J Indian Soc Remote Sens (March 2012) 40(1):109119 DOI 10.

1007/s12524-011-0108-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Moradabad City, India

Masood Ahsan Siddiqui & Syed Mohammad Rashid & Lubna Siddiqui & Shahzad Ali Ansari

Received: 28 September 2010 / Accepted: 3 April 2011 / Published online: 25 June 2011 # Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2011

Abstract The paper tries to estimate the rate of waste generation per head/per day, to identify suitable sites for waste disposal, to find out optimal route for collection vehicles and to analyze the financial aspects of solid waste management in Moradabad City, India.The study is based on sample of 2,500 households and secondary data. The City generates about 318 tones of solid waste with an average per capita rate of 460 gram per day. Collection and disposal efficiency is nearly 64%. Sensitivity analysis of the present disposal site as per the norms of Central Pollution Control Board indicates that it is moderately suitable. Subsequently two new disposal sites were identified. Redefined routes and related issues were evaluated in financial terms. It is estimated that by adopting the proposed plan, the expenditure on waste management will increase by about 52%, but at the same time about 90% of city area and 95% of city population will be served. Keywords Solid waste . Site selection . Route planning . Financial management . Moradabad

Introduction Most of the Indian cities are experiencing unplanned urban growth and heavy pressure of population. The net result is an enormous production of solid waste in urban areas. Urban solid wastes consist of household wastes, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, industrial and hospital wastes (Planning Commission 1995). In 1947, cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tones of solid waste which rose to 48 million tones in 1997 (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, NEERI 1999). The 285 million urban population of India is concentrated in a few large cities and 35 metropolitan cities which together account for about 34.5% of the urban population of the country and expected to reach 341 million by 2010 (Census of India 2001). These metropolitan cities generate about 30,000 tones of wastes per day while about 50,000 tones are generated daily from the Class I cities. It has been estimated that the total waste generation in India in 2001 was about 46 million tones which is expected to cross to 65 million tones in 2010 (Kumar and Gaikwad 2004). The daily per capita solid waste generated in small, medium and large cities and towns in India varies between 0.2 and 0.5 kg/capita/day with the recyclable content ranging between 13% and 20%. Though, it is not comparable with the developed countries, where per capita waste generation rate is well above 2.5 kg, yet the actual quantum is large owing to the large population size in India.

M. A. Siddiqui (*) : S. M. Rashid : L. Siddiqui Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India e-mail: siddiqui_jmi@rediffmail.com S. A. Ansari Alcatel- Lucent, New Delhi, India

110 Table 1 Moradabad City: waste composition Waste Waste (tones) Percent of total waste 37.07 1.60 3.14 2.25 44.06 45.38 7.64 1.07 0.93 0.55 0.37 55.94

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Food stuffs, Vegetables and litter Wood Textiles Paper/Cardboard Organic waste Ash and Fines Demolition Debris Plastic Rubber/Leather Metal Glass Inorganic Waste Source: Field survey

117.88 5.09 9.99 7.16 140.11 144.31 24.30 3.40 2.96 1.75 1.18 177.89

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) encompasses planning, engineering, organization, administration, financial and legal aspects of activities associated with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes in an environmentally compatible manner adopting principles of economy, aesthetics, energy and conservation (Tchobanoglous et al. 1993). In this regard situation in India is grim as more than 25% of the municipal solid waste (MSW) is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack adequate capacity to transport it and there are no sanitary landfills to dispose off the waste (NEERI 1999). In the last few decades, the amount of waste generated per capita has recorded an annual increase at a rate of 1% to 1.33% (Shekdar 1999). If this rate of increase continues, India will probably see a rise in waste generation from less than 40,000 tones per year to over 125,000 tones by 2030 (Srishti 2000). If an adequate MSWM strategy is not in place, human and environmental health would be jeopardized. Illegal dumping is a major problem that raises significant concerns with regard to safety, property
Table 2 Moradabad City: frequency of waste collection Income group Low Medium High Source: Field survey Total Daily 35.35 63.99 94.09 64.48

