Ajrumiyya English Mapped

Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Speech
Chapter 2: Inflection
2
4
Chapter 3: Signs of Inflection
Present/Future Verbs

Present/Future Verbs with Weak Endings
Indeclinable Nouns
Chapter 4: Inflected Words
10
Chapter 5: Verbs
12
Chapter 6: Nominative Nouns

Chapter 7: Subject
14
16
Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named
18
Chapter 9: The Subject and Predicate
20
Chapter 10: Governing Agents of the Subject and Predicate
22
Chapter 11: Adjectives

Chapter 12: Conjunctions
26
28
Chapter 13: The Corroborative
30
Chapter 14: The Permutative
32
Chapter 15: Accusative Nouns
34
Chapter 16: The Direct Object
36
Chapter 17: The Infinitive
38
Chapter 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers
40
Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier
42
Chapter 20: The Specifying Element
44
Chapter 21: Exception
46
Chapter 22: Absolute Negation
48
Chapter 23: The Vocation
50
Chapter 24: The Object of Reason
52
Chapter 25: The Object of Accompaniment
52
Chapter 26: Genitive Nouns
54
The Ajurumiyyah Mapped
INTRODUCTION
Before the advent for the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, the Arabic language had reached a
pinnacle in terms of style, beauty, precision and conciseness. Poets of this age were highly honored; a
word from a good poet could raise or debase a tribe by degrees in the eyes of the Arabs. It was in this
atmosphere that the Quran was revealed to the Unlettered Messenger, peace be upon him, and
incapacitated everyone, from the best poet to the layperson, by its power and beauty.
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, Islam saw explosive growth in Africa
to the West, Persia to the East and Europe to the North. Many peoples, who were until then not
familiar with the language of the Arabs, took to reading and memorizing the Quran in its original
form. In order to facilitate this, the Quran was compiled and eventually distributed as a text,
something that had not been done in the time of the Messenger, peace be upon him, though was
seen as necessary to spread and preserve the revelation. The scholars of this time realized that in
addition to preserving the text of the Quran, every detail of the language of revelation had to be
preserved and documented. The fruits of their labor produced three sciences: Nahu (Grammar), Sarf
(Morphology) and Balagha (Terminological Usages). So, if people wanted access to the Book, and by
extension to the hadith literature and numerous other Islamic sciences derived from and based on
these primary texts, they had to first master the linguistic sciences.
The Ajrumiyyah is a classical text of Arabic grammar that found acceptance and praise throughout
the Muslim world, which is a proof of the authors sincerity and that Allah accepted his efforts. It was
one of the first books taught to, and memorized by, enumerable scholars of Islam. The blessing of
the text has also been attributed to the report that the author, Ibn Ajarum, wrote it while seated in
front of the blessed Kaaba.
It is hoped that this work will aid students in gaining access to the science of Arabic Grammar, and
thus to the various Islamic sciences. To facilitate this, in addition to translating the original text into
English, each chapter has been mapped in order to give the student an overall structure of the
chapter being studied.
Finally, if anyone benefits from this work, it is requested that they remember those who had a hand in
preparing it in their prayers in this world and in their intercession in the next, and praise is for Allah,
Lord of the Worlds.
Shariq Khan
CHAPTER 1: Speech
Speech

It is uttered, compounded,
complete and placed (in Arabic)
* + ,.
/
Its types
&2
Particle
Verb
Noun
# ) (&
Known by
Genitive
Succeeds
Succeeds
( 45)
(3/ )
Nunation
Succeeds
)(
# ) (&
Known
by

Neither the
signs for the
noun nor the
verb are
proper to it
# ) (&
The feminine
( )
Definite
article
about
on
to
from
in
for
by
like
Genitive
maybe
by
#
by
by
&

)

Adjuration
particles
Known
by
CHAPTER 1: Speech
:
. :
.
Speech is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in

Arabic). Its types are three: nouns, verbs and particles.
Nouns are known by:
the genitive case
nunation
the definite article
the genitive particles, which are:
(From)

:

:

: .

.
(To)
)
(About)

(On)
)
)(In
) (Perhaps
(By)
)
(Like)

)
(For)

)
)
the particles of adjuration, which are:
Verbs are known by being succeeded by:
(Indeed, perhaps( 3/
(Will)

&)
(Will)

&
(Closed feminine ta)

& )
Particles are known by the fact that neither the signs

for the noun nor the verb are proper to them.
CHAPTER 2: Inflection
&E F
Inflection
* + ,.
/
Its types
:
<;
@A
>=
?
Nominative
Accusative
Noun
Verb
Genitive
8 9
Jussive
CHAPTER 2: Inflection
%'
)

Inflection is the change of the last syllable of words based

on agents of inflection governing them, explicitly or
implicitly. Its types are four:
(Nominative) @A
=>
?
(Genitive) :
;<
(Jussive)
GH I I I<
J KILIMI I IN & I I I < & PPQI I IR :*+
%, , '
)

. )&3T R ,IU;N ,VPL E W L <3N X + 4( N
(Accusative)
8 9 :
;<
=>
? @A :./ 0 3 4
56
7
8 9
:
;Z
IN =>[
\I IN @A&[ IN ] N _ I+ , aI5 bILI IA
.,VPA 8 9 J
Nouns are nominative, accusative or genitive, but not

jussive. Verbs are nominative, accusative or jussive, but not
genitive
J 8I cN =>[
\I N @A&[ N :] N _ + ,( AbI N
.,VPA :
;<

