STUDY OF LOGIC GATES OBJECTIVE To verify the truth table of AND, OR, NAND, NOR and EX-OR gates.

EQUIPMENTS IC Trainer, IC 7408, 7432, 7400, 7402 and 7486. DESCRIPTION 1) AND Gate It has two or more inputs and a single output. Its operation is similar to mult iplication. The multiplication sign (a dot) means AND operation in Boolean algeb ra. Thus when we write Y = A.B or Y = AB, the expression should be read as Y equ als A and B. Hence it is called AND multiplication. Case 1 If A = 0 and B = 0 then Y = 0.0 = 0 Case 2 If A = 0 and B = 1 then Y = 0.1 = 0 Case 3 If A = 1 and B = 0 then Y = 1.0 = 0 Case 4 If A = 1 and B = 1 then Y = 1.1 = 1 Figure: a) AND Gate Logic Symbol b) Pin Diagram for the 7408 Quad AND TRUTH TABLE INPUT A 0 0 1 1 OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 0 1

2) NAND Gate NAND = NOT AND NAND has one output, two or more inputs. It is also called unive rsal gate, because it is used to build other logic gates li e OR, AND, NOT. Its operation is just the complement of the AND gate. When any one of the inputs equ al to 0 , the output is high. Figure: a) NAND Gate Logic Symbol b) Pin Diagram for the 7400 NAND gate TRUTH TABLE INPUT A 0 0 1 1 OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 Y 1 1 1 0

3) OR Gate a. An OR gate is a logic gate whose output is high when any input is high. Alternately, the output is low when all inputs are low. An OR gate may have mor e than one input but only one output. The Boolean expression for an OR gate is Y = A + B, where Y is the output, A and B are inputs, and the "+" stands for the OR operation. The OR function is often called the Boolean "sum" although it does not represent actual addition. Figure: a) OR Gate Logic Symbol b) Pin Diagram for the 7432 OR gate TRUTH TABLE INPUT A 0 0 1 1 OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 1

4) NOR Gate NOR = NOT OR. It has two inputs and one output. The operation of NOR is t he complement of OR gate. When both the inputs are 0, the output is high. The b ubble at the output also shows the inversion after the OR operation. Figure: a) NOR Gate Logic Symbol b) Pin Diagram for the 7402 NOR TRUTH TABLE INPUT OUTPUT A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Y 1 0 0 0

5) EX-OR Gate An EXCLUSIVE-OR gate is a logic gate with two or more inputs which produces a h igh output only when an odd number of inputs is high. Figure: a) EX-OR Gate Logic Symbol b) Pin Diagram for the 7486 X-OR gate TRUTH TABLE INPUT A OUTPUT B Y

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

Case Case Case Case

1 2 3 4

If If If If

A A A A

= = = =

0 0 1 1

and and and and

B B B B

= = = =

0 1 0 1

then then then then

Y Y Y Y

= = = =

0.0 0.1 1.0 1.1

= = = =

0 1 1 0 complement of the input. NOT g

6) NOT Gate It has one input and one output. The output is ate is also called INVERTER gate.

Figure: a) NOT Gate Logic Symbol b) Pin Diagram for the 7404 Not gate TRUTH TABLE INPUT A Y 0 1 OUTPUT 1 0

PROCEDURE 1. Insert the 7404 IC into the breadboard soc et Care is needed to preve nt bending of the pins and rendering the chip useless. 2. Removal of a chip is easily accomplished by inserting the blade of a small sc rewdriver under one end of the chip in the groove of the board and gently liftin g upward on the chip. Do not attempt to remove a chip with your fingers unless y ou have had your tetanus shots. 3. Connect the power to the proper pins with small red (+5) and blac (GND) jump er wires to the power busses along the edge of the board. Each pin has a small i ndentation on one end or near pin 1 to enable you to correctly orient the chip a nd identify the pins. 4. Low inputs means that the input level is 0 or off. High inputs means ON state . If the output is high, then the LED s turns on. 5. The above procedure is same for all the gates. Referring to the pin configura tion we can chec the truth table. RESULT Thus the truth table of AND, NAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR and NOT gates are veri

fied.