values and quality of life. Municipal agencies in India spend about 525% of their budget on waste management which is Rs. 75250 per capita per year (Kumar and Gaikwad 2004). Normally a city of one million populations spends around Rs. 10 crores for waste management. In spite of such heavy expenditure, a substantial part of generated municipal solid waste remains unattended. The average collection efficiency for MSW in Indian cities is about 72.5% and around 70% of the cities lack adequate waste transport capacities (Tata Energy Research Institute, TERI 1998). These issues of urban waste management are discussed by several researchers. Joshi (1998) has examined intensively this problem in Haridwar. Waste disposal in the developing countries is evaluated by Ali et al. (1999) while, Srishti (2000) has discussed the problem of waste management in the case of urban India and Najm (2002) have carried out a sensitivity analysis of regional waste management. Economics of solid waste is worked out in the case of Mumbai by Yedla and Kansal (2003). Sharholy et al. (2007) have investigated the problem of waste generation and its disposal in Allahabad. Talyan et al. (2008) have made Delhi a case study for waste management and Zia and Devadas (2008) have investigated the same problem in the case of Kanpur. Rathi (2007, 2008) has studied the problem of waste disposal in Mumbai. Hazra and Goel (2009) has discussed solid waste management in Kolkata. Sumathi et al. (2008) has developed a GIS based model for identification of landfill sites. Kumar et al. (2009) have attempted to understand status of waste management in urban India examining the problem in metro and Class I and II cities of the country. In Europe, there are conducted several studies in this field and an integrated strategy at local, national and European Union level is developed to cope with this problem in a way that is economically profitable and environmentally desirable under the aegis of European Urban Waste Management Cluster (EUWMC). Li
Weekly 17.80 25.02 3.02 15.28 Fortnightly 20.55 5.28 2.89 9.57 Monthly 14.17 5.71 0 6.63 Occasionally 12.13 0 0 4.04

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(2008) has examined waste transportation in Brazil, whereas Korzum (1990) examined the economic value of municipal solid waste in United States of America. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the US produces a report on MSW generation, recycling and disposal. Psomopoulos et al. (2009) has reviewed the magnitude of benefit in producing energy from waste in the United States.

Objectives of the Study The broad objectives of the study are to estimate rate of waste generation per head/per day, to find out optimal route for collection vehicles, to identify suitable landfill sites for waste disposal and to analyze the financial aspects of solid waste management in Moradabad.

Fig. 1 Moradabad City: Land use, 2004

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Study Area Moradabad city situated at 28 49 48 N latitude and 78 00 00 E longitudes is a part of the alluvium filled asymmetrical Ramganga-Gagan

trough. It is a leveled and homogeneous plain with gentle slope (12%) from north-west to south-east. There are 60 wards spreading over an area of 108.96 sq km with an average density of 5,888 persons per sq km.

Fig. 2 Moradabad City: Constraint mapping

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Material and Methods Data Used Survey of India, topographic sheet on 1:50,000 scale, map of Moradabad Nagar Nigam at 1:20,000 scale, planning map of the Moradabad from Town and Country Planning, Moradabad, 2000,CARTOSAT-I of 20th November, 2006 and Census of India, Uttar Pradesh, 2001 were used for base mapping. In the absence of house-to-house data collection, the quantity of waste generation is assessed by indirect ways like typical area study, truck weighing. The important parameters used for estimation of waste generation are population, income, literacy, work force etc. Data regarding income, solid waste generation, its collection, transportation and disposal have been taken with the help of structured questionnaire. Ward wise household sample survey has been conducted. Because of sheer number of households, only 2.5% of households, i.e., 2,500 households were randomly selected.

For finding out the optimum route for collection vehicles, the existing transportation routes were evaluated in terms of distance and cost. The routes were redefined using network analysis module of Arc View 3.2. For the identification of new disposal site, land use, road network and constraints mapping was done to minimize the search area.