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection
Signs of Inflection
:;Z
L N
Jussive
Genitive
V) Imperfect verbs
with a sound
ending
,V (A ,(Aq(
4z \IN ,wIrI#
V) Verbs that are

nominative by the
presence of the
nun
>&
\If; & f K 5
J(
;&f K 5J
;&f K 5J
N) Declinable
singular noun
N) Singular noun
N) Singular noun
&P .M[HIN @ a 9(
>&
\If
KN,.N
[
o[?p f @ a 9 (
V) Imperfect verbs
with a weak
ending
Nominative
N) Declinable broken
plural
,h
f X(; N (
& <{[ X HI(f
Accusative
,h
f X(; N (
& <{| P }>N
[
&P .M[HIN @ a 9 (
N) Broken plural
,h
f X(; N (
< & j# X>
HI) K N lN[
mn
V) Imperfect verb
N) Sound feminine
W.
aZN ,a5 q (
N) The five nouns
N) Broken plural
KN,.N
[
o[?p f @ a 9 (
N) Sound feminine
plural
,h
f X(; N (
< & j# X>
HI) K N lN[
mn
V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at its
W.
aZN ,a5 q (
N) The five nouns
W P\ rIR (
N) Dual
KN,.N
[ &s[l f @ a 9 (
N) Sound masculine
plural
KN,.N
[ &s[l f @ a 9 (
N) Sound masculine
plural
KN,.N
[
o[?p f @ a 9 (
W.
aZN ,a5 q(
N) Sound feminine
plural
N) The five nouns
>&
\I) J K 5
J(
N) Indeclinable
nouns
&P .M[HIN @ a 9(
W P\ rIR (
W P\ rIR (
N) Dual
N) Dual
KN,.N
[ &s[l f @ a 9 (
N) Sound masculine
plural
W .
aZN ,(Aq(
,wIrI# ,V (A mHN[
4z \IN
V) Verbs that are
nominative by the
,h
f X(; N (
& Pau
* # X>[
R
@ a9 WP\ rIR
W wIx,Zf W rI[?p f
V) Imperfect verb
with an attached
pronoun, such as
that of dual,
plural, or 2nd
CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection

The nominative has four signs: dammah, waw, alif and nun.
Dammah is the sign of the nominative in four cases:
the singular noun
the broken plural
the sound feminine plural
the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination
Waw is the sign of the nominative in two cases:
the sound masculine plural
the five nouns, which are: 4
A 4
a 2 4
< 4
#
,+ (your father, your brother, your in-law, your
mouth, possessor of wealth)

Alif is the sign of the nominative in the dual case only
Nun is the sign of the nominative in the imperfect
verb with an attached pronoun, such as that of dual,
plural, or second person feminine.
The accusative has five signs: fatha, alif, kasrah, ya and

omission of the nun.
Fatha is the sign of the accusative in three cases:
the singular noun
the broken plural
the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination
Alif is the sign of the accusative in the five nouns, for
example: ,
< ,
#( ) I saw you father and brother)
Kasrah is the sign of the accusative in the sound

feminine plural.
Ya is the sign of the accusative in the dual and the
sound masculine plural.
Omission of the nun is the sign of the accusative in
those verbs that are nominative by the presence of the
nun.
The genitive has three signs: kasrah, ya and fatha.

Kasrah is the sign of the genitive in three cases:
the declinable singular noun
the declinable broken plural
the sound feminine plural
Ya is the sign of the genitive in three cases:
the five nouns
the dual
the sound masculine plural
Fatha is the sign of the genitive in indeclinable nouns.
The jussive has two signs: sukun and omission.
Sukun is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with
a sound ending.
Omission is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs
with a weak ending and verbs that are nominative by
the presence of the nun.
INq 4I N W [ah
[ N : 5,,4
<, '
=0>= %? @,,A
.4z \IN
W ( I I# mA @A&[ LII I N W I I + GI I E 4MHI I IA . ?BC
? A 5,,,4
? D, ,,>
@ a 9 &P .M[HIN @ a 9 ; &If KI5J
mA :@u
4+
X>
HI I) K IN lI N[ ,h
f X ( ; I N KI IN,.
[ N o [?p I f
.mn
< & j#
: (I u
4I + mA @A&[ LII IN W I I+ GI IE 4MHI I A * A 5,,4
?
W.
aIZN ,aII 5 q mA KI IN,.
[ N & s [l f @ aI 9 mA
. ,+ 4
A 4
a 2 4
< 4
# :m
W P\ rI I I IR mA @A&[ LII I I N W I I I + GI I I IE 4MHI I I IA E,, , AF 5,, , 4
?
.W,
[ < , a5 q
X ( ; I I I N mA @A&[ LII I I N W I I I + GI I I IE 4MHI I I IA
*HI,A 5,, , 4
?
& PaI u
WP\ rI IR & PaI u
* I # X>
[R ,h
f
.WwIx,Zf W rI[?p f & Pau
@ a9
II Nq W } HI;I I N : 5,, 4
<, ,'
J
B,,K
LM?
I,@, ,A
. 4z \IN l 2 ,PN &.
MN
W I IGI I mA =>[
\ILI IN W I I+ GI IE 4MHI I A . NO,P,,A 5,,4
? D, ,>
&P .M[HI I I I N @ aII I I 9 ; &I I I I f KI I I I 5
J mA :@u
4I I I +
X>[
HI ) K N = ,I
I? * PL IE X <
,h
f X ( ; IN
.mn
< & j#
,aI5 q mA =>[
\ILI N W I + GI E 4MHI IA : E AF 5,,4
?
.] N * wIn ,+ ,
< ,
# ) :4 }? W.
aZN
@ aII 9 mA =>[
\ILI IN W I + GI IE 4MHI I A :% , 6
RA 5 4
?
.KN,.N
[
o[?p f
W P\ rI[HI I N mA =>[
\ILI I N W I I+ GI I E 4MHI I A :5T, ,A 5,, 4
?
.@ a cN
mA =>[
\ILI I N W I I + GI I E 4MPI I A
*?I,A U, , V 5,, 4
?
. 4z \IN ,wIrI# ,V (A mHN[ W .
aZN ,(Aq
,PI I IN &I I .
MN :5,, ,4
<, , '

<, , X YPZ
@ , , A
.W } HI;N
W I GI mA :
;Z
L I N W I + GI E 4MHI IA :% ,6
RA 5,,4
? D,,>
@ aII I I 9 >&
\I I I I f; & I I I I f KI I I I 5
J mA :@u
4I I I +
. KIN,.N
[
o[?p f @ a 9 >&
\If & P .M[HIN
W I I GI I mA :
;Z
L I I N W I I + GI I E 4MHI I IA : 5,T, ,A 5,, 4
?
WP\ rI[HI I I I N mA W.
aII I IZ
N , aII I I5 q mA :@u
4I I I +
.@ a cN
KII5
J mA :
;Z
L I N W I+ GI E 4MHI A :. NO,P,A 5,,4
?
. >&
\I) J lN[
. l }N 4M.N
z :5O,4<'
@] \A
X ( ; I IN mA 8I I cLN W I I+ GI I E 4MPI I A
*R6A
H
5,, 4
? D, , >
.& <{| P }>N
[ ,h
f

