Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
(2)
in which,
C
E
= environmental reduction factor and f
Iu
(3)
in which e
]u
s
[J
u
2
+V
]
A
]
]c
[
u
2
[ (8)
in which,
A
s
= reinforcement area
s
= reinforcement stress
V
]
= reduction factor = 0.85 A
]
= area of FRP
]c
= effective Stress of FRP;
]c
= E
]
e
]c
E
]
= elastic modulus of FRP
RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATION
Inspection performed on
beams, the beam path cranes
the form of spalling which
surfaces. Triggers cracks
to corrosion caused by
stressing concrete covers
expanded into structural
or unanticipated design
concrete.
a. Slab and Pier Head
The pier head experiences
presence of cracks due to
Figure 3. The failure is categorized
much as 24.76%, light
repaired concrete of 7.62
number of pier head in the
Figure 3. Spalling
F THE OBSERVATION
performed on pier head structural elements, such as
cranes, plate on area Jetty I. In general,
which preceded the occurrence of cracks in
cracks can be categorized into two causes. First,
the swelling volume of reinforcement in concrete
concrete covers out and become cracked. Second, spalling
structural caused by an excessive stress (related to the
design load or due to insufficient compressive strength
experiences some concrete surface spalling. It is triggered
due to corrosion processes that occur in the
categorized as light failure at new or repaired
failure at old concrete of 9.52%, moderate
7.62%, moderate at old concrete of 4.76
in the structure.
and Triggered Corrosion Cracks at Slab and Cross
5
such as beams, cross
failure occurs in
cracks in concrete
First, cracks due
in concrete that
spalling and cracks
related to the loading)
compressive strength of
is triggered by the
in the reinforcement,
new or repaired concrete as
moderate at new or
4.76% of the total
Cross Beam
b. Cross Beam
There are delaminations
is categorized as light
concrete 19.7%, moderate
concrete 25.76%, and heavy
Jetty I.
c. Beam Element Structure
The bottom part of beams
found failures in the former
in new concrete repair
concrete repair 15.6%,
concrete repair 0.61% of
TESTING RESULTS
Concrete compressive strength of
kg/cm
2
. Such values are comparable with
design of 27 MPa 275.3
s of new concrete layer at the bottom surface
as light failure in new concrete material 19.07
moderate in new concrete material 25.76%, moderate
heavy in new concrete 3.03% of the total
Structure
The bottom part of beams show flaking and cracks, even in some places
in the former repair or strengthening, Gambar 4. The failure
21.4%, light in old concrete 7.95%, moderate
, moderate old concrete 3.98%, and
of the total number of beams in Jetty I.
Figure 4. Spalling and Crack at Beam
compressive strength of structural elements in Jetty I
are comparable with the original compressive strength
275.3 kg/cm
2
.
6
the bottom surface. The failure
19.07%, light in old
moderate in old
cross beams in
some places are
The failure is light
moderate in new
heavy in new
ranges 265-322
compressive strength
7
DATA STRUCTURES AND ANALYSIS
Pier of Jetty I was modeled as a 3 dimensional structure with longitudinal and
transverse beams in accordance with drawings, Figure 5. It has a total length of
282 meters and 24.5 meters wide.
Figure 5. Three Dimensional View of Jetty I
There are four concrete beams with the dimension: 1000mm x 1200mm as cross
beam, 450mm x 1550mm as a crane beam, 500mm x 1400mm as longitudinal
beam 1, and 500mm x 1200mm as an longitudinal beam 2.
The leg of the pier are steel pipe of 322 MPa of yield stress, concrete filled with a
diameter of 1270 mm with of thick 12.7 mm.
STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
a. Pier Loading
The analysis covers all the possible loadings such as self weight, conveyor,
pipeline, live load, crawlers, trailers, trucks, cranes, earthquake loads, and load
the ship docked.
8
b. Structure Analysis
Beams have concrete cover of 40 mm and 29 mm diameter of reinforcement.
Properties of FRP are: thickness of layers (t
]
) = 0.17 mm, ultimate tensile
strength (
]u
) = 4.9 kN/mm
2
, ultimate rupture strain (e
]u