Results and Discussion Solid Waste Generation The city generates about 318 tones of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) with an average per capita generation of 0.460 kg per head/day. It is higher than the national average of 0.376 kg/capita/day (Central Pollution Control Board, CPCB 2004). The central part of the city which has very high population density and large number of household brass industries, generate maximum waste. The quantity of waste decreases moving away from the city center. The waste in Moradabad comprises countless material such as dust, food wastes, packaging in the form of paper, metals, plastics or glass, discarded clothing, furnishers, garden wastes, construction wastes, and medical wastes (Table 1) The share of organic waste is 44.06%. The city generates about 140.11 tones of organic waste, i.e., 0.203 kg per head/day. Most of it originates from households (84.07%) but commercial, institutional and industrial waste also contains significant proportions of organic waste. Among the inorganic waste, ash, fine and demolition debris, metals and glass are major constituents.
Weightage 60 250 305 110 85 40 150 1,000 Existing site 18.50(3) 160(3) 197.75(1) 41(3) 29(3) 28.75(1) 93(3) 568 Moderate Dhimri village 6.25(1) 127.50(1) 236.50(3) 22.50(2) 14.50(1) 28.75(1) 68.50(2) 504.50 Moderate Kaazipura village 15(2) 155.75(2) 221.25(2) 26.50(1) 14.50(1) 28.75(1) 69.25(3) 534.75 Moderate

Methodology In order to quantify waste collected at each bin, both visual (volume estimation) and weighing experiments were carried out for 10% of total number of bins, two dhalaos and one rubbish depot. Numbers were assigned to all the dustbins and monitored for 7 days to record approximate quantity and major constituents of dustbins. For the estimation of waste the dust bins were randomly weighted for 7 days at different time. To authenticate it, the trucks carrying the waste were also weighted at the disposal site.
Table 3 Moradabad City: sensitivity scores of the three landfill sites, 2004 Attributes Accessibility Related Receptor Related Environment Related Socio-economics Related Waste Management Related Climatological Related Geological Related Total Source: Field survey Sensitivity Class

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Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Three disposal systems are prominent in Moradabad, viz. metallic bins, municipal site and road side collection. Besides, in some cases the residents themselves collect and burn it. It has been found that 17.62% of waste is disposed off in municipal dump sites, 35.93% in metallic bins, 43.28% on road side

and 3.17% is burnt. On the basis of time taken to collect and dispose off the waste, wards of the city are classified into five categories of disposal period, i.e., daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly and occasionally (Table 2). It is found that in the old part of the city which falls in the high income group about 80% of the city population is served daily or weekly. In the remaining part, the situation of collection and

Fig. 3 Moradabad City: Major and minor roads and disposal sites

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disposal is desperate. In such areas waste is collected on fortnightly and monthly basis whereas in the outer parts of the city the resident themselves have to make arrangement for collection and disposal of household waste. Landfills Site Selection The disposal site of Moradabad is located along Moradabad-Lucknow highway spreading over an area of about 12 acres. The site is about 7 meters deep from the road level and operational for the last 20 years. Till now 1.5 to 2.0 m of waste is disposed at the site. It has been estimated that at the present rate of disposal, the site will be sufficient at least for the next 20 years but the expansion of the city has posed problem to this site. As per the Central Pollution Control Board (2003) sites having a score of 450600 are moderately sensitive. The analysis revealed that the total score for the present site is 568 on a scale of 1,000 point. It means this site is moderately suitable for waste disposal. Since the total score is very close to the category of high sensitivity, therefore there is a

need for either relocating the site or to adopt engineering measures to reduce the cost of waste management and to minimize the environmental risks. Identification of New Landfill Sites The efficacy of solid waste disposal depends upon the selection of proper site. There are several issues that have an impact for site selection. Many technical (volume capacity, accessibility and hydrological conditions), environmental (bed rock, soil permeability, etc.,) and socio-economic factors (public acceptability) are involved in selecting a new sanitary landfill site. Land Use Built up category account for 36% area of the city, followed by agriculture (36.41%), water bodies (5.76%), infrastructure (3.86%) and green area (1.45%). Besides about (14.50%) area is vacant. Major part of the vacant land falls in the outer parts of the city. Of this, a substantial part lies in the Ramganga khaddar (Fig. 1).