IMPERFECT VERBS
Singular
/
1st person masc/
fem

nd
2 person masc
Dual

person fem

3rd person masc

rd
3 person fem
2nd
Plural
Imperfect verbs with nothing at their

termination
The five verbs
Imperfect verbs with fixed endings
> & <j# X

[lN HI) K N
,h
X(; N f
mn
W .
,(Aq aZN
m\wI+
Sound End
Weak Alif
Weak Waw
>= - Nom.
^.Acc - LM
_\ .Juss -
Weak Ya
Original
Omission
Implicit
& )3T R
10
INDECLINABLE NOUNS
A noun is indeclinable if it has the

following properties, unless it has the
definite article or is mudaf.
Proper name
Descriptive
4acN VH\+ WQP

In the pattern of the
utmost plural
Feminine that ends

with an alif maqsura
Changed
Pattern of verb
Non-Arab origin
Compounded

Indeclinable
Does not accept a

kasra, instead takes
a fatha, and can not
take a tanween.
11
CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words
50% '
` A
,#& E K N
Inflected
Words
} &N,#
By letters
@A
Decline
@A
Nom.
& s[ lf @ a 9 (
K N,.N
[
Acc.
.Gen
N) Singular noun
Acc.
.Gen
@A
@A
Nom.
; & f K 5J(
Gen.
@ A
Nom.
& P .M[HIN @ a 9 (

N) Broken Plural
Acc.

W .
aZN , a5 q(
N) The five nouns

Acc.
Nom.
.Gen
Nom.
W P\ rI[HIN (
N) Dual
Acc.
@A
Nom.
Acc.
.Gen
.Gen
@A
@A
Nom.
=>
?
W .
aZN ,(Aq(
V) The five verbs
G( ;R G( ;))
4L( ;R 4L( ;)
Acc.
8 9
(LI(;R
Nom.
=>
?
Acc.
X HI(f
Weak
12
K N,.N
[
,h
f X(; N (
< & j# X>[
HI) K N lN[
mn
V) Imperfect verb
8 9
Juss.
Juss.
o[?p f @ a 9 (
CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words
50% '
` A
Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels

and those inflected by letters.
,II s & I }N,II # (&I ) K .

/ :5 B6
7 5,,0% , '
` ,A
Those types inflected by vowels are four: the singular

noun, the broken plural, the sound feminine plural
and the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination.
: ^*./, ,0 5,, ,b % , , NA5,, ,0 %/ , ,c U, ,A? 5,, ,>
All of these are nominative by the dammah,

accusative by the fatha, genitive by the kasrah and
jussive by the sukun, except in three cases:
. } &N,# ) (&K .
/
oII[?p I If @ aII 9 &P .M[HI I N @ aII 9 ; &I I f K I I5J

& I <jII# X>[
HI ) K N lIN[
,h
f X(; IN K N,.N
[
.mn
the sound feminine plural is accusative by the :

;Z
R W } HI;IN ,II# =>
\I R W [ahN,I
[ I# @A& R ,VLz Is
kasrah
. 4M.N,
z # 8 cR &.
MN ,#
the indeclinable noun is genitive by the fatha
the imperfect verb with a weak ending is jussive

by omission
Those types inflected by letters are four: the dual, the

sound masculine plural, the five nouns and the five
verbs, which are:
LI(;R 4L( ;R 4L( ;) G( ;R G( A .
The dual is nominative by the alif and accusative
and genitive by the ya.
K N,.N
[
o[?p f @ a 9 :,PIn W GI ] N _ E < &

>&
\I I I ) J lI I IN[ K I I I5
J &I I .
MN ,II I I# =>
\I I I )
& <{ zX HI( f
,h
f X(; IN W } HI;I N ,II# :
;Z
I)
. < &l }# 8 c)
: ^*. / , , 0 %, , , NA5,, , 0 %/ , , c U, , ,A?
, aII I I5 q KI I I N,.I
[ I IN & I I I s[ lI I I If @ aII I I 9 WP\ rI[HI I I IN
The sound masculine plural is nominative by the

waw and accusative and genitive by the ya.
G( ;I I I I) :m W.
aII I Z
N ,(I I IAq W.
a Z
N
.LI(;R 4L( ;R 4L( ;) G( ;R
The five nouns are nominative by the waw,
:
;Z
R>=
\IR Nq,I# @A& HIA :.TI e,?O,A 5,4D,>
accusative by the alif and genitive by the ya.
The five verbs are nominative by the nun and .,PN ,#
accusative and jussive by omission.
4I N ,II I# @A& PI I A :`, A56,
? A % ,,b? U, ,f = B,, _ 5,, 4
?
.,PN ,# :
;Z
)>=
\I)

:

.
13
CHAPTER 5: Verbs
14
CHAPTER 5: Verbs
: :
.
There are three types of verbs: the perfect, the imperfect

and the imperative. For example:
: .
: .
:
:
.
The last vowel of a perfect verb is always a fatha. The

imperative is always jussive. The imperfect commences
and is always nominative with one of the letters in
unless acted upon by an accusative or jussive agent.
The accusative agents are ten, they are:
(That)

) (Will not
:

.
:

.
)(Then
)(So that
(Lam of cause)

+
(Lam of negation)
)

)
(Until)
(Fa of reply)
)

)
(And)

)
(Or)

The jussive agents are eighteen, they are:

(Did not) K N
, [f
)(Not yet
K N
(?Not yet) ,[ f
)(?Did not
J & + q ,E3z N
)(Lam of imperative & supplication
mA J mV [ \IN ,E3z N
)(No of prohibition & supplication
)(If
,+
_ ) (Who
+
)(What
, aV+
(Whenever) ,+
)(Whatever

(When) HI+
) (When
)[ ,
)(Which
) _
?[ ) (How
)(Where
,a rIP 2
(However) , a;Ps
W ,
[ < & ( N
[ mA
15
)(Wherever
)(If in poetry only
CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns
` A>*'5 5 BgF

Nominative
Nouns
B ) &
< 4,VR
,s K 5
Subject of
or her
,s
Permutative
Corroborative
Predicate of a
noun sentence
Subject of a
)
Conjunctive
16
Adjective

