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Police officers, in the course of their daily work, often encounter persons who use drugs and are required by law to arrest. This manual assists police and police cadet trainers refer to up-to-date materials on harm reduction, and to progress through sessions in a structured and comprehensive manner.
Fifa Rahman
Authorship Fifa Rahman, Policy Executive, Advocacy Department, Malaysian AIDS Council Zamzuri Abd Malik, Manager, Training Department, Malaysian AIDS Council For further information please contact: Malaysian AIDS Council, or email fifarahman@hotmail.com Acknowledgements
Content
1. Glossary 2. How to Use this Manual
Glossary
AIDS ART ARV ELISA GFATM HARM REDUCTION Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Antiretroviral Therapy | Terapi Antiretorviral Antiretroviral Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria Harm reduction in the context of this manual refers to a concept to reduce harms to persons who are dependent on drugs, persons who use drugs and persons affected by drug laws. Harm reduction may include any measures to prevent illness in drug users such as needle-and-syringe exchange programs, or measures to reduce harms incidental to or resulting from chronic drug use, such as psychosocial therapy and social services. Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Injecting Drug Users Malaysian AIDS Council Malaysian AIDS Foundation Methadone is an opioid substitute that mitigates opioid withdrawal symptoms. Men who have sex with Men Mother-to-child Transmission
MSM MTCT
Needle Syringe Exchange Program Post Exposure Prophylaxis People Living with HIV Partner Organization Sexual Transmitted Infection Sexual Transmitted Disease Tuberculosis | Batuk Kering Joint United Nation s Program on HIV/AIDS United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS Voluntary Counseling and Testing | Ujian dan Kaunseling secara sukarela World Health Organization
Executive Summary
Harm Reduction Police Training Manual This manual contains information and key materials required for the understanding of harm reduction and how police practice and obligations by law may be balanced with harm reduction activities.
Basics 1) What is harm reduction? - Treatment, needle-and-syringe exchange programs, methadone, social services, anything that reduces harms caused by drugs. 2) HIV/AIDS 101 3) Methadone maintenance therapy 4) Needle-and-syringe exchange programs 5) Police Standard Operating Procedure 6) Proof of efficacy overseas - Examples of police support of harm reduction programs - Reasons why police support harm reduction programs - Statistics showing reduction of communicable diseases, crime rates, better employment rates, reduction in homelessness and overdose deaths 7) Alternatives to punitive practice After the training, participants should be able to: 1) Understand that persons who use drugs face significant discrimination and other obstacles that can impede harm reduction objectives. 2) Understand how HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C is transmitted and how they are prevented. 3) Understand why the role of police is paramount in assisting to reduce drug-related harms. 4) Comprehend police support of harm reduction elsewhere. 5) Know statistics on reduction of crime and increase in health outcomes caused by positive harm reduction efforts. 6) Understand possible future directions in Malaysian drug policy.
Room arrangement
Training Plan
INTRODUCTION
Objectives To open the session To get the participants into the right mind set Procesess 1. Tell the Officers why the Training Program exists and why it is important. 2. You should include: a. Officers have many roles and there job is difficult. b. Officers can play an important role in helping to reduce or prevent the transmission of infections such as HIV/AIDS. c. At the same time as helping to prevent HIV/AIDS they do not have to spend any less time or resources on preventing and investigating burglaries, robberies, muggings, etc. They can still track down and arrest people who are committed crime such as burglaries and robberies. d. It is most likely that by implementing strategies to reduce HIV/AIDS from Injecting Drug Use, their time and job satisfaction will increase. e. Police are busy and have limited resources. They usually use these resources wisely by concentrating on those criminals that cause the most harm to the community. They do this by concentrating on tracking down and arresting those criminal who cause the most harm in the community. f. There is a lot of interest in this country and in other countries in strategies that Police can use to help prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS among and from Injecting Drug Use. There is also a lot of interest in what strategies are ineffective. In any case, Officers deserve to know what Police strategies are effective and how to use them. g. This Training Program is designed to help you support effective strategies. It is understood that Officers will not necessarily be able to simply support or implement strategies immediately. 3. Explain the way the trainings will be conducted a. Interactive lecture b. Sharing c. Small group activities d. Presentations e. Videos
4. Tell the Officers that there is no need to take notes and inform the Officers about whether they will be receiving the Hand outs (Trainee Resource Kit) 5. Before we start this first Topic, are there any questions? a. Allow the Officers to ask some questions as this makes Officers feel that they are valued and can help them be more interested in the material you are presenting. If someone asks a question, thank them for asking it. 6. If the questions can be answered immediately and are not too involved, answer them now. 7. If the questions will be answered by the material you are to present, inform them of this. 8. If the questions are on some issue that is not to be covered, inform them and take note of the questions. If you are able to help the Officer later or can direct the Officer to somewhere where they can find the answer, do so.