Table 4 Moradabad City: existing and proposed routes for collection and disposal of waste and number of dustbins, 2004 Name of the route Existing No. of dustbins Route distance (Km) Proposed route No. of dustbins Organic Karbala 1 Majhola Awas Vikas 1 Jama Masjid Lal Masjid Lajpat Nagar 1 Prince Road Faiz Ganj Kachehri Road Sarai Khaisa Ziyarat Shah Sambhali Gate Chander Nagar Vivekananda Total 42 39 24 45 43 33 42 38 45 48 49 45 19 55 567 5 6.80 6.40 3.20 3.80 3.50 4.10 5.90 8.10 9 10 3 5.80 12 86.60 242 242 16 19 25 24 19 22 16 21 18 24 15 23 16 19 25 24 19 22 16 21 18 24 15 23 22 42 Inorganic Composite 20 8.01 7.06 11 5.10 4.20 3.30 3.50 3.65 8.90 7.50 7.80 3.10 6.06 12.23 91.40 Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Old 0 3.01 0.26 4.60 1.90 0.40 0.20 0.60 2.25 0.80 1.50 2.20 0.10 0.26 0.23 4.80 Distance (km) Route status Distance extended (in km)

Source: Field survey

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Constraint Mapping After identifying the open land and its ownership, constraints mapping was done to narrow down the search area. The constraint mapping is based on the locational criteria specified by the Central Pollution Control Board (2000). Buffers of specified radius were drawn around the important land use categories (Fig. 2). Accordingly, two new disposal

sites have been identified. These are Dhimri village and Kaazipura village. Dhimri Village Landfill Site It is located in the south western part of the city and about 1 km from the State highway. The proposed site is a part of the bhangar land with older alluvium. It is arrived at that the proposed

Table 5 Moradabad City: proposed number of dustbins and collection routes for the unserved areas

Name of the route

Proposed route No. of dustbins Organic Inorganic 22 17 21 20 22 25 26 23 23 19 26 20 18 15 20 25 30 21 14 25 17 21 27 28 33 18 20 29 32 33 296 297 393 Composite 8.10 8 8.50 10.06 6.76 8.06 4.90 5.40 2 3.60 6.60 3.60 3.10 3.30 7.27 5.81 5.08 6.09 2.69 6.32 5.25 8.61 9.02 6.45 8.42 7.50 8.64 12.50 9.86 10.24 139.71 Distance (km)

Route status

Awas Vikas II New Moradabad 1 New Moradabad II Mansarover KGK College Fakeerpura Collectorate Budh Bazar Gandhi Nagar Asalatpura Bazar Deewan Sidhi Sarai Nawab Pura Lajpat Nagar II Karbala II Rehmat Nagar Sitapuri Karbala Sitapuri Sambhal Sitapuri Narayana I Narayana II Majhola Narayana III Narayana IV Prem Nagar I Prem Nagar II Prem Nagar III Jhanjhanpur Harthala Planning Office Source: Field survey Total

22 17 21 20 22 25 26 22 23 19 26 20 18 15

New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New

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landfill site be developed on 7.5 acres of land which belongs to the local body. The volume of the site is computed assuming that depth of Land filling is 3 m, the density of waste as 1,000 kg/cu meter and volume consumed by soil cover as 20% of total volume. Accordingly, the total volume of the site is 112,500 cubic meters. This site will handle about 53 tones of waste per day. As such this site will serve

for about 6 years. It has a sensitivity score of 504 (Table 3, Fig. 3). Kaazipura Landfill Site Kaazipura site is located in the north- western part of the city falling in the Kaazipura ward. The proposed site is a part of the bhangar land with older alluvium.