:

:

.
CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns

Nominative nouns are of seven types:
the subject
the object whose subject is unnamed
the subject of a noun sentence and its predicate
the subject of
,s or her sisters
the predicate of
or her sisters [
appositions to nominative nouns, which are:
adjectives
conjunctives
corroboratives
permutatives
17
CHAPTER 7: Subject
h'5PA
Subject
* L ( A * L wI/ 4slf
4A& f K 5
J :*+
It is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb
Its two types
Explicit
4 }?
Plural -
Dual -
,9&N / 3)[8N ,/
3)[8N ,/
m+G / 4
< / 3 ) ,/
,9&N / 3)[8N 4T)
3)[8N 4T)
m+G / 4
< / 3 ) 4T) Imperfect masculine
4 \IVN / 3 \IV N +,/
3 \IV N +,/
4 \IVN / 3 \IV N 4TR
,\#& u
For
example
For
example
mu,+
3 \I 4TR
Perfect
&sl+ =,
,h+
3rd person
mu,+
3 \I +,/
3 \IV N 4TR
Plural - Dual -
4 }?
Singular -
Perfect
3rd person
Imperfect feminine
,h+

Single
#& u
K HI#& u
,a HI#& u
#& u
z #& u
,a HI#& u
#& u
4#& u
,#&u
&u
_ #& u
,H#& u
#& u
18
i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

1st
person masc/fem
%bU4 Lk5Z4
2nd
person masc
i^j4 Lk5Z4
2nd person fem
%bU4 Ll5m
3rd
person masc
i^j4 Ll5m
3rd
o?p+ =,
person fem
CHAPTER 7: Subject
:
. : .
The subject is a nominative noun that is preceded by its

verb. It is of two types: explicit and implicit.
:

.
:

.
Examples of the explicit subject include:
Zaid/your) ) / /
(brother/my servant stood up
Zaid/) ) / /
(your brother/my servant stands up
,/ 3)[8N )(The two Zaids stood up
) 4T 3)[8N ) (The two Zaid stand up

,/ 3)[8N /,9&N ) (The Zaids/m en stood up
) 4T 3)[8N /,9&N ) (The Zaids/men stand up
(Hind stood up) 3 \I +,/
4TR (Hind stands up) 3 \I
+,/3 \IV N ) (The two Hinds stood up
4TR 3 \IV N ) (The two Hinds stand up
+,/3 \IV N / 4 \IVN ) (The Hinds/Hinds stood up
4TR 3 \IV N / 4 \IVN ) (The Hinds/Hinds stand up
Examples of the implicit subject include:
(I hit) #& u
(We hit) ,\#& u
(You (m) hit) #& u
(You (f) hit) #& u
(You two hit) ,a HI#& u
(You all (m or m/f) hit) K HI#& u

z #& u
) (You all (f) hit
&u ) (He hit
(She hit) #& u
(They two (m or m/f) hit) ,#&u
(They two (f) hit) ,H#& u
4#& u ) (They all (m or m/f) hit

_ ) (They all (f) hit
#& u
19
CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject

is
UA* /Pf
3@'5> `6c `A
Unnamed
lN 4(;f
*LE,A K.) KN
Object Whose
Subject is Unnamed
:

Its two types
&,
Explicit
Singular
&aE & s
&aE & M )
-
Plural
-
Dual
,\#& u
3 )& u
3 )& h
)
mu,+
&sl+ =,
Perfect
,h+
3rd person masc
Imperfect

Single
i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4
#& u
1st person masc/

fem
%bU4 Lk5Z4
4 }?
K HI#& u
,a HI#& u
#& u
2nd person masc
For
example
z #& u
,a HI#& u
#& u
2nd person fem
4#& u
,#&u
&u
3rd person masc
_ #& u
,H#&u
#& u
i^j4 Lk5Z4
%bU4 Ll5m
i^j4 Ll5m
3rd
20
person fem
4 }?
For
example
CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is

Unnamed
UA* /Pf

It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned

with it. When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is a dammah
and the second last a kasrah. When its verb is imperfect,
the first vowel is a dammah and the second last a fatha. It
is of two types: explicit and implicit.
:
: .
:
: .

Examples of the explicit include:
(Zaid was hit)
(Zaid is being hit)
(Amr was honored)
(Amr is being honored)
Examples of the implicit include:
(I was hit)
(We were hit)
(You (m) were hit)
(You (f) were hit)
(You two were hit)
(You all (m or m/f) were hit)
(You all (f) were hit)
(She was hit)
(They two (m or m/f) were hit)
(They two (f) were hit)
(They all (m or m/f) were hit)
(They all (f) were hit)
21
CHAPTER 9: The Subject and

Predicate
%oZA pOof
&wZN 3Hwf
The Subject and
Predicate
W [PU
;L[ N X + 4( N _ E ,(N
4A& f K 5
J 4 : p O,o,f
* PN 3 \I. f
4A& f K 5
J 4 :%o,ZA
The Subject: Nominative noun free of explicit agents
The Predicate: Nominative noun connected to the
4 }?
For
example
K ,/ 3 )
,a.
/ & wIZN
; & + & P
Predicates two
types
Not single
,a.
/ 3 HIwIf
Zaid is
standing
& ah
+
Subjects two
types
, a,/ 3)[8N
Implicit
; & +
The two Zaids are

standing
& ,
Single
4 a,/ 3)[8N
Explicit
The Zaids are

standing
mA 3 )
& c f z , cN
[ 3N
4 }?
Preposition and
its object
[&UN
Verb and its

subject
& wI<
@+ 3 HIwIf
Subject and its
predicate
-
Dual

Single
_ }?
K HI?
K ,/ ,?
z ?
_ }?
4 a,/
, a
_[
, a
3\IE 3 )
Adverbial
expression
* LIE,A @+ X(; N
For
example
-
Plural
* HI) , 9 3 )
W wI
22
i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

1st person masc/
fem
%bU4 Lk5Z4
2nd
person masc
i^j4 Lk5Z4
2nd person fem
%bU4 Ll5m
3rd
person masc
i^j4 Ll5m
3rd person fem
CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate
:
.
: .

