress equals the shear stress at yielding in an uniaxial-tension test" Maximum Shear Stress/2 = (Maximum Principal Stress Minimum Principal Stress)/2

Max Shear Stress = Max Principal Stress Min Principal Stress => Stress Intensity Tresca failure theory is less accurate than Von Mises (Distortion-Energy) failure theory, but slightly more conservative and simpler COMPARISON OF FAILURE THEORIES

Definitions

Normal Stress: Stress component normal to the plane reference Shear Stress: Stress component tangent to plane of reference Membrane Stress: Uniform normal stress Bending Stress: Linear normal stress General Stress: Stress away from any discontinuities Local Stress: Stress near a discontinuity Primary Stress: Stress developed by imposed loading that is necessary to satisfy the simple laws of equilibrium of external and internal forces and moments Secondary Stress: Stress developed by constraint of adjacent parts or self-constraint of structure Secondary stresses are self-limiting They can be relieved by local yielding minor distortions Peak Stress: Localized stress that does not cause any noticeable distortion and is objectionable only as a possible source of fatigue crack or brittle fracture Stress Intensity: Difference between maximum and minimum principal stress Design Stress Intensity: Allowable Stress Intensity typically the lesser of 2/3 the Yield Stress (YS) or 1/3 the Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS)

Stress Categories Five Basic Stress Categories

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

General Primary Membrane Stress Intensity (Pm) Local Membrane Stress Intensity (PL) Primary Stress Primary Membrane Plus Primary Bending Stress (PL + Pb) either General or Local Membrane Stress Primary Plus Secondary Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q) Peak Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q + F) Stress Category Code Limit k*Sm k*1.5*Sm

General Primary Membrane Stress Intensity (Pm) Local Membrane Stress Intensity (PL)

Primary Membrane Plus Primary k*1.5*Sm Bending Stress (PL + Pb) Primary Plus Secondary Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q) Peak Stress Intensity (PL + Pb + Q + F) 3.0*Sm Sa for fatigue

Stress Category

Limit Based on Sm Sm 1.5*Sm 1.5*Sm

Limit Based on Sy 0.67*Sy Sy Sy

Limit Based on Su 0.33*Su 0.5*Su 0.5*Su

General Primary Membrane Stress Intensity (Pm) Local Membrane Stress Intensity (PL) Primary Membrane Plus Primary Bending Stress (PL + Pb)

Primary Plus Secondary Stress 3.0*Sm Intensity (PL + Pb + Q)

2*Sy

Su

LIMIT STRESS FOR COMBINED TENSION AND BENDING ON A RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION

STRAIN HISTORY BEYOND YIELD

HOPPER DIAGRAGM