Fig. 4 Moradabad City: Proposed routes and location of dustbins

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The Municipal Corporation has enough vacant land. An area of 9.25 acres has been identified as potential landfill site. It has been estimated that the total volume of the site is 92,500 cubic meter and the site can handle about 70 Tones per day (TPD) of waste. Based on the rate of filling, it has been estimated that this site will be functional for the next 3 years. The site scored 534.75 points on sensitivity scale which signifies that it is moderately suitable. Waste Collection Points and Collection Routes There are 567 official collection points which collect only about 205 tones (64.48%) of city waste. In the densely populated areas of old city and the civil lines, the dust bins are placed at an interval of less than 200 meters, but in the less dense areas it is more than 700 meters. At present, there are 14 collection routes which altogether cover a distance of about 86.6 km. The average length of collection routes is 5 km (Table 4). Majority of these routes pass through the congested parts of the city. The existing routes are readjusted in a way that the collection vehicle may cover maximum area. It has resulted in an increase in distance by 4.8 kms. Re-Location of Dustbins and Re-Routing Since the collection and disposal facilities are provided to the selected parts of the city, therefore significant portion of the waste was left uncollected. It was
Table 6 Moradabad City: waste management system at a glance, 2004 S.No. Name of the item

concluded that if unattended areas are also included in the list of service area, then approximately another 60% area and 30% of population will be benefited. Besides, an additional 20% of the waste may be collected and disposed. For this, the required number of dustbins and the transportation routes were calculated (Table 5 and Fig. 4). For relocation of dustbins and re-routing an additional 593 dustbins for segregation and 393 dustbins of composite nature will be required. For collection and disposal of waste from these areas, altogether 30 new collection routes have been identified. As a result the transportation vehicles with an average length of 7.48 km will have to travel an additional distance of 139.94 km. Once the two proposed sites become operational and the proposed route plan is implemented, the hauling distance in respect to the existing site will be reduced to 86 kms and the life of the site will increase for about 8 years. Financial Management of Solid Waste Solid waste management accounts for about 25% (Rs. 4.34 crores) of municipal budget of Moradabad Nagar Nigam (Rs.17.35 crores), of which 75% is spent on collection and transportation of solid waste. This is approximately Rs. 62 per capita per year. In absolute terms the present cost in MNN is Rs. 642 per ton for collection, Rs. 240 per ton for transportation and Rs. 24.5 per ton for disposal.
Existing 4.34 40 567 0 0 325 2,131 1,047 1,221 86.60 Proposed 6.64 45 1,541 545 546 450 1,539 756 263 201.71 1,04,390 636 95 Difference +2.30 +5 +974 +545 +546 +125 +592 291a 958a +115.10 +29,565 +56 (9.65%) +33

Expenditure (in crore rupees) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a

Number of Vehicles Number of Dustbins(composite) Number of Organic Dustbin Number of Inorganic Dustbin Number of Sweepers Sweeper-Population Ratio Sweeper-Road length (km) Bin-Population ratio Route length(in Km) Average waste collected daily (in tones) Cost of Collection (rupees per ton) Disposal cost/capita(in rupees)