.
The subject is a nominative noun that is free of explicit

agents and the predicate is a nominative noun connected to
it. For example:
) (Zaid is standing) K ,/ 3
: .
.
:

:
.
3)[8N , a,/
)(The Zaids are standing
3)[8N 4 a,/
)(The two Zaids are standing
The subject is of two types: explicit and implicit.

Examples of the explicit subject include those that
have been mentioned above.
There are twelve implicit subjects, they are:
?:I), for example) ,

?} _ ):We), for example
? )((You (m
?
)((You (f
: .
: .
:

:

.
?(You two) ,a HI
?((You all (m or m/f) K HI
? z
)((You all (f
(He) 4
(She) m
(Them two) , a
((Them all (m or m/f) K
[_ )((Them all (f
?K ,/ ,
For example:
) (I am standing
?} _ 4 a,/ ) (We are standing

The predicate is of two types: single and not single.
Examples of the single predicate include:
) (Zaid is standing) K ,/ 3
3)[8N , a,/
) (The Zaids are standing
3)[8N 4 a,/
)(The two Zaids are standing
There are four types of predicates that are not single,

they are:
the preposition and its object, for example:
) mA 3[3N ) (Zaid is in the house
the adverbial expression, for example:
) 3\IE 3 ) (Zaid is with you
the verb and its subject, for example:

) ,/ 3 4# ) (Zaids father stood up
the subject and its predicate, for example:

)(Zaids slave-girlis going
23
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing

the Subject and
Predicate
q@' .@KpA h4*/A

LZA pOof
24
25
*/A h4pAq@' .@K

:
.

:

:

:
.

:
:

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing the

Subject
and Predicate
They are of three types: kana and her sisters, inna and her
sisters and dhanna and her sisters.
Kana and her sister make the noun nominaitve and
the predicate accusative. They are:
,s ) (Was
.+
(In the morning) |wI

)(In the evening
(In the mid-morning)
[X
,#
)(Occurred
)(In the night
, ) (Occurred
PN
) (Not
,+ ) (Has not finished
,+?; [] ) (Still is
(Still is) IH A ,+
& # ,+ ) (Still is
,+ )(Still is
These also include conjugations of the above, for
example:
(Was)
(Is)
(!Be)
Last morning) - Past)
This morning) - Present)
In the morning!) - Order)
For example:
(Zaid was standing)
) Amr was not) &
(alone
Inna and her sister make the noun accusative and the
predicate nominative. They are:
[ ) (Truly
[ ) (Truly
(But/except) _[ M N
[ Is ) (Like
(Wish) PN
(Hope) [X(N
For example:
Truly Zaid is)

(standing
)I wish Amr was) 26
(alone
27
CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing

the Subject and
Predicate
q@' .@KpA h4*/A

%oZA pOof
28
[ & [
.are for emphasis
.is for correction
_[ M N
.is for comparison
[ Is
.is for wishing for the impossible

.is for hoping for the possible [X(N

Dhanna and her sisters make the subject and the
:predicate accusative as they are both objects of them.
They are:

(I thought)

(I thought) wI . 2

< (I thought) L

:
(I thought) aE
PN
) ) (I saw
(I knew) aLIE
3 9 ) (I found
[R
lZ ) (I made
(I made) L( 9
& (I heard)
For example:

)

(I thought Zaid left)

(I thought Amr was alone)
29
CHAPTER 11: Adjectives
r/IA
Adjectives
* h;
<
* w >
?
* (A
Gen.
Acc.
Nom.
&M [ \IN
& PM\IR
Indefinite nouns
Indefinite
For example
Intelligent Zaid stood

up
X/,(N 3))
J * . \I9 mA @ ,n
KI5
zXs
* wI)& T R &<
3 2 * #
z HIZ)
*PL E GN[ Nq 4<| L
,+ zXs
I saw intelligent Zaid
X / ,(N 3 )8# &+

I passed by
intelligent Zaid
&;N X 9[&N 4 }?
W A& ( f
Definite nouns
4 }?
(
)
Personal pronouns
( I, you)
(
)
Proper names
(Zaid,
Mecca)
(
)
All nouns that describe a

general category and do not
refer to only some within a
category to the exclusion of
others. Also, all nouns to which
it is proper to attach the
definite article, for example: the
man,
the horse.
Demonstrative pronouns
(This)

(
)
Nouns with the def. article

(The man, the boy)N Pu

,+
W ( # q l _ + 3 2
That in conjunction with

the above four
30
CHAPTER 11: Adjectives
:

:
.
Adjectives imitate what they describe in being nominative,

accusative or genitive, and in being definite or indefinite.
For example:
,I/ ) 3 (Intelligent Zaid stood up) X/,(N
) )3 X/,(N
& + 3 )8# (I passed by intelligent Zaid) X / ,(N
)(I saw intelligent Zaid
:
: :
Definite nouns are of five types:
:
Personal pronouns), for) ) & )
:
:example

(I)
.
((You (m)
:

.
Proper
names),
for) ) ) & )
:example
(Zaid)
(Mecca)
)Demonstrative
B ) & )
:pronouns), for example
((This (m) B
((This(f) B B
(These) ) B
Nouns with the definite article), for) ) )

:example
(The man) ) )
(The boy) ) )
That in conjunction with the above) )

(four
Indefinite nouns are that which describe a general category,
and do not refer to only some within a category to the
exclusion of others. Also, all nouns to which it is proper to
attach the definite article, for example:
(the man) ) )
(the horse) & )
31
CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions
Es/ A
( N
Conjunctions
:LE
,;N
,V# ;E [
If you connect with

them to:
a juss., the word
a gen., the word
an acc., the word
a nom., the word
&aE 3 )8# &+
&aE 3))
&aE 3 ) ,/
I passed by
Zaid and Amr
I saw Zaid and

Amr
Zaid and Amr

stood
Zaid did not sit, nor

did he stand
32
CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions
:

.
The particles of conjunction are ten, they are:

(And) 4N
(Then/So) )
(Then/Later)
(Or)
(Either... or)
(Either)
(Rather) )
(Not) )
(But) )
Until) in some instances)

:

.
If you connect a word with them to a nominative word, the

connected word is also nominative.
If you connect a word with them to an accusative word, the
connected word is also accusative.
If you connect a word with them to a genitive word, the
connected word is also genitive.
If you connect a word with them to a jussive word, the
connected word is also jussive.
For example:
(Zaid and Amr stood)
&aE 3 ) ,/
I saw Zaid and)

