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Contents
Introduction Physical models and numerical solutions Network topology How to make fluids flow Fluid properties Heat transfer Process equipment and modules File structure and execution
Fundamental features
OLGA is transient ( df/dt # 0 ) one-dimensional (along pipe axis) complete a modified two-fluid model realised with a semi-implicit numerical solution staggered grid made for (relatively) slow mass transients
Boundary Conditions
Initial Conditions
OLGA
Variables
Primary variables
5 mass fractions (specific mass) 2 velocities 1 pressure 1 temperature Volume fractions Velocities Flow rates Fluid properties etc.
Secondary variables
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
energy = mass (thermal energy + kinetic energy + potential energy)spec energy flow + work = mass flow (enthalpy + kinetic energy + potential energy)
Pj+1
dM /dt =
G= F = MT =
Gravity = m gravity acceleration Force = pressure flow area Momentum Transfer = mass transfer - entrainment + deposition
Volume error
At each time step when all equations have been solved the net fluid volume change in each section usually is 0 and the volume error can be expressed as VOLi = 1- Vi f / Vsectioni 0 f Vi f = Vi f = mi f = i f =
mif /i f fluid volume in section no i mass in pipe section no i density of fluid in section no i
OLGA topology
NODE-1
NODE-2
*) MERGING or SPLITTING
PIPE_4
2 PIPE_3
1 1 2
2 3
Volume variables
PIPE_4
Volume variables e.g. Pressure (PT) Temperature (TM) Volume fractions (HOL)
PIPE_1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 PIPE_2 4
2 1 2 1
PIPE_3
PIPE_4
2 2 1 PIPE_3
PIPE_1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
PIPE_2 4
Pressure node
You must specify: - Pressure, - Temperature, - Gas Mass Fraction - Water Mass Fraction Generally: flow in both directions
a mass SOURCE
NODE TYPE = CLOSED OLGA calculates this P and T NODE TYPE = PRESSURE
A mass source into the pipe You must specify its Total mass rate Temperature Gas mass fraction Water fraction
a negative SOURCE
Pout
Pout
a WELL
NODE TYPE = CLOSED NODE TYPE = PRESSURE
WELL-1 Pres
Reservoir P & T PI (productivity index) Injection index Gas mass fraction Water fraction
a WELL cont.
a WELL is essentially a pressure NODE fluid flows into the well when the bottom hole pressure is less than the reservoir pressure a WELL can be positioned anywhere along a pipe a pipe can have several WELLs the Advanced Well Module provides numerous additional options.
Conditions at t = 0 must be available. They can either be calculated from user given calculated by the OLGA Steady State OR BE Initial Conditions: i.e. profiles of T, P, pre-processor mass flow, gas volume fraction, water cut
time
Tambient
Tfluid
Tambient
Tambient
Tfluid Tws
For improved accuracy you should specify several layers for each material layer. For each WALL you specify sequences of MATERIAL and the thickness of each layer -starting with the innermost layer
Tambient
an example
PIPE_4
PIPE_1
WALL-a
global
PIPE-3
WALL-2
WALL-3
detailed
WALL-a
The temperature in the fluid and in each wall layer is calculated by solving the general heat transfer equations: Applicable for transients as well as for steady state.
Tambient
T Cp = 2T t
qi
=
h i ( T ws T fluid )
Tambient
q = U(Tambient -Tfluid)
(W/m)
U-value assumed to be specified wrt. inner pipe diameter. Only applicable for steady state.
The fluid properties are pre-calculated tables as a function of P and T and for one fluid composition It follows that the total composition is constant throughout a fluid table1) The exact value of a fluid property for a given P and T is found by interpolating in the relevant property table
1)
The Compositional Tracking module allows for detailed fluid description as function of time and position.
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Black-Oil Module
Tracks Black-oil components (oil, gas and water) described by a minimum of information:
Specific Gravity of of the oil and gas components Gas/Oil ratio or equivalent
With water
Specific gravity of the water Salinity Watercut
Process equipment with OLGA basic Separators Compressors Heat exchangers Chokes and Valves (CV) - critical, sub-critical Check valves Controllers PID,PSV,ESD etc. Controlled sources and leaks Pig/plug Heated walls
OLGA Modules
Water three-phase flow Slugtracking also with water FEM -Therm conductive 2-D (radial) heat transfer integrated with OLGA bundle grid generator CompTrack compositional tracking MEG-track allows for hydrate check as function of MEG conc.
OLGA files
.out Input File
OLGA
is reflex of the Input File + results from OUTPUT Trend Plot File results from TREND Profile Plot File results from PROFILE Animation Plot File results from PLOT Restart File
.tpl .ppl
.plt .rsw
OUTPUT
TREND
PROFILE
PLOT
Liquid Hold-up as function of time along the flowline-riseranimation by OLGA-viewer
OLGA execution
.out
OLGA GUI OLGA simulator
PVTsim
.plt
.rsw