205 (64.4%) 286 (89.9%) +81 (25.52%) 580 62

Average waste collected (Annually in tones) 74,825

Negative value indicates better ratio

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119 Hazra T. & Goel S. (2009). Solid waste management in Kolkata, India: Practices and challenges. Waste Management, 29(1), 470478. Joshi, P. K. (1998). Solid waste management in Haridwar. Himalayan Journal of Environmental Zoology, 2(2), 121124. Korzum, E. A. (1990). Economic value of municipal solid waste. Journal of Energy Engineering, 116(1) Kumar, S., & Gaikwad, S. A. (2004). Municipal solid waste management in Indian Urban Centres: An approach for betterment. In K. R. Gupta (Ed.), Urban development debates in the new millennium (pp. 100111). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. Kumar, S., et al. (2009). Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities and class II towns in India: An insight. Waste Management, 29(2), 883895. Li, J.-Q. (2008). Truck scheduling for solid waste collection in the City of Porto Alegre. Brazil Omega, 36(6), 11331149. Najm, M. A. (2002). An optimization model for regional integrated solid waste management II. Model application and sensitivity analyses. Waste Management and Research, 20(1), 4654. NEERI (1999). Report on Strategy paper on solid waste management in India. 17. Planning Commission of India (1995). Urban solid waste management in India: Report of the High Power Committee Govt. of India. Psomopoulos, C. S., et al. (2009). Waste-to-energy: A review of the status and benefits in USA. Waste Management, 29, 17181724. Rathi, S. (2007). Optimization model for integrated municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Environment and Development Economics, 12, 105121. Rathi, S. (2008). Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Waste Management, 26(10), 11921200. Sharholy, M., et al. (2007). Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India. Waste Management, 27(4), 490496. Shekdar, S. (1999). Municipal solid waste managementthe Indian perspective. Journal of Indian Association for Environmental Management, 26(2), 100108. Srishti (2000). Fifth Srishti survey of medical waste disposal practices in health care units of Delhi. New Delhi. Sumathi, V R., et al. (2008). GIS-based approach for optimized . siting of municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Management, 28(11), 21462160. Talyan, V et al. (2008). State of municipal solid waste ., management in Delhi, the capital of India. Waste Management, 28(7), 12761287. Tchobanoglous, G. et al. (1993). Integrated solid waste management-engineering principles and management issues. Tata McGraw Hill, International Edition. TERI (1998). Solid waste in India: Status and future directions. New Delhi. Yedla, S., & Kansal, S. (2003). Economic insight into municipal solid waste management in Mumbai: A critical analysis. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 19 (5), 516527. Zia, H., & Devadas, V (2008). Urban solid waste management . in Kanpur: Opportunities and perspectives. Journal of Habitat International, 32, 5873.

If the proposed disposal system is being followed, there will be a sharp increase in the total expenditure, i.e., Rs 2, 29, 78,852 (52.9%). The collection cost will increase from Rs. 580 to Rs 636 per ton (9.65%) but at the same time an additional 26,645 tones of waste will be collected and disposed and the collection efficiency will increase by (25.52%). The sweeperpopulation ratio, sweeper-road length ratio and binpopulation ratio will improve significantly (Table 6).

Conclusions This study is based on data from a small sample of 2,500 households (2.5%) and can not be expected to represent full range of issues of the solid waste management of Moradabad city. With limited resources and pathetic attitude of the local government, heaps of garbage and littered streets are noticed all over the city space. The deployment of sanitary staff is skewed as more than 85% staff is assigned the duty to collect and dispose 200 tones of waste from the old part of the city. Because of this attitude and poor workforce efficiency, the collection efficiency is only 64.48%. Though there are specific guidelines regarding deployment of sweepers, but these are set a side. The spacing of dustbins is random and largely determined by the local influence. There is only one landfill site situated in the north-eastern part of the city. The transportation vehicles have to pass through the congested part of the city causing slow movement and hence increased transportation cost. Beside, the city dwellers have to bear the foul odor of waste. The identified disposal sites will not only reduce the pressure of the existing site but also helpful in enhancing the disposal efficiency of waste.

References
Ali, M., Cotton, A., et al. (1999). Down to Earth: Solid waste disposal for low income countries (p. 67). Loughborough: WEDC and DFID. Census of India (2001). Final population table. Uttar Pradesh. CPCB. (2000). Status of solid waste generation, collection, treatment and disposal in Class I cities. New Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board. CPCB. (2003). Guidelines for the selection of site for landfilling. New Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board. CPCB (2004). Development of site selection methodology for landfilling - A case study for Bangalore. New Delhi.