(Amr
(I passed by Zaid and Amr) &aE 3 )8# &+
(Zaid did not sit, nor did he stand)
3 ( T ) K N K T ) K N 3 )
33
CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative
pTb*OA
3Ps4HN
The Corroborative
* ; )&( R * h
;<
* w >
?( * A mA 3 s[ p aLN @#,R 4
The corroboratives imitate the
corroborated in nom., acc., gen., and
Appositives
@# 4R
@HIs
@ a 9
zXs
All
All
@HI#
K V L[ s 4 T N )
I saw the entire
community
@>
#
( a 9 4 T N ,# &+
I passed by the entire
community
34
CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative
:
.
The corroboratives imitate the corroborated in being

nominative, accusative or genitive, and being definite. This
is with certain known words, which are:
) (Self
;[\IN
:
:
:

.
(Self) )
)(All
) All) and the appositives of :which are ,@ a 9
zXs
@ a 9
* .
,/ ) ;? 3
For example:
) (Zaid himself stood up
) 4 T N K V L[ s
)(I passed by the entire community
& + 4 T N ,# ( a 9
)(I saw the entire community
35
CHAPTER 14: The Permutative
poA
The Permutative
* # &E @ Pa 9 mA * (wR X ( A _ + X(A KI5

_+ K 5
3#
The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another
noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its inflection
Its types
LQ N
Correction of an
error
Specific from a
mN
[ _ + mN
4
< 3 ) ,/
&;N 3))
* aLE 3 ) m\( ;?
* rIL P&[ N Ls
I saw Zaid, (I
mean) the
horse
Zaid benefited
me, (with) his
knowledge
I ate a loaf of
bread, a third
of it
36
One thing for

another
Zaid stood, your

brother
CHAPTER 14: The Permutative
The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with

another noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it
in its inflection. It is of four types, which are:
(One thing for another) mN
[ _ + mN
[XMN _ + :
(wIN
(Part of a whole)
(Specific from a general) ) )
(Correction of an error)
LQ N
For example:
(Zaid stood, your brother)
4
< 3 ) ,/
(I ate a loaf of bread, a third of it) * rIL P&[ N Ls
Zaid benefited me, (with) his)
(knowledge
(I saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse)
* I a L I I I I I I E 3 I I I I I I ) m\I( I;I ?
&;N 3))
You intended to say the horse, but you mistakenly

said Zaid.
37
:

:

:
.
CHAPTER 15: Accusative Nouns
5BgF 50*MI4
,a5q ,#4>\+
Parts of Speech
in Accusative
Noun
Negated
Exception
Specifying
Element
Circumstantial
Qualifier
,M f&
,+[8N&
Place
Qualifier
Time
Qualifier
Infinitive
* # 4(;f
Direct
Object
,VR 4<
[ K 5
,VR 4<
,s & wI<

Subject of
Predicate of B )

Object of
Inna &
& Kana
AccomVocation
Appositions
Sisters
Sisters
([\IN
Adjective
Conjunctive
Corroborative
38
Permutative
CHAPTER 15: Parts of Speech in

Accusative
The accusatives are fifteen, they are:
(The Direct Object) * # 4(;f
(The Infinitive) )
(The Time Qualifier) )
(The Place Qualifier)
(The Circumstantial Qualifier) ) )

(The Specifying Element) )
(Exception) & )
(The Noun Negated by la) ) &
(Vocation) )
The Object of) B )
) )
(Reason
The Object
of)
B
) )
(Accompaniment
(The Predicate of Kana and her Sisters) ,VR 4<
,s & wI<
(The Subject of Inna and her Sisters)
The Two Subjects of Dhanna and),VI IR 4I I<

(her Sisters
The Appositions to an Accusative),)
,M f&
,VR 4<
[ K 5
\I\I I J4(;I I +
4 >
\I aLI I I I I I N @#,I[HI I I I I I IN
:which are of four types

(The Adjective) )
(The Conjunctive) )
(The Corroborative) )
(The Permutative) 3wIN
39

:

:
.
CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object
30 */Pf
*# 4(;f
The Direct
Object
I hit Zaid
&
Its two types
I mounted the
Plural - Dual - Single -
, \I#& u
m\#&u
K M #& u
] #& u
_[ M#& u
, aM#& u
] #& u
_[ V #& u
, aV#& u
* #& u
,V#& u
i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

1st person masc/
fem
%bU4 Lk5Z4
2nd person masc
i^j4 Lk5Z4
2nd person fem
,[
)
K s ,[)
,[
)
_[ s ,[)
, as,[)
,[)
,[)
,[)
_[ ,[)
,[)
,,[)
X>[
HI+
%bU4 Ll5m
3rd
person masc
i^j4 Ll5m
3rd
person fem
Plural - Dual - Single
,?,[)
Connected
&
Its two types
i^j4 / %bU4 `@RO4

1st person masc/
fem
%bU4 Lk5Z4
2nd
person masc
i^j4 Lk5Z4
2nd person fem
%bU4 Ll5m
3rd person masc
i^j4 Ll5m
3rd person fem
40
Unconnected
41
CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object
*/Pf 30
It is an accusative noun that is the object of a verbs action,

for example:
(I hit Zaid)
(I mounted the horse) & )
:
:
.3>f
: .
The Infinitive
.
Direct objects are of two types, explicit and implicit.

Examples of the explicit include what has already been
mentioned.
The implicit is of
two types, connected
unconnected.
and
.
The connected are twelve, they are:

(He hit me) m\#&u
:

.
:

.
zmU
;N
Homonymous
?} 4
For example
I killed him,
, \I#& u
)(He hit us
?} 4
]
#& u
For example
((He hit you

(f) ] #& u
(He hit you two) , aM#& u
((He hit you all (m or m/f) K M #& u
Its
two
_ )((He hit you all (f
[ M#& u
types
(He hit him) * #& u
(He hit her) ,V#& u
(He hit them two) , aV#& u
((He hit then them all (mFor

or example
m/f) K V #& u
?} 4
_ )((He hit them all (f
[ V #& u
The unconnected are twelve, they are:
)
[, )(Only me
!I sat, reposed
)[(Only us) ,?,
)
[, )((Only you (m
)[, )((Only you (f

)[(Only you two) , as,
)[((Only you all (m of m/f) K s ,
)[((Only you all (f) _[ s ,
)[, )(Only him
)[(Only her) ,,
)[(Only them two) , a,
)[, )((Only them all (m or m/f
)[((Only them all (f) _[ ,
((He
)hit you (m
42
CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive
pMf
43
pMf
CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive
:
:
.
The infinitive is an accusative noun that occupies the third

place in the conjugation of a verb, as in:
(He hit, he hits, hitting) ,I#& u
&h
&u )
It is of two types, homonymous and synonymous.