Objectives 1) As basic preparations for participants to understand activities during the workshop. 2) To define what harm reduction is. 3) To give a basic picture of how harm reduction has many positive effects. Processes 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) To welcome participants To introduce trainers To explain the objective of the entire course To explain what harm reduction is. To give examples of harm reduction modalities. To explain history of harm reduction in Malaysia (to show when it was endorsed by government and which organs endorsed it) 7) To show statistics of positive effects of harm reduction. Time 30 minutes Training Materials What is Harm Reduction? Slides Apparatus
Projector Projector Screen Table for projector (if projector is not connected to the ceiling) Amplifiers AV cables Wireless microphones
Objectives 1) To introduce what is HIV/AIDS 2) To explain modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS 3) To give an overview of HIV/AIDS issues, including role of antiretrovirals in treatment of HIV/AIDS patients
Processes 1) 2) 3) 4) Explanation of what is HIV/AIDS Modes of transmission Pictures of persons living with HIV to help destigmatisation amongst participants Describing HIV/AIDS issues - that persons need to take their anti-retroviral medicines at the same time every day (to be considered by police when detaining a PLHIV in lockup) - Stigma as a barrier
The Trainer welcome the participants to the session. Inform the participants this is the basic session on HIV and AIDS and appreciates the participants participation by asking questions or giving comments on the subject.
Pre Test
Start the session by distributing the Pre Test Questionnaire. Give the participants 3 minutes to answer all 20 questions.
Inform the participants that the Trainer would like to start the session with a clip on HIV and AIDS. Play the clip.
Inform the participants that according to research 20% of the workforce (and this may include the participants) do not know that they are infected.
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Ask the participants whether they know what HIV is. Look at their respond. Explain that H I V stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Explain the basics of HIV, bodily fluid and ways of transmission based on the slide
Explain that we are going to be infected if we are kissing unless like the picture. This is because there is blood involve.
Play the clip that shows How HIV Enters The Body.
Explain:
As of 2009, there are 35.9 PLHIV across the globe. The highest number of PLHIV are in Sub Saharan Africa. Malaysia is in the South and South East Asia region and with 4.2 Million people infected, this region is number 2 in the world.
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Note:
It is very important for the Trainer to know which number to pick up and explain. Explaining all the number might bored the participants. Please pick on or two facts that is important or interesting to share.
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Inform the participants, since 2007 there has been a decrease of 11% in new infection in Malaysia.
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Script : In previous years we have seen thaht the main reason why Malaysian get HIV is through sharing needles. In 2010 however, the trend shifted. Now the main reason Malaysian is infected with HIV is through unprotected sex.
Explain prevention.
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Explain the 2 types HIV Screening. The Rapid Test and Lab Test. Also explain the window period.
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Ask the participants, out of all these women on the slide, who is positive. Ask them to point to 1 and ask them why.
The fact of the matter is all the women in the picture are positive. Explain that what they think of somebody else is what we call stigma. When stigma turns into negative action that is discrimination.
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Note:
Trainer can share stigma and discrimination cases that he/she knows based on experience.