: If the infinitive is derived from its verb it is
andThe Time Qualifiers
homonymous, as in:

)
(!I killed him, killed) ) B Place
: Qualifiers.
If the infinitive has the same meaning as its verb, but
is not derived from it, it is synonymous, as in:
&
:
&) ,Mf
,+[8N
&(!I sat, seated)
.
(!I stood, erect) Place

Qualifiers
Time Qualifiers

()
>4 (mA) & )3THI#

K 5 ,I+[8N \If
4
It is an accusative noun the
denotes time and is preceded by
For
For
4 PN
W L PL[ N
3+
& M #
example
,TL R
[K
44
CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers

and
Place Qualifiers
5Rf %t 54\A %t
45
CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and

Place Qualifiers
:
The time qualifiers are accusative nouns that denote time
and are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:

(Day) )
,}N
. .
(Night) ) ) )
The Circumstantial
(Morning)
:
Qualifier
(Tomorrow) &M #
:
(Pre-Dawn) &

(Tomorrow)
.
jPV N
_ + K V wI? , f & .
[ ;f 4>
\If K 5J 4
(One-Third of the Night)
(Morning) It is an accusative noun that explains an

uncertainty about external circumstances
(Evening) &
(Perpetually)
(A Period)
(Here) B
(There) K[
3+
For example
4 }?
(Once)
The place qualifiers are accusative nouns that denotes
place and are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples
;&include:
N wIs
(In Front)
,I9& .
+
(Behind) )
I rode the horse,

(In Front)

saddled
(Behind)
(Above)
(Below)
(At/With)
(With)
(In Front)
&M ? [J , }N 4M) J
(Facing)
It is not except indefinite
(In Front) ,TL R
GM N , aR 3 ( # [J 4M) J
It is not except at the end of a statement
W A& ( + [J ,VwI2,
4M) J
It does not explain except a definite
46
CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial

Qualifier
47
5NA
CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier
The circumstantial qualifier is an accusative noun that :

explains an uncertainty about external circumstances, as
:
in:

(Zaid came, riding)
(I rode the horse, saddled)
,I9& .
+ ;&N wIs
The Specifying
)
Element
I met) B ) )
(Abdullah as he was riding
It is not except indefinite, it is not except at the end of a
statement and it does not explain except a definite noun.
[lN _ + K V wI? , f &.

; f 4>
\If K 5
J 4
It is an accusative noun that explains
uncertainty about the essence of
4 }?
For example
Muhammed was

I bought twenty
Zaid is nobler than you
as a father and more
servants
Bakrun was
&M ? [J 8PP a[ HIN 4M) J

GM N , aR 3 ( # [J 4M) J
It does not come except at
the end of a statement
48
CHAPTER 20: The Specifying

Element
49
CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element
The specifying element is an accusative noun that explains :

uncertainty about the essence of something, as in:
Zaid
poured)
:
Exception

(forth sweat
Bakrun was(

(bursting with fat
,
\
I
r
I
H
&
2
.
(Muhammed was content in spirit) ,I.;? 3 [a }+ ,x
Particles of
(I bought twenty servants) ,I+G
_ )&
E )& HIn
Exception

I own ninety) & )
.
(ewes

45
Zaid
is nobler) B

)
than you as a father and more handsome in
(countenance
&z 9 * wI>
and
? 4 cit) does not come except at & c+
the end of a statement.
Can be acc. or
Gen.
gen.
4 }?
3 ) 3) G<
4 T N ,/
The people stood
except Zaid & Zaid
For ex.
3)[ J 4 T N ,/
The people stood
except Zaid
&aE & aE 3E 4 T N ,/
4 }?
The people stood

except Amr & Amr
&aE [J ,[
\IN< &
The people left

except Amr
& M #& M# ,n,

2 4 T N ,/
The people stood
except Bakr & Bakr
For
ex.
,Iw 94+ ,[+,R GM N ,s >=

\I)
The excepted noun is accusative if
the sentence is complete and
3)[ J 4 T N ,/ ,+
4 }?
The people stood

not except Zaid
For
ex.
Permutative
3 )[ J 4 T N ,/ ,+
The people stood

not except Zaid
4 }?
, \IrIH 5
J LE =>[
\IN
For
ex.
Acc. as above
[J #& u
,+
3)
Stood not
except Zaid
I hit not except3)8# [J & + ,+

Zaid
I pass not
except Zaid
4 }?
For
ex.
50
* PA , 9
It can
be a
[J
CHAPTER 21: Exception
5IeOgu
51
:

.
CHAPTER 21: Exception
Absolute
Negation
The particles of exception are eight,

:

:
,
&
n,
w
I
R
The noun excepted by illa is accusative if the sentence is

as J
&[ M in:
R
complete and positive,
If the la does not
:
(The people
stood
except
4 T precede [J)3 )Zaid
,/ N
the .
If the
la is
repeated

negated indefinite
[, & aE [J ) (The people left except Amr

< & \IN
It
If the sentence is negative

and complete, the excepted
can be or accusative as above,

noun can be a permutative
as in:
.
(The people
stood,
not except ,QN
,/ ,+ 4 T N [J) Zaid) 3,VN , aE

,/ ,+ 4 T N [J)3 )IncitedZaid
Ignored
(The people
stood not except
The negated is nom.
:

If the sentence is incomplete
Forwithout
For 4 }?the illa, the excepted
noun is governed by agents, as in:
example .

example
,/ ,+ [J) (Stood not except Zaid) 3
J mA X 9[3N

#& u [J)3 ) (I hit not except Zaid
,+
There is no

For
?} 4
(I pass not
3
J
[
&
,
+
)For except Zaid
man in the
example
house
?} example 4
The noun excepted with ghair, siwan, suwan
sawaunorJ &+
ismA J[3N X 9
else.
genitive,
and nothing
In the house there is no

man & no woman
Words excepted
by khala, ada, or hasha can be accusative
or genative, as in:
< GI)3I ) The people stood except Zaid and) 3
,I/ 4 T IN
(Zaid
,II / 4 T I N 3I E & aIE & aIE ) The people stood except Amr and
(Amr
&MI # ,II In,I & M I #

,II I/ 4 T I IN I I 2
)The people stood except Bakr and

(Bakr
52
CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation
53
CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation
Know that negated indefinite words are accusative without

tanween if the la immediately precedes them and the la is
not repeated, as in:
(There is no man in the house) [ 3N mA X 9 J

. :
The Vocation
If the la does not immediately precede the negated

indefinite, the negated must be nominative with a tanween
and the la must be repeated, as in:
In the house there is no man &) &+ J X 9[ 3IN mA J
(no woman

Annexed

4>
Tf
There
is no man in the house & no)Unintended

& P in:
&M [ \IN
,h
or
f ignored, as
If the la is repeated, it can be incited
(woman
There is no man
(woman

:

.

T f & M \ [IN K L ( N & :; f

. 4>
Intended
Indefinite
in the house & no)
& P J W #4>
\I+
Accusative,
nothing else
4 }?
For
ex.
54
Single Proper
Name
4 }?
For
ex.
CHAPTER 23: The Vocation
,\f
55
CHAPTER 23: The Vocation
: & ;f
The vocation is of five types:

(Single Proper Name) K L ( N
4(;f _+*L9
> 4 )(Intended Indefinite
& M [ \IN Tf
The Object of
.
> 4 )(Unintended Indefinite
Reason& M [ \IN & P Tf
,h
f
)(Annexed
Similar to) ) B )
(Annexed

(!O Zaid)
(!O man) )
( The single proper name and the intended indefinite are

formed with a dammah and no tanween, as in:
)
?} 4
For example
The remaining three are accusative and nothing else, [as in:
O man, take) )

(!me by my hand
> ] R3 ,QH # &( +] A
/
(!O slave of Allah) B ) )

I have come to for
[(!O mountain climber) GwI 9 your

,I(N,x favor
),
Zaid stood out of

The Object of
Accompaniment
?} 4
For
example
W wI
4HI5 , f ZN
The water is level

with the wood
56
CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason
3@_ v4 */Pf
CHAPTER 25: The Object of

Accompaniment
57
CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason
*/Pf v4_@3
It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an

:
action, as in:

)(Zaid stood out of respect for Amr
.
&( + The (I have come to for your favor) ] A
Nouns ,QH #
> ] R3
/ in
Genitive
& }N,#
W A,uF, #
By Preposition
By Annexation
_ +
?} For 4
ex.
4
;Z
aLN @# ,R
By Apposition to a
Genitive
?} 4
For
ex.
CHAPTER 25:
The
Object of
Door made of teak
Accompaniment

[
:
Servant
of

It is an Garment
accusative
noun
made
of that
: silk explains with whom an action
was done, as in:

.

The Amir came)
) )
(with the army

NT

KI.
2&
(The water is level with the wood) W wI
4HI5 , f ZN

The predicate of kana and her sisters, and the subject of .
inna and her sisters, have already been dealt with in the
section on nominative nouns. Similarly, the words in
apposition to an accusative have been dealt with there also.
58
CHAPTER 26: The Nouns in Genitive
59
CHAPTER 26: Genitive Nouns
:

.
The nouns in genitive are of three types: nouns genitive by

preposition, by Annexation and by apposition to a genitive.
The prepositions that cause a noun to be genitive are:
_ ) (From
+
:

:
.
:
:

:
:
.
KI.
& 2 TN
)(To
(About)
(On) )
(In)
(Some)
(With) )
(Like) )
(For) ) )
)(Particles of Adjuration
)(Some
(Since)
(Since)
An example of a noun in genitive by due to annexation is:

(The servant of Zaid) )
Though, it is of two types: annexations that act like lam
and those that act like min.
An example of an annexation that acts like lam is:
(The servant of Zaid) )

Examples of annexations that act like min include:
(A door made of teak) &

(A garment made of silk)
< (A ring made of iron) 3 )3 2 K R,
And Allah knows best.
60

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Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Signs of Inflection

Chapter 4: Inflected Words

Chapter 6: Nominative Nouns

Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named

Chapter 9: The Subject and Predicate

Chapter 10: Governing Agents of the Subject and Predicate

Chapter 11: Adjectives

Chapter 13: The Corroborative

Chapter 14: The Permutative

Chapter 15: Accusative Nouns

Chapter 16: The Direct Object

Chapter 17: The Infinitive

Chapter 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers

Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier

Chapter 20: The Specifying Element

Chapter 21: Exception

Chapter 22: Absolute Negation

Chapter 23: The Vocation

Chapter 24: The Object of Reason

Chapter 25: The Object of Accompaniment

Chapter 26: Genitive Nouns

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

Speech is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in

Verbs are known by being succeeded by:

Particles are known by the fact that neither the signs

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

Inflection is the change of the last syllable of words based

Nouns are nominative, accusative or genitive, but not

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

V) Verbs that are

N) The five nouns

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection

,+ (your father, your brother, your in-law, your

mouth, possessor of wealth)

The accusative has five signs: fatha, alif, kasrah, ya and

Kasrah is the sign of the accusative in the sound

The genitive has three signs: kasrah, ya and fatha.

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

Imperfect verbs with nothing at their

> & <j# X

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

A noun is indeclinable if it has the

4acN VH\+ WQP

Feminine that ends

Does not accept a

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words

N) The five nouns

The Ajurumiyyah Mapped

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words

Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels

,II s & I }N,II # (&I ) K .

Those types inflected by vowels are four: the singular

: ^*./, ,0 5,, ,b % , , NA5,, ,0 %/ , ,c U, ,A? 5,, ,>

All of these are nominative by the dammah,

oII[?p I If @ aII 9 &P .M[HI I N @ aII 9 ; &I I f K I I5J

the sound feminine plural is accusative by the :