Play Ellas clip. Explain that Ella has been discriminated before but now she is working with MAC and always running around giving awareness talk to public. Hightlight :
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1. Ella is a positive single mother with 4 negative children 2. Ella proved that being positive, with proper treatment, she can continue living her life like everybody else. 3. What PLHIV need is support from the society.
Ask the participants to tick their answers. Write down their mark at bottom right of the Pre and Post Test Questionnaire.
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Note:
It is highly encourage that the trainer prepare some token to the participants who score the highest for the Post Test.
Objectives 1) To explain what methadone is. 2) To increase understanding on therapeutic and social benefits of MMT 3) To discuss police roles in supporting MMT Processes 1) Explaining what methadone is, when it began, and the number of clinics providing MMT services. 2) Acknowledge that there are some defects in the system i.e. individuals take methadone with other drugs, private doctors are selling methadone, but full therapeutic effects can be seen where proper treatment and dosage is given. 3) Providing proof that MMT and other OSTs reduce criminality and improve health outcomes. 4) Dispelling myths about MMT 5) Asking participants how they feel they could support MMT, and unearthing obstacles that they face in supporting MMT
Time 30 minutes
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TOPIC 4: NSEPs
Objectives
1) To explain what NSEPs are. 2) To explain role of NSEPs in preventing infectious disease, and getting injecting drug users in touch with health practitioners and other positive influences. 3) To discuss police roles in supporting NSEPs
Processes 1) Explaining what NSEPs are and when they began. 2) Dispelling the myth that NSEPs encourage drug use. 3) Emphasising that NSEPs allow injecting drug users to get in touch with health practitioners and positive influences. 4) Show statistics on HIV seroconversion rates. 5) Discussing how police can support NSEPs.
Time 30 minutes
Dispel the prohibitionist myth that NSEPs encourage drug use. Explain that with or without clean needles, individuals undergoing withdrawal symptoms will inject regardless, and the objective of harm reduction is to reduce the harm of injecting drugs.
Processes 1) To explain why police cooperation is necessary to assist in achieving public health objectives. 2) To explain that certain areas should not be targeted solely because they are places for return of used needles. 3) To describe possible interactions between Police and NSEP Managers/Outreach Workers 4) To explain the possibility of the exercise of discretion when in contact with an individual about to return used syringes.
Activity Roleplay activity outreach worker Time 30 minutes Training Materials Police SOP Slides
Explaining Guideline 4: That unjustified surveillance by police may discourage individuals from accessing harm reduction services, and that police should use their discretion and limit activity in NSEP areas. Explaining Guideline 6: That NGOs should inform police of outreach areas, and that police should not act in a way that would discourage individuals from disposing of needles-andsyringes safely.
Objectives 1) To show evidence of benefits of harm reduction programs locally and elsewhere, including: (a) Reductions in Crime (b) Reductions in Annual Seroconversions (c) Reductions in Overdose Deaths (d) Increase in Overall Health
Processes 1) To describe objectives of harm reduction. 2) To display statistics that prove that harm reduction does achieve positive results in regard to public health and reduction in crime.
Explain that the reduction in crime in Switzerland was brought about as a result of comprehensive harm reduction and treatment facilities.
Objectives 1) To explain alternatives to incarceration- and caning-based policy 2) To explain benefits of these alternatives.
Processes 1) To emphasise that incarceration has not worked to reduce drug use, and has increased drug-related harms. 2) To explain diversion and decriminalisation in different countries. 3) To dispel the myth that these methods only work in Western countries.
Explain several types of diversion, eg. in New Zealand the arrestee signs an agreement with police to attend treatment/harm reduction services. If the agreement is breached, the individual faces incarceration. In New South Wales, police give a potential arrestee referral information about treatment and harm reduction options pre-arrest. Explain what decriminalisation is. Distinguish decriminalisation from legalisation. Emphasise that where the person is arrested for drug possession below a certain amount, he is sent to a body called the Dissuasion Commission which arranges for treatment/harm reduction services.
Explain the effect of decriminalisation in Portugal, that drug injection rates have gone down, HIV infection rates have greatly reduced, and overdose deaths have reduced.